This document summarizes a gasoline vapor recovery system designed to capture gasoline vapors during storage and distribution to prevent their release into the atmosphere. The system uses a positive displacement pump to transfer vapors from a storage tank to an indirect condenser. The condenser contains copper tubes packed with ice to cool and condense the vapors back into liquid gasoline. A simple heater is also included to generate sufficient vapors for demonstration purposes by heating air pumped into the storage tank. The entire system is assembled on a basic frame and uses low-cost materials like PVC pipes and a soldering iron for heating. Measurement devices like a stopwatch and flask are used to test the system performance.
Natural gas is a naturally occurring gaseous hydrocarbon composed primarily of methane. It is odorless, colorless, and lighter than air. Natural gas is considered one of the cleanest burning fossil fuels and produces fewer emissions than other fuels like coal, oil, and wood. It is used for power generation, industrial processes like fertilizer production, and heating homes and buildings. When natural gas replaces dirtier fuels, greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced. Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas that has been cooled to liquid form for ease of storage or transport and takes up less space than gaseous natural gas. LNG is transported globally via specially designed carriers and stored in insulated tanks.
This document provides an overview of a course on reservoir fluid properties. The course covers:
1. Reservoir fluid behaviors and properties of petroleum reservoirs including oil and gas.
2. Introduction to physical properties of gases including gas behavior, properties such as compressibility factor and how they are calculated for pure components and mixtures.
3. Behavior of ideal gases and real gases, definitions of compressibility factor, and use of the corresponding states principle and mixing rules to determine properties of gas mixtures.
Engineers responsibility for safety and riskStudent
This document discusses engineers' responsibility for safety and risk. It defines safety as risks being judged acceptable. Risk is potential for unwanted consequences. There are various types of risks like voluntary vs involuntary. Engineers must ensure designs comply with laws, accepted practices, and explore safer alternatives. Designing for safety involves defining problems, generating solutions, analyzing pros and cons, testing, and selecting the best solution. Risk-benefit analysis is used to determine if a project's risks are acceptable given its benefits. Accidents can be procedural from not following procedures, from design flaws, or systemic in complex technologies.
Multiphase Flow Performance in Piping SystemsChrisJAlexisJr
Multiphase flow refers to the simultaneous flow of more than one fluid phase. It can be found in various places however it is most prevalent in the petroleum engineering field. This phenomenon brings about a major problem of pressure loss in the petroleum industry and results in a loss in production. Multiphase flow has been studied for years but there are few universally accepted solutions to calculate pressure drop. To accomplish this study, we used peer-review journals and articles in order to determine the flow regimes and characteristics of the different pipe orientations. This allowed us to determine the pressure drop calculations which were best suited for our study. We used a system that was designed with different pipe orientations that are found in the petroleum field and simulated the different flow regimes. Doing so allowed us to perform the calculations using two different pipe sizes; 1 inch and 1.5 inches. The results from the calculations showed that the pressure drop in the small pipe was greater than that of the bigger pipe.
This document summarizes different types of fluid flow patterns and flow characteristics. It defines streamlines, streaklines, pathlines, and timelines as ways to visualize fluid flow. It then describes various types of flow, including steady/unsteady, uniform/non-uniform, laminar/turbulent, compressible/incompressible, one-dimensional/two-dimensional/three-dimensional, rotational/irrotational flows. The document was presented by a group of civil engineering students on fluid mechanics.
This document contains a question bank with multiple choice objective questions related to water resources engineering. Some key topics covered include unit hydrograph theory, infiltration capacity, hydrologic cycle, precipitation types, rainfall measurement, runoff estimation methods, and flood estimation formulas. There are 45 total questions testing knowledge of hydrologic and hydraulic concepts important for water resources engineering.
Stream Gauging: Necessity; Selection of gauging sites; Methods of discharge measurement; Area-Velocity method; Venturi flume; Chemical method; weir method; Measurement of velocity; Floats Surface float, Sub–surface float or Double float, Twin float, Velocity rod or Rod float; Pitot tube; Current meter; Working of current meter; rating of current meter; Measurement of area of flow; Measurement of width - Pivot point method; Measurement of depth Sounding rod, Echo- sounder.
