1. Cryogenic rocket engines use liquid hydrogen at -253°C and liquid oxygen at -183°C as propellants, which must be kept at extremely low cryogenic temperatures to remain liquid.
2. These engines provide the highest efficiency of any rocket engine and have been used to launch many satellites.
3. Development of cryogenic engine technology started in the 1960s by countries including the US, Russia, Japan, France, and later India. Perfection of the technology proved challenging and took decades to master.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen that must be stored at very low temperatures to remain in liquid form. The document discusses the history and development of cryogenic rocket engines. It provides details on the major components of cryogenic engines like the combustion chamber, fuel injector, and turbo pumps. It also explains the different cycles used in cryogenic engines like gas generator and staged combustion. The combustion process in the thrust chamber involves rapid mixing and vaporization of the cryogenic fuels.
PRESENTATION ON CRYOGENIC ROCKET ENGINESelf-employed
This document provides information about a seminar on cryogenic rocket engines presented by Jaison Cyril. It discusses what cryogenics is, provides a history of cryogenic rocket engines including the RL10 engine, describes the construction and working principle of cryogenic engines including different power cycles, lists applications and advantages and disadvantages of cryogenic engines. It also summarizes the four phases of combustion in the thrust chamber and discusses potential next generation rocket engines.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic (very cold) liquid fuels like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that are stored at extremely low temperatures. They provide several advantages like high energy density and clean, non-polluting exhaust but also have challenges like boil-off losses and material compatibility issues. The document outlines the history, construction, power cycles like gas-generator and pressure-fed, combustion process in the thrust chamber, and advantages and disadvantages of cryogenic rocket engines.
Cryogenics is the study of materials at very low temperatures below -150°C. Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen that must be stored at extremely cold temperatures to remain liquid. The first country to use a cryogenic engine was the USA in 1963, while Russia developed its own in 1983. India has successfully developed its own cryogenic upper stage powered by the CE-7.5 cryogenic engine. Cryogenic engines offer very high energy density and clean, economical propellants but also present challenges related to storage and handling of the cryogenic liquids.
This document provides an introduction and overview of cryogenic rocket engines. It discusses the history of cryogenics and rocket propulsion. Some key points include:
- Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic (very cold) liquid fuels that must be kept cold to remain in liquid form, like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
- The Space Shuttle used cryogenic fuel in its main engines. Only a few countries have mastered cryogenic rocket technology.
- Cryogenic engines provide high performance but require heavy insulation for fuel storage. They are more complex than non-cryogenic designs.
- The document outlines the major components and operating cycles of cryogenic rocket engines. It also discusses the combustion process and fuel injection methods
This document provides an overview of cryogenic rocket engines. It discusses that cryogenic fuels require storage at extremely low temperatures to remain liquid, and the most widely used combination is liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The major components of cryogenic rocket engines are described, including the combustion chamber, injectors, pumps, valves and tanks. Advantages are high energy density and clean, non-toxic exhaust, while challenges include difficulties storing cryogenic liquids for long periods. Common applications are in rockets utilizing these high-performance fuels.
The document discusses cryogenic rocket engines. It begins with definitions of cryogenics and describes how cryogenic rocket engines use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants at extremely low temperatures. It then covers the history, principles, major components like the combustion chamber and nozzle, operation, advantages like high energy density, and drawbacks such as boil off rates of cryogenic rocket engines. In conclusion, it discusses how cryogenic rocket engines are promising for future space exploration due to their high performance.
Cryogenic engines use cryogenic fuels or oxidizers that are liquefied and stored at very low temperatures. They have high performance due to the rapid expansion of the liquid fuels to gas in the combustion chamber, producing thrust. Components are cooled to prevent boiling in the fuel lines. Some disadvantages are bulky cryogenic fuel tanks requiring heavy insulation, but their high fuel efficiency outweighs this. The Space Shuttle used cryogenic engines for lift-off. Key components include the combustion chamber, fuel injector, and rocket nozzle. Fuel and oxidizer are injected and mixed for combustion, producing hot exhaust gas that is accelerated through the nozzle to generate thrust.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen that must be stored at very low temperatures to remain in liquid form. The document discusses the history and development of cryogenic rocket engines. It provides details on the major components of cryogenic engines like the combustion chamber, fuel injector, and turbo pumps. It also explains the different cycles used in cryogenic engines like gas generator and staged combustion. The combustion process in the thrust chamber involves rapid mixing and vaporization of the cryogenic fuels.
PRESENTATION ON CRYOGENIC ROCKET ENGINESelf-employed
This document provides information about a seminar on cryogenic rocket engines presented by Jaison Cyril. It discusses what cryogenics is, provides a history of cryogenic rocket engines including the RL10 engine, describes the construction and working principle of cryogenic engines including different power cycles, lists applications and advantages and disadvantages of cryogenic engines. It also summarizes the four phases of combustion in the thrust chamber and discusses potential next generation rocket engines.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic (very cold) liquid fuels like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that are stored at extremely low temperatures. They provide several advantages like high energy density and clean, non-polluting exhaust but also have challenges like boil-off losses and material compatibility issues. The document outlines the history, construction, power cycles like gas-generator and pressure-fed, combustion process in the thrust chamber, and advantages and disadvantages of cryogenic rocket engines.
