Opportunistic & systemic mycoses tabulated summary
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This document summarizes key identifying features of several fungal pathogens. It lists their mold and yeast forms, the diseases they cause, where they are found epidemiologically, how they are transmitted, common specimen types used for identification, and notable tests. The fungi are divided into two categories: opportunistic pathogens like Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans, and systemic dimorphic fungi that can exist in both mold and yeast forms, such as Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidiodes immitis.
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Systemic mycoses
This document summarizes common fungal infections caused by dimorphic and opportunistic fungi. It lists endemic mycoses including paracoccidioidomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis caused by fungi that exist in both mold and yeast forms. It also describes opportunistic mycoses including candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and aspergillosis caused by fungi that exist only in yeast or mold forms and primarily infect immunocompromised individuals. Key characteristics of each fungal species such as morphology, habitat, disease manifestations, diagnosis and treatment are provided.
Systemic mycoses m
The document discusses two systemic mycoses - Coccidioides and Paracoccidioides. Both are dimorphic fungi that exist as molds in soil and yeasts in tissue. They are inhaled through spores and can cause asymptomatic pulmonary infection or disseminated disease. Coccidioides is endemic to parts of the Americas while Paracoccidioides is found in parts of Latin America. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology of tissues or body fluids. Treatment involves antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and itraconazole.
Mycology
This document provides information on various topics related to medical mycology:
1. It lists various types of fungal spores and describes staining techniques used to identify fungi like Gomori methenamine silver stain.
2. It describes different types of fungi like dermatophytes, dimorphic fungi, opportunistic fungi etc. and their characteristics.
3. It discusses various antifungal drugs like polyenes, azoles, echinocandins and their mechanisms of action and side effects.
4. Mnemonics and clinical features of various systemic and cutaneous mycoses are summarized.
Subcutaneous mycoses
Subcutaneous mycoses are fungal infections that grow on soil or decaying vegetation. They must be introduced into subcutaneous tissue to cause disease. Lesions generally spread slowly from the area of implantation via lymphatics, except in cases of sporotrichosis where spread may be faster. Sporothrix schenckii is a dimorphic fungus that lives on plants or wood and causes sporotrichosis, a chronic granulomatous infection. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from lesions on Sabouraud's medium, where clusters of conidia indicate S. schenckii. Treatment includes oral antifungals like potassium iodide, amphotericin B, or ketocon
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This document provides an overview of systemic and opportunistic mycoses. It defines systemic mycoses as deep fungal infections caused by soil-dwelling dimorphic fungi that are accidentally inhaled. The main causative agents described are Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Opportunistic mycoses occur in immunocompromised individuals and the most common causes are Candida species, Aspergillus species, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Key clinical features, laboratory diagnostics including microscopy, culture, and serology, treatment approaches, and important epidemiological details are summarized
Opportunistic fungal infection
This document discusses various opportunistic fungal infections seen in immunocompromised patients. It describes the common causative fungi including Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, Penicillium marneffei, zygomycetes, and Pneumocystis. For each infection, it summarizes the clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis involving microscopy, culture, and other tests, as well as recommended treatment approaches. It also briefly mentions some other rare miscellaneous mycoses.
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The document discusses opportunistic mycoses infections that can occur in immunocompromised patients due to fungi of low virulence. It notes that there are over 300 opportunistic fungal species that can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals compared to only 25-33 species that typically cause disease in healthy individuals. Common opportunistic fungal infections include those caused by Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucor species. Risk factors that predispose to these infections include malignancies, immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics, invasive medical procedures, and conditions like AIDS.
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Systemic mycoses m
The document discusses two systemic mycoses - Coccidioides and Paracoccidioides. Both are dimorphic fungi that exist as molds in soil and yeasts in tissue. They are inhaled through spores and can cause asymptomatic pulmonary infection or disseminated disease. Coccidioides is endemic to parts of the Americas while Paracoccidioides is found in parts of Latin America. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology of tissues or body fluids. Treatment involves antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and itraconazole.
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1. It lists various types of fungal spores and describes staining techniques used to identify fungi like Gomori methenamine silver stain.
2. It describes different types of fungi like dermatophytes, dimorphic fungi, opportunistic fungi etc. and their characteristics.
3. It discusses various antifungal drugs like polyenes, azoles, echinocandins and their mechanisms of action and side effects.