Natural gas is a naturally occurring gaseous hydrocarbon composed primarily of methane. It is odorless, colorless, and lighter than air. Natural gas is considered one of the cleanest burning fossil fuels and produces fewer emissions than other fuels like coal, oil, and wood. It is used for power generation, industrial processes like fertilizer production, and heating homes and buildings. When natural gas replaces dirtier fuels, greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced. Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas that has been cooled to liquid form for ease of storage or transport and takes up less space than gaseous natural gas. LNG is transported globally via specially designed carriers and stored in insulated tanks.
This document provides an overview of a course on reservoir fluid properties. The course covers:
1. Reservoir fluid behaviors and properties of petroleum reservoirs including oil and gas.
2. Introduction to physical properties of gases including gas behavior, properties such as compressibility factor and how they are calculated for pure components and mixtures.
3. Behavior of ideal gases and real gases, definitions of compressibility factor, and use of the corresponding states principle and mixing rules to determine properties of gas mixtures.
Engineers responsibility for safety and riskStudent
This document discusses engineers' responsibility for safety and risk. It defines safety as risks being judged acceptable. Risk is potential for unwanted consequences. There are various types of risks like voluntary vs involuntary. Engineers must ensure designs comply with laws, accepted practices, and explore safer alternatives. Designing for safety involves defining problems, generating solutions, analyzing pros and cons, testing, and selecting the best solution. Risk-benefit analysis is used to determine if a project's risks are acceptable given its benefits. Accidents can be procedural from not following procedures, from design flaws, or systemic in complex technologies.
Multiphase Flow Performance in Piping SystemsChrisJAlexisJr
Multiphase flow refers to the simultaneous flow of more than one fluid phase. It can be found in various places however it is most prevalent in the petroleum engineering field. This phenomenon brings about a major problem of pressure loss in the petroleum industry and results in a loss in production. Multiphase flow has been studied for years but there are few universally accepted solutions to calculate pressure drop. To accomplish this study, we used peer-review journals and articles in order to determine the flow regimes and characteristics of the different pipe orientations. This allowed us to determine the pressure drop calculations which were best suited for our study. We used a system that was designed with different pipe orientations that are found in the petroleum field and simulated the different flow regimes. Doing so allowed us to perform the calculations using two different pipe sizes; 1 inch and 1.5 inches. The results from the calculations showed that the pressure drop in the small pipe was greater than that of the bigger pipe.
This document summarizes different types of fluid flow patterns and flow characteristics. It defines streamlines, streaklines, pathlines, and timelines as ways to visualize fluid flow. It then describes various types of flow, including steady/unsteady, uniform/non-uniform, laminar/turbulent, compressible/incompressible, one-dimensional/two-dimensional/three-dimensional, rotational/irrotational flows. The document was presented by a group of civil engineering students on fluid mechanics.
This document contains a question bank with multiple choice objective questions related to water resources engineering. Some key topics covered include unit hydrograph theory, infiltration capacity, hydrologic cycle, precipitation types, rainfall measurement, runoff estimation methods, and flood estimation formulas. There are 45 total questions testing knowledge of hydrologic and hydraulic concepts important for water resources engineering.
Stream Gauging: Necessity; Selection of gauging sites; Methods of discharge measurement; Area-Velocity method; Venturi flume; Chemical method; weir method; Measurement of velocity; Floats Surface float, Sub–surface float or Double float, Twin float, Velocity rod or Rod float; Pitot tube; Current meter; Working of current meter; rating of current meter; Measurement of area of flow; Measurement of width - Pivot point method; Measurement of depth Sounding rod, Echo- sounder.
The document describes the Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations (SIMPLE) algorithm for coupling pressure and velocity in computational fluid dynamics. It involves the following steps:
1. An initial guess for pressure and velocity is made.
2. Momentum equations are solved to get updated velocity fields.
3. A pressure correction equation is derived from the continuity equation and solved to update pressure.
4. Pressure and velocities are corrected and the process is iterated until convergence is achieved.
Under-relaxation factors are applied to the pressure and velocity corrections to improve convergence. Variations like SIMPLER use the discretized continuity equation directly to obtain pressure instead of a pressure correction step.
This document summarizes Mithun Chouhan's summer internship presentation at the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited from May 1st to June 21st 2013. It provides an overview of ONGC, including that it is India's largest oil and gas producer. It then describes various processes at ONGC facilities including group gathering stations, heater-treaters, central tank farms, gas compression plants, desalter plants, and a project on reducing gas flaring and the associated estimated emission reductions.