Cryogenics is the study of materials at very low temperatures below -150°C. Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen that must be stored at extremely cold temperatures to remain liquid. The first country to use a cryogenic engine was the USA in 1963, while Russia developed its own in 1983. India has successfully developed its own cryogenic upper stage powered by the CE-7.5 cryogenic engine. Cryogenic engines offer very high energy density and clean, economical propellants but also present challenges related to storage and handling of the cryogenic liquids.
This document provides an introduction and overview of cryogenic rocket engines. It discusses the history of cryogenics and rocket propulsion. Some key points include:
- Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic (very cold) liquid fuels that must be kept cold to remain in liquid form, like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
- The Space Shuttle used cryogenic fuel in its main engines. Only a few countries have mastered cryogenic rocket technology.
- Cryogenic engines provide high performance but require heavy insulation for fuel storage. They are more complex than non-cryogenic designs.
- The document outlines the major components and operating cycles of cryogenic rocket engines. It also discusses the combustion process and fuel injection methods
This document provides an overview of cryogenic rocket engines. It discusses that cryogenic fuels require storage at extremely low temperatures to remain liquid, and the most widely used combination is liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The major components of cryogenic rocket engines are described, including the combustion chamber, injectors, pumps, valves and tanks. Advantages are high energy density and clean, non-toxic exhaust, while challenges include difficulties storing cryogenic liquids for long periods. Common applications are in rockets utilizing these high-performance fuels.
The document discusses cryogenic rocket engines. It begins with definitions of cryogenics and describes how cryogenic rocket engines use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants at extremely low temperatures. It then covers the history, principles, major components like the combustion chamber and nozzle, operation, advantages like high energy density, and drawbacks such as boil off rates of cryogenic rocket engines. In conclusion, it discusses how cryogenic rocket engines are promising for future space exploration due to their high performance.
Cryogenic engines use cryogenic fuels or oxidizers that are liquefied and stored at very low temperatures. They have high performance due to the rapid expansion of the liquid fuels to gas in the combustion chamber, producing thrust. Components are cooled to prevent boiling in the fuel lines. Some disadvantages are bulky cryogenic fuel tanks requiring heavy insulation, but their high fuel efficiency outweighs this. The Space Shuttle used cryogenic engines for lift-off. Key components include the combustion chamber, fuel injector, and rocket nozzle. Fuel and oxidizer are injected and mixed for combustion, producing hot exhaust gas that is accelerated through the nozzle to generate thrust.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that are stored at very low temperatures. They provide high energy and are clean-burning but require complex engineering to handle the highly reactive cryogenic fuels. The document discusses the history and development of cryogenic rocket engines, how they work using a staged combustion cycle, their advantages of high energy and clean fuels, and disadvantages like leakage issues. It also covers India's achievements in developing its own cryogenic engines like the CE-7.5 and CE-20. Currently only a few nations including the US, Russia, China, France, Japan, and India have mastered cryogenic rocket engine technology.
NASA SLS Cryogenic Engine - Complete ExplanationGokul Lakshmanan
The document discusses key aspects of NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) heavy-lift rocket. It describes the SLS core stage cryogenic engines, which use leftover Space Shuttle engines initially. It also covers construction details, rocket engine nozzle design principles, rocket engine cycles like staged combustion used by SLS, liquefying and storing cryogenic fuels, combustion zones in the thrust chamber, and regenerative cooling of engines using propellants.
Cryogenic rocket engines use liquid oxygen and hydrogen propellants which offer the highest energy efficiency for rockets requiring large thrust. The United States first developed these engines in the 1960s, while the Soviet Union did not succeed until 1987. India sought to import cryogenic engine technology in the 1990s but faced sanctions from the US and later Russia backed out of the deal. As a result, ISRO had to indigenously develop the technology which took 16 years to achieve success with the GSLV launch in 2010. Cryogenic engines provide clean, economical propulsion but also technical challenges like boil off and leakage of the extremely cold and reactive propellants.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen that are stored at very low temperatures below -150°C. The United States first developed cryogenic rocket engines in 1963. Key components include the combustion chamber, injectors, turbo pumps, and nozzle. Cryogenic engines offer high energy density but present challenges like leakage and embrittlement. India successfully launched its first indigenous cryogenic upper stage in 2014. Future engine technologies being researched include ion engines and nuclear thermal rockets.