4. Mnemonics and clinical features of various systemic and cutaneous mycoses are summarized.
Subcutaneous mycoses
Subcutaneous mycoses are fungal infections that grow on soil or decaying vegetation. They must be introduced into subcutaneous tissue to cause disease. Lesions generally spread slowly from the area of implantation via lymphatics, except in cases of sporotrichosis where spread may be faster. Sporothrix schenckii is a dimorphic fungus that lives on plants or wood and causes sporotrichosis, a chronic granulomatous infection. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from lesions on Sabouraud's medium, where clusters of conidia indicate S. schenckii. Treatment includes oral antifungals like potassium iodide, amphotericin B, or ketocon
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This document provides an overview of systemic and opportunistic mycoses. It defines systemic mycoses as deep fungal infections caused by soil-dwelling dimorphic fungi that are accidentally inhaled. The main causative agents described are Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Opportunistic mycoses occur in immunocompromised individuals and the most common causes are Candida species, Aspergillus species, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Key clinical features, laboratory diagnostics including microscopy, culture, and serology, treatment approaches, and important epidemiological details are summarized
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The document discusses opportunistic mycoses infections that can occur in immunocompromised patients due to fungi of low virulence. It notes that there are over 300 opportunistic fungal species that can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals compared to only 25-33 species that typically cause disease in healthy individuals. Common opportunistic fungal infections include those caused by Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucor species. Risk factors that predispose to these infections include malignancies, immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics, invasive medical procedures, and conditions like AIDS.
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This document discusses subcutaneous mycoses, including mycetoma, sporotrichosis, and botryomycosis. It provides details on the causative agents, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. Mycetoma is characterized by tumor-like lesions with draining sinuses and grains discharged from the skin. The causative organisms of mycetoma and actinomycetoma can be identified by examining the grains. Sporotrichosis typically presents as a chancre and lymphangitis following skin inoculation by Sporothrix schenckii. Botryomycosis is a chronic infection characterized by grape-like clusters of bacteria in subcutaneous tissue.
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Systemic mycology
1. Systemic fungal infections originate at one site like the lungs and disseminate to other body sites. They are caused by soil fungi that are dimorphic, existing in both mold and yeast forms.
2. Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. It is acquired through inhalation and causes pulmonary and disseminated infection, especially in those with impaired immunity.
3. Opportunistic mycoses mainly affect immuno-compromised individuals and are becoming more common due to immunosuppressive treatments, HIV/AIDS, and antibiotic overuse. Common opportunistic fungi include Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and M
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This document discusses various types of parasitic fungi and human mycoses (fungal diseases). It describes systemic mycoses that affect deep tissues, cutaneous mycoses that infect the skin/hair/nails, subcutaneous mycoses beneath the skin, and superficial mycoses of hair and skin. Specific fungal diseases are provided as examples for each category like histoplasmosis, ringworm, and athlete's foot. Opportunistic mycoses caused by generally harmless fungi that infect individuals with weakened immunity are also outlined.
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This document summarizes several systemic fungal infections. It describes histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which can infect the reticuloendothelial system and cause disseminated lesions. Blastomycosis by Blastomyces dermatitidis typically causes chronic lung infection but can disseminate, sometimes appearing as cutaneous lesions. Paracoccidiomycosis involves Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and can cause ulcerative granulomas. Coccidioidomycosis is caused by Coccidioides immitis and may manifest as primary pulmonary infection or disseminated disease. Cryptococcosis, often affecting immunocompromised individuals, is caused by
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This document provides information on various fungal infections. It begins by stating that most fungal infections are opportunistic, with Candida being the most common cause of skin and soft tissue infections. It then discusses specific fungal infections in more detail, including aspergillosis, zygomycosis, hyalohyphomycosis, and the endemic mycoses of coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. For each, it provides information on causative organisms, geographic distribution, clinical presentation, laboratory identification, and treatment.
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Aspergillosis prepared by nawaraj adhikari
Aspergillosis is an infection caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. It most commonly occurs in people with underlying illnesses that weaken the immune system, such as COPD or tuberculosis. The infection can affect the lungs and sinuses, and in severe cases spread through the bloodstream to other organs. Symptoms vary depending on the infected area but may include coughing, fever, chest pain and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves antifungal medications like itraconazole or surgery in some cases. Risk factors include a weakened immune system from medical conditions, medications, or environmental exposure to mold spores.
aspergillus lecture
The document discusses several fungal infections including aspergillosis and systemic mycoses. It describes how aspergillus is an opportunistic infection that can cause invasive pulmonary disease in severely immunocompromised patients. A variety of laboratory tests can help diagnose aspergillosis including microscopy, culture, galactomannan assay and PCR. True systemic endemic mycoses like coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis are also described with details on their causative agents, geographic distribution and methods for laboratory diagnosis.
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Aspergillus and Aspergillosis
Aspergillus is a common fungus found in the air that usually does not cause illness. However, people with weakened immune systems can develop aspergillosis infections in the lungs from the fungus. Aspergillosis includes several diseases that result from aspergillus infection, most commonly chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Risk factors include activities that increase spore levels like composting, and immune suppression is the most important factor in developing an infection.
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Aspergillosis
This document summarizes aspergillosis, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), chronic necrotizing aspergillosis (CNA), and aspergilloma. Aspergillus is a common mold that can cause a variety of pulmonary diseases. IPA predominantly affects immunocompromised patients and presents as pneumonia. Diagnosis involves tissue biopsy, galactomannan testing, and imaging. Voriconazole is recommended treatment. CNA occurs in patients with underlying lung disease and is characterized by slow lung tissue invasion. Itraconazole is effective treatment. Aspergilloma involves a fungus ball in a pre-existing lung cavity.