This document provides an overview of methods for calculating key gas properties including:
1. The z-factor, which can be calculated using correlations like Hall-Yarborough or Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem that were developed based on the Standing-Katz chart.
2. Isothermal gas compressibility (Cg), which can be determined from the z-factor or using models that relate it to reduced gas density.
3. Gas formation volume factor (Bg) and gas expansion factor (Eg), which relate the volume of gas at reservoir conditions to standard conditions.
4. Gas viscosity, which can be estimated using correlations like Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows that are functions of
Open channel flow involves the flow of liquids through open channels like rivers and streams. It is characterized by three main hydraulic parameters: depth, width, and velocity. Depth can be calculated using the ratio of cross-sectional area to width. Velocity varies based on factors like gradient, water volume, and channel shape and friction. Stream discharge is calculated as the product of velocity, width, and depth. The type of flow - laminar or turbulent - can be determined using Reynolds number, which is a ratio of velocity and depth to kinematic viscosity. Open channel flow is also classified as sub-critical, critical, or super-critical based on the Froude number. Shear stress and stream power are also important concepts, where shear
Pumps and turbines are fluid machines that either add energy to or extract energy from a fluid. Pumps add energy by doing work on the fluid, while turbines extract energy from the fluid as it does work on the turbine. Specifically, centrifugal pumps have an impeller and casing. The impeller adds energy to the fluid by increasing pressure and velocity as it rotates and throws the fluid outward. The casing then converts the kinetic energy into increased pressure before the fluid exits.
This document discusses the characteristic curves of turbines, which are used to study a turbine's performance under various conditions. There are three main types of characteristic curves: 1) Constant head curves, which show performance at constant head by varying speed and flow, 2) Constant speed curves, which show performance at constant speed by varying head and flow, and 3) Constant efficiency curves, which determine the zone of maximum efficiency for the turbine. The characteristic curves are provided by turbine manufacturers based on actual test data and include curves showing unit discharge, unit power, efficiency, and other parameters.
Gas - Liquid Reactors
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Preliminary Equipment Selection
4.2 Equipment for Low Viscosity Liquids
4.3 Equipment for High Viscosity Liquids
5 REACTOR DESIGN
6 ESSENTIAL THEORY
6.1 Rate and Yield Determining Steps
6.2 Chemical and Physical Rates
6.3 Modification for Exothermic and Complex Reactions
6.4 Preliminary Selection of Reactor Type
7 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF REGIME
7.1 Direct Measurement of Reaction Kinetics
7.2 Laboratory Gas-Liquid Reactor Experiments
8 EQUILIBRIUM AND DIFFUSIVITY DATA SOURCES
9 OVERALL EFFECTS
9.1 Liquid Flow Patterns
9.2 Scale of Mixing
9.3 Gas Flow Pattern : Mean Driving Force for Mass Transfer
9.4 Gas-Liquid Reactor Modeling
9.5 Heat Transfer
9.6 Materials of Construction
9.7 Foaming
10 FINAL CHOICE OF REACTOR TYPE
11 SCALE-UP AND SPECIFICATION OF GAS-LIQUID
REACTORS
11.1 Bubble Columns
11.2 Packed Columns
11.3 Trickle Beds
11.4 Plate or Tray Columns
11.5 Spray Columns
11.6 Wiped Film
11.7 Spinning Film Reactors
11.8 Stirred Vessels
11.9 Plunging Jet
11.10 Surface Aerator
11.11 Static Mixers
11.12 Ejectors, Venturis and Orifice Plates
11.13 3-Phase Fluidized Bed
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLES
1 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER WITH ISOTHERMAL CHEMICAL REACTION
2 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IGNORING LARGE EXOTHERMS OR OTHER COMPLICATIONS
3 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER PERFORMANCE OF CONTACTING DEVICES
4 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER DATA
5 CHOICE OF GAS-LIQUID REACTOR TYPE
FIGURES
1 RATE AND YIELD DETERMINING STEPS
2 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER
3 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER : EFFECT OF THERMAL & OTHER FACTORS
4 REACTORS FOR LIQUID-PHASE KINETICS
MEASUREMENT
5 EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE OPERATING
REGIME
6 EXPERIMENTS DETERMINE THE OPERATING REGIME WHERE A SOLID CATALYST IS INVOLVED
7 THE MIXED ZONES IN LOOPS' MODEL FOR STIRRED REACTORS
This document discusses various reservoir drive mechanisms used for oil recovery. It begins by defining reservoir drive mechanisms and categorizing recovery stages into primary, secondary, and tertiary. For primary recovery, the drive mechanisms described are solution gas drive, gas cap drive, water drive, and gravity drainage. Secondary recovery involves waterflooding and gasflooding to maintain pressure. Tertiary or EOR recovery discussed includes thermal methods using steam/hot fluids, chemical methods using polymers/surfactants, and miscible gas injection. Infill recovery occurs late in a reservoir's life through additional drilling.