This document summarizes a seminar report on cryogenic rocket engines. It discusses how cryogenic rocket engines use liquid oxygen and hydrogen as fuel and oxidizer, which burn cleaner than hydrocarbon fuels. The report provides background on cryogenic technology, the history of cryogenic rocket engine development in the US and other countries in the 1960s. It describes the construction and working of cryogenic rocket engines, including components like the gas generator, turbo pumps, and thrust chamber. The report notes advantages of cryogenic fuels in providing high energy per unit mass and being clean-burning.
Cryogenic technology involves using rocket propellants at extremely low temperatures. Liquid oxygen and hydrogen offer the highest energy efficiency for rocket engines. Some applications of cryogenic technology include space vehicles, grinding, superconductivity, food industry, and body preservation. The United States was the first to develop cryogenic rocket engines using liquid oxygen and hydrogen. India has also successfully launched rockets using cryogenic technology. The process involves pressurizing and pumping liquid nitrogen for cooling before combustion in the engine's nozzle. Advantages include high energy per unit mass of propellants, clean combustion producing only water vapor, and low cost of liquid oxygen compared to other fuels.
Cryogenic engines use cryogenic fuels that must be stored at extremely low temperatures in liquid form, such as liquid hydrogen at -253°C and liquid oxygen at -183°C. The basic principle is that the chemical energy from burning the cryogenic fuel in the thrust chamber is converted to kinetic energy through expansion in the rocket nozzle to produce thrust. Some key components of a cryogenic engine include the combustion chamber, fuel and oxidizer pumps, valves and regulators, fuel tanks, and rocket nozzle. Cryogenic engines provide high energy density but the low temperatures make storage and leakage challenges. They find applications in rocketry due to their performance and in other areas such as cooling and medical uses.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that are stored at very low temperatures. They provide several advantages including high energy density and producing only water exhaust, but also have challenges like boil off and leakage due to the extreme cold temperatures required. India's first unmanned lunar mission in 2008 failed when the indigenous cryogenic upper stage engine did not ignite as planned. Future rocket technologies being researched include ion engines, nuclear thermal engines, and other alternatives to further space exploration.
Cryogenic rocket engines use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants, which are cooled to extremely low temperatures below their freezing points. This allows them to be stored densely in rocket fuel tanks. The first operational cryogenic engine was developed by NASA in 1961. Cryogenic engines work by pumping the liquid propellants into a combustion chamber where they ignite and expand, producing thrust through a nozzle. They offer high energy efficiency but also technical challenges due to boil off and leakage risks at very low temperatures. Future rocket technologies may use alternative propulsion methods like ion engines or nuclear thermal rockets.
This document discusses cryogenic rocket engines (CRE). It begins by defining cryogenics as the study of operations and behaviors of materials at temperatures below -150°C. It then discusses that CRE use cryogenic liquid propellants like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, which must be stored at extremely low temperatures. The document outlines the various CRE developed around the world by countries like the US, Japan, France, China, Russia. It also discusses the challenges in developing CRE and India's indigenous developments like the CE7.5 and CE20 engines.
This document provides information about cryogenic rocket engines. It discusses that cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen that are stored at very low temperatures. The key components of cryogenic engines include thrust chambers, turbo pumps, gas generators and cryogenic valves. The document explains that cryogenic engines generate thrust via the combustion of cryogenic fuels in the thrust chamber, which accelerates the exhaust gases through a converging-diverging nozzle. It also provides details about the working, advantages and disadvantages of cryogenic rocket propulsion technology.
Cryogenic rocket engines use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants that are stored at extremely low cryogenic temperatures. They provide several advantages like high energy density and clean, non-toxic exhaust but also have challenges like boil off rates and leakage of the reactive cryogenic fuels. The document traces the history of cryogenic engines from early US and Soviet designs to current engines used by various countries. It describes the key components and working of cryogenic engines and concludes by discussing future engine technologies still under development.
This presentation aims at introducing cryogenic fuel and cryogenic engine to non-specialists. It tries to convey in a synthetic form the essential features of cryogenic engineering and to raise awareness on key design and construction issues of cryogenic engine technology at a cryogenic temperature (i.e., .123 K). This basically uses the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as an oxidizer and fuel, which are very clean and non-pollutant fuels compared to other hydrocarbon fuels like: Petrol, Diesel, Gasoline, LPG, CNG, etc., sometimes, liquid nitrogen is also used as an fuel. The efficiency of the rocket engine is more than the jet engine. As per the Newton’s third law of mechanics, the thrust produced in rocket engine is outwards whereas that produced in jet engine is inwards. This paper also deals with the modern trends and expected future outcomes.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic (extremely cold) liquid fuels like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that provide high performance. They work by pumping the cryogenic liquids into a combustion chamber where they are burned, producing hot gas that is expelled through a nozzle to generate thrust. Some key advantages are high specific impulse (efficiency) and payload capacity, but they also have challenges with storing the cryogenic fuels. The document discusses the history, principles, components, propellants, and working of cryogenic rocket engines. It focuses on the Space Shuttle Main Engine as a prominent example.