Powerpoint on aspergillosis
The document discusses Aspergillus, a genus of fungi that can cause both positive and negative impacts. Positively, some species are used in food production, composting, and to produce pharmaceuticals. However, certain species can cause invasive and allergic diseases in humans. Aspergillus fumigatus is a common cause of invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals, causing diseases ranging from acute to chronic. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes.
SYSTEMIC MYCOSES `
1. The document discusses various systemic and opportunistic mycoses.
2. Systemic mycoses are caused by dimorphic fungi that can exist as molds in the environment and yeasts in the body. The main systemic mycoses described are blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis.
3. Opportunistic mycoses are caused by fungi ubiquitous in the environment that can cause infection in immunocompromised individuals. Candidiasis and aspergillosis are two common opportunistic mycoses discussed in the document.
Clostridium Perfringens Diapo
Clostridium perfringens es una bacteria anaerobia que se encuentra comúnmente en el suelo y en el intestino humano y animal. Puede causar enfermedades como la enteritis necrótica al producir toxinas en alimentos contaminados. Los síntomas incluyen calambres abdominales y diarrea que comienzan 8-22 horas después de la ingesta. Se previene enfriando rápidamente los alimentos cocinados y evitando recalentarlos.
ClOSTRIDIUM perfringens
- Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus that can cause gas gangrene. It produces several potent toxins and enzymes.
- It forms central or subterminal spores and appears as large bacilli on microscopy. It turns meat pink on culture but does not digest it. It causes target hemolysis on blood agar.
- Gas gangrene is a serious infection caused by C. perfringens that involves muscle tissue necrosis and gas formation. It presents with increasing pain, edema, and tissue blackening. Other Clostridium species such as C. septicum can also cause gas gangrene.
41. laboratory diagnosis of common fungal diseases
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Opportunistic & systemic mycoses tabulated summary
- 2. Identical features SPECIE MOLD FORM YEAST FORM Sporothrix schenckii Rosette shape @ Gram stain; septate hyphae w/ conidia in daisy wheel patter Cigar shape Cryptococcus neoformans - No pseudohyphae; encapsulated Candida albicans - Blastoconidia, chlamydoconidia, pseudohyphae + germ tube Aspergillus Uniseriate/biseriate - Histoplasma capsulatum Tuberculate macroconidia Small intracellular yeast Blastomyces dermititidis Lollipop forms Large yeast cells w/ broad based buds; double contoured wall Coccidiodes immitis Thick walled; arthroconidia Round walled spherules; Barrel shape Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis Similar to lollipop forms Mariner’s wheel-multiple blastoconidia budding from sides of large blastospore Micky mouse cap OPPORTUNISTIC SYSTEMIC (Dimorphic)
- 3. SPECIE Sporothrix schenckii NAMES OF DISEASES EPIDEMIOLOGY Gardener’s Dse, Farmer’s Dse, Rose handler’s Dse, Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay and South Africa Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis, pulmonary dse, septicemia and major cause of AIDS Worldwide Candida albicans Thrush Worldwide Aspergillus Invasive and Allergic aspergillosis worldwide Histoplasma capsulatum Caver’s Dse, Darling’s Dse, Spelunker’s Dse, Pulmunary Dses, RE cytomycosis Ohio, Missouri & Mississippi River Valleys Blastomyces dermititidis North America Blastomycosis, Gilchrist Dse, Chicago Dse North America, Africa, Mississippi, Ohio River valleys, St. Lawrence River Basin Coccidiodes immitis Valley Fever, Desert rheumatism San Joaquin valley California, Arizona Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis South America Blastomycosis , LutzSplendore-Almeids Dse, Brazilian blastomycosis, paracoccidiodal granuloma Central and South America OPPORTUNISTIC SYSTEMIC (Dimorphic)
- 4. SPECIE Sporothrix schenckii MOT SPECIMEN NOTED TESTS Traumatic skin inoculation OPPORTUNISTIC Cryptococcus neoformans Inhalation from pigeons and bird droppings Spinal fluid India ink (+), Niger seed agar, brown on Bird seed agar Candida albicans Alteration of host condition as it is NF Germ tube w/ capsule, Chlamydoconidia on CMA Aspergillus Airborne/ foodborne Fungus balls @ X-ray, Biopsy, Serological testing SYSTEMIC (Dimorphic) Histoplasma capsulatum Inhalation through bird (avian) and bat droppings Blastomyces dermititidis Inhalation of conidia from dog or horses Coccidiodes immitis Inhalation Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis Inhalation of spores Bone marrow Can be confused w/ Sepedonium Can be confused w/ Scedosporium apiospermum; Calcuflour white Sputum Spheruled yeast 10-20%KOH