energy dissipator in hydraulic structure Kiran Jadhav
This document discusses energy dissipators, which are structures that reduce the kinetic energy of water flowing over spillways to prevent erosion. It describes two main types of energy dissipators - stilling basins and bucket dissipators. Stilling basins use either horizontal or sloping concrete aprons and hydraulic jumps to dissipate energy. Bucket dissipators include solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump designs. The document explains how dissipator selection depends on the relationship between tailwater curve and flow depth. Appropriate dissipators maintain stable hydraulic jumps or direct flow into the air to safely dissipate kinetic energy for different tailwater conditions.
This document defines and explains several key concepts related to energy technology project evaluation: payback period, net present value, internal rate of return, energy chain, life cycle assessment, and net energy analysis. It provides definitions and formulas for payback period, net present value, and internal rate of return. It also describes what is meant by an energy chain and gives examples. Life cycle assessment is explained as assessing environmental impacts across all stages of a product. Net energy analysis determines if the energy output of a system exceeds the energy input required from society.
Complete all notes WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING (WRE)Denish Jangid
Introduction of WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING: Objective, scope and outcome of the course.
Definitions, functions and advantages of irrigation,
present status of irrigation in India, classification for agriculture, soil moisture and crop water relations, Irrigation water quality. Consumptive use of water, principal Indian crop seasons and water requirements.
Canal Irrigation Types of canals, design of channels, regime and semi theoretical approaches (Kennedy’s Theory, Lacey’s Theory) Diversion Head works: Design for surface and subsurface flows, Bligh’s and Khosla’s methods.
Embankment Dams: Suitable sites, causes of failures, stability and seepage analysis, flow net, principles of design of earth dams. Gravity Dams: Force acting on a gravity dam, stability requirements..
Well Irrigation: Open wells and tube wells, types of tube wells, duty of tube well water. Cross-Drainage Structure: Necessity of Crossdrainage structures, their types and selection, comparative merits and demerits.
Hydrology: Definition, Hydrologic cycle, measurement of rainfall, Flood hydrograph, Rainfall analysis, Infiltration, Run off, Unit hydrograph and its determination. Irrigation Water Power and
Canal its types with design of channels by Denish Jangid sir.
covered kennedy lacey theory IS code method with comparison drawbacks. design of canal types of canal trapezoidal shape. Water Resource Engineering By KR Arora
Hydrologic data generally consist of a sequence of observations of some phase of the hydrologic cycle made at a particular site. The data may be a record of the discharge of a stream at a particular place, or it may be a record of the amount of rainfall caught in a particular rain gage.
Although for most hydrologic purposes a long record is preferred to a short one, the user should recognize that the longer the record the greater the chance that there has been a change in the physical conditions of the basin or in the methods of data collection. If these are appreciable, the composite record would represent only a nonexistent condition and not one that existed either before or after the change. Such a record is inconsistent.
Centrifugal pumps are rotodynamic pumps that use a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a liquid. The impeller spins and throws liquid outward via centrifugal force, increasing pressure. Key parts include the impeller, casing, suction and delivery pipes. Centrifugal pumps are classified based on impeller shape, working head, number of stages, flow direction, and number of suctions. They work by converting the kinetic energy of the liquid into pressure energy. The minimum speed required for startup depends on the manometric head. Cavitation can occur if the pressure drops below vapor pressure, forming bubbles that collapse and damage surfaces.