This document discusses cryogenic rocket engines. It begins with an introduction to cryogenics and cryogenic fuels that can be used for rocket engines. It then discusses the history of rocketry development by Russia and the US. Current rockets use liquid-fueled cryogenic engines, with the first being the RL10 in the 1960s. Cryogenic engines use supercooled liquid fuels like liquid oxygen and hydrogen that provide high energy density. Key components include the combustion chamber, injectors, pumps, valves and tanks. Cryogenic fuels allow for compact fuel storage on rockets. While powerful, cryogenic engines also present challenges like leakage and embrittlement issues. In conclusion, cryogenic rocketry is important for space exploration due to
This document summarizes the cryogenic engine used for India's first geo-synchronous satellite launch vehicle. The engine used liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants, providing an high specific impulse of 450 seconds for improved efficiency. Key specifications of the cryogenic engine are provided such as its thrust rating, chamber pressure, nozzle area ratio, and mass. While cryogenic engines offer benefits like non-toxic propellants and high performance, they also pose challenges including the need for complex low-temperature storage and transfer systems as well as ignition challenges. The launch discussed ultimately failed, but future success is hoped for to help launch increasingly heavier satellites.
This document discusses solid rocket propulsion. It describes the key components of a solid rocket motor, including the thermal insulation, nozzle, ignition system, and solid propellant grain. Solid propellant grains can be composite, containing an oxidizer like ammonium perchlorate and a fuel like aluminum powder held together by a binder. Performance criteria for rockets include thrust, specific impulse, total impulse, and effective exhaust velocity. Solid rockets provide high thrust but have low control and cannot easily be shut down or restarted.
Cryogenic technology involves producing and studying materials and behaviors at very low temperatures below -150°C. It has various applications including in rocket engines. The presenter discusses the history of cryogenic technology, its applications in areas like rocket propulsion, electricity transmission, food storage, and healthcare. Challenges in developing cryogenic engines for India are described. Advantages include high energy density but limitations include complex storage and leakage issues. Future developments may include ion engines and alternative propulsion methods.
Rocket propulsion uses Newton's third law of motion and the conservation of momentum. Chemical energy from fuel is converted to kinetic energy through combustion in the thrust chamber and nozzle, producing thrust via reaction from ejected exhaust. Rocket engines differ from jet engines in that rockets are non-air breathing and can operate in a vacuum, do not rely on atmospheric conditions for oxygen, and carry both fuel and oxidizer onboard. Rockets use stored propellants that are pumped into a combustion chamber where they burn and expand through a nozzle, producing thrust. Solid propellant rockets burn a solid fuel/oxidizer block, while liquid propellant rockets mix and burn liquid fuel and oxidizer.
To Calculate and Improvement in the Efficiency of FBC BoilerIRJET Journal
This document discusses calculating and improving the efficiency of a fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boiler. It begins with an introduction to FBC boilers and their advantages over traditional firing systems. It then describes the three main types of FBC boilers: atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC), circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC), and pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC).
The document focuses on methods to calculate boiler efficiency, including the direct method using input/output calculations and the indirect method accounting for all heat losses. It provides the specific formulas and step-by-step process for calculating efficiency using the indirect method for an FBC boiler burning Indian lignite coal. The goal is to
The document provides an overview of bi-propellant rocket engines, including:
- Bi-propellant engines use two different propellants (fuel and oxidizer) stored in separate tanks that are mixed in the combustion chamber. This allows for higher efficiency and performance compared to mono-propellant engines.
- There are two main types of propellant feed mechanisms: pressure-fed uses pressurized tanks to push propellants into the combustion chamber, while pump-fed uses motor pumps.
- Engine cycles include open/gas generator, closed/pre-burner, and staged combustion. The gas generator and pre-burner cycles burn a small amount of propellants to drive turbines that power the pumps.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that are stored at very low temperatures. They provide high energy and are clean-burning but require complex engineering to handle the highly reactive cryogenic fuels. The document discusses the history and development of cryogenic rocket engines, how they work using a staged combustion cycle, their advantages of high energy and clean fuels, and disadvantages like leakage issues. It also covers India's achievements in developing its own cryogenic engines like the CE-7.5 and CE-20. Currently only a few nations including the US, Russia, China, France, Japan, and India have mastered cryogenic rocket engine technology.
NASA SLS Cryogenic Engine - Complete ExplanationGokul Lakshmanan
The document discusses key aspects of NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) heavy-lift rocket. It describes the SLS core stage cryogenic engines, which use leftover Space Shuttle engines initially. It also covers construction details, rocket engine nozzle design principles, rocket engine cycles like staged combustion used by SLS, liquefying and storing cryogenic fuels, combustion zones in the thrust chamber, and regenerative cooling of engines using propellants.
Cryogenic rocket engines use liquid oxygen and hydrogen propellants which offer the highest energy efficiency for rockets requiring large thrust. The United States first developed these engines in the 1960s, while the Soviet Union did not succeed until 1987. India sought to import cryogenic engine technology in the 1990s but faced sanctions from the US and later Russia backed out of the deal. As a result, ISRO had to indigenously develop the technology which took 16 years to achieve success with the GSLV launch in 2010. Cryogenic engines provide clean, economical propulsion but also technical challenges like boil off and leakage of the extremely cold and reactive propellants.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen that are stored at very low temperatures below -150°C. The United States first developed cryogenic rocket engines in 1963. Key components include the combustion chamber, injectors, turbo pumps, and nozzle. Cryogenic engines offer high energy density but present challenges like leakage and embrittlement. India successfully launched its first indigenous cryogenic upper stage in 2014. Future engine technologies being researched include ion engines and nuclear thermal rockets.
This document summarizes a seminar report on cryogenic rocket engines. It discusses how cryogenic rocket engines use liquid oxygen and hydrogen as fuel and oxidizer, which burn cleaner than hydrocarbon fuels. The report provides background on cryogenic technology, the history of cryogenic rocket engine development in the US and other countries in the 1960s. It describes the construction and working of cryogenic rocket engines, including components like the gas generator, turbo pumps, and thrust chamber. The report notes advantages of cryogenic fuels in providing high energy per unit mass and being clean-burning.
Cryogenic technology involves using rocket propellants at extremely low temperatures. Liquid oxygen and hydrogen offer the highest energy efficiency for rocket engines. Some applications of cryogenic technology include space vehicles, grinding, superconductivity, food industry, and body preservation. The United States was the first to develop cryogenic rocket engines using liquid oxygen and hydrogen. India has also successfully launched rockets using cryogenic technology. The process involves pressurizing and pumping liquid nitrogen for cooling before combustion in the engine's nozzle. Advantages include high energy per unit mass of propellants, clean combustion producing only water vapor, and low cost of liquid oxygen compared to other fuels.
Cryogenic engines use cryogenic fuels that must be stored at extremely low temperatures in liquid form, such as liquid hydrogen at -253°C and liquid oxygen at -183°C. The basic principle is that the chemical energy from burning the cryogenic fuel in the thrust chamber is converted to kinetic energy through expansion in the rocket nozzle to produce thrust. Some key components of a cryogenic engine include the combustion chamber, fuel and oxidizer pumps, valves and regulators, fuel tanks, and rocket nozzle. Cryogenic engines provide high energy density but the low temperatures make storage and leakage challenges. They find applications in rocketry due to their performance and in other areas such as cooling and medical uses.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that are stored at very low temperatures. They provide several advantages including high energy density and producing only water exhaust, but also have challenges like boil off and leakage due to the extreme cold temperatures required. India's first unmanned lunar mission in 2008 failed when the indigenous cryogenic upper stage engine did not ignite as planned. Future rocket technologies being researched include ion engines, nuclear thermal engines, and other alternatives to further space exploration.
Cryogenic rocket engines use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants, which are cooled to extremely low temperatures below their freezing points. This allows them to be stored densely in rocket fuel tanks. The first operational cryogenic engine was developed by NASA in 1961. Cryogenic engines work by pumping the liquid propellants into a combustion chamber where they ignite and expand, producing thrust through a nozzle. They offer high energy efficiency but also technical challenges due to boil off and leakage risks at very low temperatures. Future rocket technologies may use alternative propulsion methods like ion engines or nuclear thermal rockets.
This document discusses cryogenic rocket engines (CRE). It begins by defining cryogenics as the study of operations and behaviors of materials at temperatures below -150°C. It then discusses that CRE use cryogenic liquid propellants like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, which must be stored at extremely low temperatures. The document outlines the various CRE developed around the world by countries like the US, Japan, France, China, Russia. It also discusses the challenges in developing CRE and India's indigenous developments like the CE7.5 and CE20 engines.
This document provides information about cryogenic rocket engines. It discusses that cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic fuels like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen that are stored at very low temperatures. The key components of cryogenic engines include thrust chambers, turbo pumps, gas generators and cryogenic valves. The document explains that cryogenic engines generate thrust via the combustion of cryogenic fuels in the thrust chamber, which accelerates the exhaust gases through a converging-diverging nozzle. It also provides details about the working, advantages and disadvantages of cryogenic rocket propulsion technology.
Cryogenic rocket engines use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants that are stored at extremely low cryogenic temperatures. They provide several advantages like high energy density and clean, non-toxic exhaust but also have challenges like boil off rates and leakage of the reactive cryogenic fuels. The document traces the history of cryogenic engines from early US and Soviet designs to current engines used by various countries. It describes the key components and working of cryogenic engines and concludes by discussing future engine technologies still under development.