This document outlines key concepts in reservoir engineering related to fluid flow regimes including unsteady-state flow, pseudosteady-state flow, and the use of skin and shape factors to account for non-ideal reservoir conditions. Specific topics covered include solutions to the diffusivity equation, radial flow equations for slightly compressible and compressible fluids, and modifications to account for wellbore skin effects and different flow geometries. The document provides equations and examples for analyzing fluid flow and pressure distribution during different flow regimes.
This document discusses the impact of free jets on stationary and moving plates and vanes. It explains the impulse-momentum principle and how it is used to calculate the hydrodynamic force exerted by a jet on plates and vanes in different configurations, including stationary/moving, flat/curved, vertical/inclined. Formulas are provided for calculating the forces and determining efficiencies. Applications to radial flow turbines like the Pelton wheel are described through concepts like angular momentum. The layout of typical hydropower installations and different efficiencies of turbines are also summarized.
This document contains information about notches and weirs used to measure fluid discharge. It defines notches and weirs, describes common types of each including rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, and Cippoletti, and provides the key equations for calculating discharge over each type. The main difference between notches and weirs is that notches are openings in tank walls used to measure small discharges, while weirs are larger concrete structures built across rivers or canals to measure larger discharges.
This document discusses flow through pipes in series, parallel, and equivalent pipes. It defines compound or series pipes as pipes of different lengths and diameters connected together to form a pipeline. The total head loss in a series pipe system is equal to the sum of the head losses in each pipe section. It also defines parallel or looping pipes as pipes that branch out from the same point and rejoin downstream, where the discharge is split between the pipes and the head loss is the same across each pipe. The document introduces the concept of an equivalent pipe that can replace a compound or parallel pipe system, having the same total discharge and head loss. It presents Dupuit's equation for calculating the diameter of an equivalent pipe for a compound system.
This document provides an overview of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. It discusses the basics of CFD, including its history, concepts, processes, governing equations, examples, applications, and sources of errors. The document was presented by Chaitanya Vudutha, Parimal Nilangekar, Ravindranath Gouni, and Satish Kumar Boppana to Albert Koether. It contains 28 pages covering topics such as laminar and turbulent flow, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, discretization methods, the CFD process, and the Navier-Stokes equations. Applications of CFD include industries like aerospace, automotive, power generation, and meteorology.
1. La contaminación se produce cuando se introduce un agente ajeno en el medio ambiente, alterando su estado natural y causando daños.
2. Los documentos describen varios tipos de contaminación como de la atmósfera, el agua, el suelo y por basura, así como sus principales causas como la industrialización y quemas de combustibles fósiles.
3. A lo largo de la historia, eventos como el Gran Hedor de Londres y desastres industriales han llevado a una mayor conciencia sobre la contaminación y al establecimiento de le
The document describes the Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations (SIMPLE) algorithm for coupling pressure and velocity in computational fluid dynamics. It involves the following steps:
1. An initial guess for pressure and velocity is made.
2. Momentum equations are solved to get updated velocity fields.
3. A pressure correction equation is derived from the continuity equation and solved to update pressure.
4. Pressure and velocities are corrected and the process is iterated until convergence is achieved.
Under-relaxation factors are applied to the pressure and velocity corrections to improve convergence. Variations like SIMPLER use the discretized continuity equation directly to obtain pressure instead of a pressure correction step.
This document summarizes Mithun Chouhan's summer internship presentation at the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited from May 1st to June 21st 2013. It provides an overview of ONGC, including that it is India's largest oil and gas producer. It then describes various processes at ONGC facilities including group gathering stations, heater-treaters, central tank farms, gas compression plants, desalter plants, and a project on reducing gas flaring and the associated estimated emission reductions.
This document provides an overview of methods for calculating key gas properties including:
1. The z-factor, which can be calculated using correlations like Hall-Yarborough or Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem that were developed based on the Standing-Katz chart.
2. Isothermal gas compressibility (Cg), which can be determined from the z-factor or using models that relate it to reduced gas density.
3. Gas formation volume factor (Bg) and gas expansion factor (Eg), which relate the volume of gas at reservoir conditions to standard conditions.
4. Gas viscosity, which can be estimated using correlations like Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows that are functions of
Open channel flow involves the flow of liquids through open channels like rivers and streams. It is characterized by three main hydraulic parameters: depth, width, and velocity. Depth can be calculated using the ratio of cross-sectional area to width. Velocity varies based on factors like gradient, water volume, and channel shape and friction. Stream discharge is calculated as the product of velocity, width, and depth. The type of flow - laminar or turbulent - can be determined using Reynolds number, which is a ratio of velocity and depth to kinematic viscosity. Open channel flow is also classified as sub-critical, critical, or super-critical based on the Froude number. Shear stress and stream power are also important concepts, where shear
Pumps and turbines are fluid machines that either add energy to or extract energy from a fluid. Pumps add energy by doing work on the fluid, while turbines extract energy from the fluid as it does work on the turbine. Specifically, centrifugal pumps have an impeller and casing. The impeller adds energy to the fluid by increasing pressure and velocity as it rotates and throws the fluid outward. The casing then converts the kinetic energy into increased pressure before the fluid exits.
This document discusses the characteristic curves of turbines, which are used to study a turbine's performance under various conditions. There are three main types of characteristic curves: 1) Constant head curves, which show performance at constant head by varying speed and flow, 2) Constant speed curves, which show performance at constant speed by varying head and flow, and 3) Constant efficiency curves, which determine the zone of maximum efficiency for the turbine. The characteristic curves are provided by turbine manufacturers based on actual test data and include curves showing unit discharge, unit power, efficiency, and other parameters.
Gas - Liquid Reactors
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Preliminary Equipment Selection
4.2 Equipment for Low Viscosity Liquids
4.3 Equipment for High Viscosity Liquids
5 REACTOR DESIGN
6 ESSENTIAL THEORY
6.1 Rate and Yield Determining Steps
6.2 Chemical and Physical Rates
6.3 Modification for Exothermic and Complex Reactions
6.4 Preliminary Selection of Reactor Type
7 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF REGIME
7.1 Direct Measurement of Reaction Kinetics
7.2 Laboratory Gas-Liquid Reactor Experiments
8 EQUILIBRIUM AND DIFFUSIVITY DATA SOURCES
9 OVERALL EFFECTS
9.1 Liquid Flow Patterns
9.2 Scale of Mixing
9.3 Gas Flow Pattern : Mean Driving Force for Mass Transfer
9.4 Gas-Liquid Reactor Modeling
9.5 Heat Transfer
9.6 Materials of Construction
9.7 Foaming
10 FINAL CHOICE OF REACTOR TYPE
11 SCALE-UP AND SPECIFICATION OF GAS-LIQUID
REACTORS
11.1 Bubble Columns
11.2 Packed Columns
11.3 Trickle Beds
11.4 Plate or Tray Columns
11.5 Spray Columns
11.6 Wiped Film
11.7 Spinning Film Reactors
11.8 Stirred Vessels
11.9 Plunging Jet
11.10 Surface Aerator
11.11 Static Mixers
11.12 Ejectors, Venturis and Orifice Plates
11.13 3-Phase Fluidized Bed
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLES
1 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER WITH ISOTHERMAL CHEMICAL REACTION
2 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IGNORING LARGE EXOTHERMS OR OTHER COMPLICATIONS
3 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER PERFORMANCE OF CONTACTING DEVICES
4 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER DATA
5 CHOICE OF GAS-LIQUID REACTOR TYPE
FIGURES
1 RATE AND YIELD DETERMINING STEPS
2 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER
3 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER : EFFECT OF THERMAL & OTHER FACTORS
4 REACTORS FOR LIQUID-PHASE KINETICS
MEASUREMENT
5 EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE OPERATING
REGIME
6 EXPERIMENTS DETERMINE THE OPERATING REGIME WHERE A SOLID CATALYST IS INVOLVED
7 THE MIXED ZONES IN LOOPS' MODEL FOR STIRRED REACTORS
This document discusses various reservoir drive mechanisms used for oil recovery. It begins by defining reservoir drive mechanisms and categorizing recovery stages into primary, secondary, and tertiary. For primary recovery, the drive mechanisms described are solution gas drive, gas cap drive, water drive, and gravity drainage. Secondary recovery involves waterflooding and gasflooding to maintain pressure. Tertiary or EOR recovery discussed includes thermal methods using steam/hot fluids, chemical methods using polymers/surfactants, and miscible gas injection. Infill recovery occurs late in a reservoir's life through additional drilling.
energy dissipator in hydraulic structure Kiran Jadhav
This document discusses energy dissipators, which are structures that reduce the kinetic energy of water flowing over spillways to prevent erosion. It describes two main types of energy dissipators - stilling basins and bucket dissipators. Stilling basins use either horizontal or sloping concrete aprons and hydraulic jumps to dissipate energy. Bucket dissipators include solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump designs. The document explains how dissipator selection depends on the relationship between tailwater curve and flow depth. Appropriate dissipators maintain stable hydraulic jumps or direct flow into the air to safely dissipate kinetic energy for different tailwater conditions.