This presentation aims at introducing cryogenic fuel and cryogenic engine to non-specialists. It tries to convey in a synthetic form the essential features of cryogenic engineering and to raise awareness on key design and construction issues of cryogenic engine technology at a cryogenic temperature (i.e., .123 K). This basically uses the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as an oxidizer and fuel, which are very clean and non-pollutant fuels compared to other hydrocarbon fuels like: Petrol, Diesel, Gasoline, LPG, CNG, etc., sometimes, liquid nitrogen is also used as an fuel. The efficiency of the rocket engine is more than the jet engine. As per the Newton’s third law of mechanics, the thrust produced in rocket engine is outwards whereas that produced in jet engine is inwards. This paper also deals with the modern trends and expected future outcomes.
Cryogenic rocket engines use cryogenic (extremely cold) liquid fuels like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that provide high performance. They work by pumping the cryogenic liquids into a combustion chamber where they are burned, producing hot gas that is expelled through a nozzle to generate thrust. Some key advantages are high specific impulse (efficiency) and payload capacity, but they also have challenges with storing the cryogenic fuels. The document discusses the history, principles, components, propellants, and working of cryogenic rocket engines. It focuses on the Space Shuttle Main Engine as a prominent example.
This document discusses cryogenic rocket engines. It begins with an introduction to cryogenics and cryogenic fuels that can be used for rocket engines. It then discusses the history of rocketry development by Russia and the US. Current rockets use liquid-fueled cryogenic engines, with the first being the RL10 in the 1960s. Cryogenic engines use supercooled liquid fuels like liquid oxygen and hydrogen that provide high energy density. Key components include the combustion chamber, injectors, pumps, valves and tanks. Cryogenic fuels allow for compact fuel storage on rockets. While powerful, cryogenic engines also present challenges like leakage and embrittlement issues. In conclusion, cryogenic rocketry is important for space exploration due to
This document summarizes the cryogenic engine used for India's first geo-synchronous satellite launch vehicle. The engine used liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants, providing an high specific impulse of 450 seconds for improved efficiency. Key specifications of the cryogenic engine are provided such as its thrust rating, chamber pressure, nozzle area ratio, and mass. While cryogenic engines offer benefits like non-toxic propellants and high performance, they also pose challenges including the need for complex low-temperature storage and transfer systems as well as ignition challenges. The launch discussed ultimately failed, but future success is hoped for to help launch increasingly heavier satellites.
This document discusses solid rocket propulsion. It describes the key components of a solid rocket motor, including the thermal insulation, nozzle, ignition system, and solid propellant grain. Solid propellant grains can be composite, containing an oxidizer like ammonium perchlorate and a fuel like aluminum powder held together by a binder. Performance criteria for rockets include thrust, specific impulse, total impulse, and effective exhaust velocity. Solid rockets provide high thrust but have low control and cannot easily be shut down or restarted.
Cryogenic technology involves producing and studying materials and behaviors at very low temperatures below -150°C. It has various applications including in rocket engines. The presenter discusses the history of cryogenic technology, its applications in areas like rocket propulsion, electricity transmission, food storage, and healthcare. Challenges in developing cryogenic engines for India are described. Advantages include high energy density but limitations include complex storage and leakage issues. Future developments may include ion engines and alternative propulsion methods.
Rocket propulsion uses Newton's third law of motion and the conservation of momentum. Chemical energy from fuel is converted to kinetic energy through combustion in the thrust chamber and nozzle, producing thrust via reaction from ejected exhaust. Rocket engines differ from jet engines in that rockets are non-air breathing and can operate in a vacuum, do not rely on atmospheric conditions for oxygen, and carry both fuel and oxidizer onboard. Rockets use stored propellants that are pumped into a combustion chamber where they burn and expand through a nozzle, producing thrust. Solid propellant rockets burn a solid fuel/oxidizer block, while liquid propellant rockets mix and burn liquid fuel and oxidizer.
To Calculate and Improvement in the Efficiency of FBC BoilerIRJET Journal
This document discusses calculating and improving the efficiency of a fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boiler. It begins with an introduction to FBC boilers and their advantages over traditional firing systems. It then describes the three main types of FBC boilers: atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC), circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC), and pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC).
The document focuses on methods to calculate boiler efficiency, including the direct method using input/output calculations and the indirect method accounting for all heat losses. It provides the specific formulas and step-by-step process for calculating efficiency using the indirect method for an FBC boiler burning Indian lignite coal. The goal is to
The document provides an overview of bi-propellant rocket engines, including:
- Bi-propellant engines use two different propellants (fuel and oxidizer) stored in separate tanks that are mixed in the combustion chamber. This allows for higher efficiency and performance compared to mono-propellant engines.
- There are two main types of propellant feed mechanisms: pressure-fed uses pressurized tanks to push propellants into the combustion chamber, while pump-fed uses motor pumps.
- Engine cycles include open/gas generator, closed/pre-burner, and staged combustion. The gas generator and pre-burner cycles burn a small amount of propellants to drive turbines that power the pumps.