This document defines and explains several key concepts related to energy technology project evaluation: payback period, net present value, internal rate of return, energy chain, life cycle assessment, and net energy analysis. It provides definitions and formulas for payback period, net present value, and internal rate of return. It also describes what is meant by an energy chain and gives examples. Life cycle assessment is explained as assessing environmental impacts across all stages of a product. Net energy analysis determines if the energy output of a system exceeds the energy input required from society.
Complete all notes WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING (WRE)Denish Jangid
Introduction of WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING: Objective, scope and outcome of the course.
Definitions, functions and advantages of irrigation,
present status of irrigation in India, classification for agriculture, soil moisture and crop water relations, Irrigation water quality. Consumptive use of water, principal Indian crop seasons and water requirements.
Canal Irrigation Types of canals, design of channels, regime and semi theoretical approaches (Kennedy’s Theory, Lacey’s Theory) Diversion Head works: Design for surface and subsurface flows, Bligh’s and Khosla’s methods.
Embankment Dams: Suitable sites, causes of failures, stability and seepage analysis, flow net, principles of design of earth dams. Gravity Dams: Force acting on a gravity dam, stability requirements..
Well Irrigation: Open wells and tube wells, types of tube wells, duty of tube well water. Cross-Drainage Structure: Necessity of Crossdrainage structures, their types and selection, comparative merits and demerits.
Hydrology: Definition, Hydrologic cycle, measurement of rainfall, Flood hydrograph, Rainfall analysis, Infiltration, Run off, Unit hydrograph and its determination. Irrigation Water Power and
Canal its types with design of channels by Denish Jangid sir.
covered kennedy lacey theory IS code method with comparison drawbacks. design of canal types of canal trapezoidal shape. Water Resource Engineering By KR Arora
Hydrologic data generally consist of a sequence of observations of some phase of the hydrologic cycle made at a particular site. The data may be a record of the discharge of a stream at a particular place, or it may be a record of the amount of rainfall caught in a particular rain gage.
Although for most hydrologic purposes a long record is preferred to a short one, the user should recognize that the longer the record the greater the chance that there has been a change in the physical conditions of the basin or in the methods of data collection. If these are appreciable, the composite record would represent only a nonexistent condition and not one that existed either before or after the change. Such a record is inconsistent.
Centrifugal pumps are rotodynamic pumps that use a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a liquid. The impeller spins and throws liquid outward via centrifugal force, increasing pressure. Key parts include the impeller, casing, suction and delivery pipes. Centrifugal pumps are classified based on impeller shape, working head, number of stages, flow direction, and number of suctions. They work by converting the kinetic energy of the liquid into pressure energy. The minimum speed required for startup depends on the manometric head. Cavitation can occur if the pressure drops below vapor pressure, forming bubbles that collapse and damage surfaces.
This document outlines key concepts in reservoir engineering related to fluid flow regimes including unsteady-state flow, pseudosteady-state flow, and the use of skin and shape factors to account for non-ideal reservoir conditions. Specific topics covered include solutions to the diffusivity equation, radial flow equations for slightly compressible and compressible fluids, and modifications to account for wellbore skin effects and different flow geometries. The document provides equations and examples for analyzing fluid flow and pressure distribution during different flow regimes.
This document discusses the impact of free jets on stationary and moving plates and vanes. It explains the impulse-momentum principle and how it is used to calculate the hydrodynamic force exerted by a jet on plates and vanes in different configurations, including stationary/moving, flat/curved, vertical/inclined. Formulas are provided for calculating the forces and determining efficiencies. Applications to radial flow turbines like the Pelton wheel are described through concepts like angular momentum. The layout of typical hydropower installations and different efficiencies of turbines are also summarized.