Thermal analysis of a gas turbine cycle for a turbojet engineIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the thermal analysis of a single spool turbojet engine cycle. It describes the modeling of key engine components like the atmospheric model, gas model, diffuser, compressor, combustion chamber, and gas turbine. Equations are provided for component mass and energy balances. The analysis considers turbine blade cooling using transpiration techniques. Software was developed in C++ to predict engine parameters at varying operating conditions. The goal of the study was to better understand turbojet engine performance through detailed thermodynamic modeling and analysis.
Analysis of turbocharger performance for jet assisted vertical takeoff and la...Ijrdt Journal
This paper gives a brief analysis on the performance parameters of a Turbocharger, by fabricating a separate combustion chamber and mocking the working of a jet engine. Parameters such as variation of specific heat, dimensionless flow parameters, variation of turbulence, conductivity, thrust developed etc are studied using simulation of the model, and compared with the actual working of the prototype. It can be conveniently proposed from the experiment that turbocharger can be used effectively for developing vertical take-off assist.
The document discusses the optimization of a flywheel for a multi-cylinder petrol engine. It begins with an introduction to internal combustion engines and flywheels. It then discusses designing a flywheel using empirical formulas to calculate forces and drafting a 2D model. A 3D parametric model is created in Pro/Engineer and forces are analyzed in ANSYS for two materials, cast iron and aluminum alloy. The goal is to validate the flywheel strength under applied forces and compare results between materials.
A Review on Two Stroke Single Cylinder Compressed Air EngineIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on two-stroke single cylinder compressed air engines. It discusses the history of compressed air technology dating back to the 17th century. It summarizes several research papers that studied prototype compressed air engines, analyzing factors like efficiency, power-to-weight ratio, emissions, and performance characteristics. The document concludes that while compressed air engines could reduce emissions, further research is needed to improve load capacity, material selection, and duration of operation.
IRJET-A Review on Two Stroke Single Cylinder Compressed Air EngineIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on two-stroke single cylinder compressed air engines. It discusses the history of compressed air technology dating back to the 17th century. It summarizes several research papers that studied prototype compressed air engines and analyzed their performance, efficiency, and environmental impact. The document concludes that while compressed air engines eliminate emissions compared to fossil fuel engines, more research is needed to improve their load capacity, material selection, and duration of operation. Compressed air engines show potential as a more sustainable alternative propulsion technology.
This document summarizes a gasoline vapor recovery system designed to capture gasoline vapors during storage and distribution to prevent their release into the atmosphere. The system uses a positive displacement pump to transfer vapors from a storage tank to an indirect condenser. The condenser contains copper tubes packed with ice to cool and condense the vapors back into liquid gasoline. A simple heater is also included to generate sufficient vapors for demonstration purposes by heating air pumped into the storage tank. The entire system is assembled on a basic frame and uses low-cost materials like PVC pipes and a soldering iron for heating. Measurement devices like a stopwatch and flask are used to test the system performance.
This document summarizes a gasoline vapor recovery system designed to capture gasoline vapors during storage and distribution to prevent their release into the atmosphere. The system uses a positive displacement pump to transfer vapors from a storage tank to an indirect condenser. The condenser contains copper tubes packed with ice to cool and condense the vapors back into liquid gasoline. A simple heater is also included to generate sufficient vapors for demonstration purposes by heating air pumped into the storage tank. The entire system is assembled on a basic frame and uses low-cost materials like PVC pipes and a soldering iron for heating. Measurement devices like a stopwatch and flask are used to test the system performance.
The document presents information on Cryocar, a vehicle that uses liquid nitrogen as fuel. It discusses the history of liquid nitrogen propulsion research. The key components of a liquid nitrogen propulsion system are described including the cryogen storage vessel, pump, economizer, heat exchanger, and expander engine. The open Rankine power cycle is explained. Advantages include reduced emissions, but disadvantages include energy needed to liquefy nitrogen and potential safety issues if nitrogen leaks. The LN2000 vehicle developed at the University of Washington is provided as an example.
To Study the Performance of Oxygen Enriched Diesel Engine by Varying Compress...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance of a diesel engine with oxygen-enriched intake air at different compression ratios. The study used a single cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer. Tests were conducted at two compression ratios (16.5 and 17.5) and two oxygen intake levels (1 L/min and 2 L/min). Results showed that brake specific fuel consumption decreased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Brake power and exhaust gas temperature increased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Optimum performance was achieved between 70-80% load with a compression ratio of 16.5-17.5 when oxygen intake was increased.
Modelling & Thermal analysis of pulse jet engine using CFDIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the combustion characteristics of a pulse jet engine. The study modeled a pulse jet engine design using CAD software and then conducted a CFD analysis using two different combustion models: an eddy dissipation model and a finite rate chemistry model. The results showed that the eddy dissipation model generated higher thrust than the finite rate chemistry model. Specifically, the eddy dissipation model produced higher exit pressures and velocities. The study concluded the proper selection of combustion model is important for accurately evaluating performance metrics like thrust generated from a pulse jet engine.
Cryogenic technology involves producing and working with extremely low temperatures below -150°C. It is used for rocket propellants like liquid oxygen and hydrogen, which must be kept cold to remain liquid and offer high energy efficiency for rocket engines. The United States developed the first cryogenic rocket engines in the 1960s. Cryogenic engines work by partially burning hydrogen with oxygen in a gas generator to power turbo pumps, then fully combusting the propellants in the thrust chamber to generate temperatures over 3,000°C and produce thrust by accelerating the propellants out of the nozzle. While cryogenic fuels provide high energy density and reduce fuel needs, their tanks require heavy insulation and the fuels tend to be bulky. Going forward, cry
IRJET- Performance Analysis of 4-Stroke SI Engine with HHO Generator by Morse...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the performance of a 4-stroke SI engine fueled with gasoline and supplemented with hydroxyl (HHO) gas produced via electrolysis. A simple HHO generation system was constructed and its effects on engine performance were evaluated using the Morse Test method. Key findings from the Morse Test include higher engine efficiency, reduced fuel consumption, and increased power output when operating the engine on gasoline with HHO compared to gasoline alone. The addition of HHO as a fuel supplement improved the lean burn ability and combustion efficiency of the engine.
This document summarizes the working of Stirling engines. It discusses how Stirling engines operate based on the Stirling thermodynamic cycle, with isothermal expansion and compression processes. The key components of Stirling engines are described, including the heat source, regenerator, heat sink, displacer piston, and power piston. The document outlines the history and development of Stirling engines. It provides examples of applications for Stirling engines such as solar power generation, cooling, and pumping. In conclusion, Stirling engines are described as simple, versatile devices that can harness various heat sources for energy conversion in a reliable manner.
Increasing efficiency of an i.c. engine using steam charging techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It provides background on internal combustion engines, describing how they work by combusting fuel within a combustion chamber, using the expansion of combustion gases to power pistons or turbines and generate mechanical energy. The document also discusses challenges with improving efficiency further, and notes that while internal combustion engines currently power most vehicles, electric motors and fuel cells may eventually compete in more applications as battery technologies continue advancing.
The document discusses methods for improving the efficiency of gas turbine engines. It describes the basic components and mechanism of gas turbines, including an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The document then reviews several specific techniques for boosting power output and heat rate, such as increasing inlet air density through cooling or boosting pressure. These efficiency upgrade options include ceramic coatings, inlet air cooling methods like fogging or refrigeration, and supercharging. While some upgrades are more expensive than others, the best option depends on the turbine's age, location, and operating cycle.
MIXING OF LIQUID KEROSENE IN A SUPERSONIC CROSSFLOW FOR A SCRAMJET ENGINEIRJET Journal
This document discusses an experiment to study the mixing of liquid kerosene fuel injected into a supersonic crossflow, as is relevant for scramjet engines. The experiment varied the injection pressure to achieve different momentum flux ratios and used MIE scattering flow visualization to capture images of the fuel plumes at distances downstream from the injector. These images were then processed using MATLAB to calculate the height of penetration and plume spread area as metrics of mixing performance. The results showed that both penetration height and plume area increased with increasing momentum flux ratio, indicating better mixing at higher injection pressures.
Simulation of Expansion & Exhaust Process with Delayed Entry Technique Using ...AM Publications
The rapidly increasing worldwide demand for energy and the progressive depletion of fossil fuels has led to an
intensive research for alternative fuels which can be produced on a renewable basis. Hydrogen in the form of energy will
almost certainly be one of the most important energy components of the early next century. Hydrogen is a clean burning and
easily transportable fuel. Most of the pollution problems posed by fossil fuels at present would practically disappear with
Hydrogen since steam is the main product of its combustion. This Paper deals with the modeling of Suction and Compression
Processes for Hydrogen Fuelled S.I.Engine and also describes the safe and backfire free Delayed entry Technique. A four
stroke, Multicylinder, Naturally aspirated, Spark ignition engine, water cooled engine has been used to carrying out of
investigations of Suction Process. The Hydrogen is entered in the cylinder with the help of Delayed Entry Valve. This work
discusses the insight of suction process because during this process only air and Hydrogen enters in to cylinder, which after
combustion provides power. Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conduction experiment with it,
for the purpose of understanding the behavior of the design. The advent of computers and the possibilities of performing
numerical experiments may provide new way of designing S.I.Engine. In fact stronger interaction between Engine Modelers,
Designers and Experimenters may results in improved engine design in the not-to-distant future. A computer Programme is
developed for analysis of suction and Compression processes. The parameter considered in computation includes engine speed,
compression ratio, ignition timing, fuel-air ratio and heat transfer. The results of computational exercise are discussed in the
paper.
Similar to A Review on Cryogenic Rocket Engine (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.