This document contains information about notches and weirs used to measure fluid discharge. It defines notches and weirs, describes common types of each including rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, and Cippoletti, and provides the key equations for calculating discharge over each type. The main difference between notches and weirs is that notches are openings in tank walls used to measure small discharges, while weirs are larger concrete structures built across rivers or canals to measure larger discharges.
This document discusses flow through pipes in series, parallel, and equivalent pipes. It defines compound or series pipes as pipes of different lengths and diameters connected together to form a pipeline. The total head loss in a series pipe system is equal to the sum of the head losses in each pipe section. It also defines parallel or looping pipes as pipes that branch out from the same point and rejoin downstream, where the discharge is split between the pipes and the head loss is the same across each pipe. The document introduces the concept of an equivalent pipe that can replace a compound or parallel pipe system, having the same total discharge and head loss. It presents Dupuit's equation for calculating the diameter of an equivalent pipe for a compound system.
This document provides an overview of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. It discusses the basics of CFD, including its history, concepts, processes, governing equations, examples, applications, and sources of errors. The document was presented by Chaitanya Vudutha, Parimal Nilangekar, Ravindranath Gouni, and Satish Kumar Boppana to Albert Koether. It contains 28 pages covering topics such as laminar and turbulent flow, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, discretization methods, the CFD process, and the Navier-Stokes equations. Applications of CFD include industries like aerospace, automotive, power generation, and meteorology.
1. La contaminación se produce cuando se introduce un agente ajeno en el medio ambiente, alterando su estado natural y causando daños.
2. Los documentos describen varios tipos de contaminación como de la atmósfera, el agua, el suelo y por basura, así como sus principales causas como la industrialización y quemas de combustibles fósiles.
3. A lo largo de la historia, eventos como el Gran Hedor de Londres y desastres industriales han llevado a una mayor conciencia sobre la contaminación y al establecimiento de le
La huelga general del 14 de noviembre en España tuvo una participación del 80% según los sindicatos organizadores para protestar contra los recortes sanitarios. Los líderes de los sindicatos CCOO y UGT celebraron el éxito de la huelga y exigieron al gobierno que deje de someterse a los recortes impuestos por el BCE y Alemania. El documento también critica las reformas laborales que perjudican a los trabajadores y benefician a los empresarios.
Este documento presenta el horario de servicios de una Iglesia cristiana apostólica, incluyendo escuela dominical, servicios de evangelización, ayunos, doctrina bíblica, células en hogares, escuela de líderes y servicios de jóvenes durante la semana, así como también invita a la comunidad a congregarse y recibir bendición.
He aquí la primera edición del periódico institucional "AGRO Y EDUCACIÓN PARA CONSTRUIR FUTURO", para que esté informado de todos los avances de la Administración Municipal.
Loja se encuentra en el sur de Ecuador y es la capital de la provincia y cantón homónimos. Fue fundada dos veces, primero en 1546 y luego de forma definitiva en 1548, convirtiéndose en un importante centro económico debido a los recursos mineros cercanos. Actualmente Loja es conocida como la Capital Cultural de Ecuador y alberga dos universidades, siendo la Universidad Nacional de Loja la más antigua del país después de la Universidad Central del Ecuador.
El documento trata sobre la deforestación y sus principales causas como la agricultura, ganadería, petróleo, gas, incendios forestales, madero, minería e industrias. Explica que la deforestación causa daños graves al suelo, aire, flora, fauna y planeta Tierra. Finalmente concluye que para conservar el planeta debemos tomar conciencia y no talar bosques, sino sembrar más árboles para tener un ambiente más limpio y aire puro.
El documento presenta información sobre formatos de audio digitales como WAV, MIDI, AAC, WMA, OGG y MP3. Define cada formato y explica sus características principales como la compresión de datos, compatibilidad, propiedades y uso. También menciona algunos programas populares para digitalizar audio como Power Sound Editor, Free Mp3 Wma Converter y Audacity.
The music video for Ellie Goulding's "The Writer" uses various camera shots and angles to portray Goulding as feeling lonely and isolated. Shots include close-ups of her face showing emotion, as well as wider shots of her alone in a field or walking past a lighthouse. The camera work and editing speed up as the song's tempo increases to keep the audience engaged. Goulding is depicted as vulnerable in the video through her plain white clothing and limited makeup. The video relates to theories of genre representation, active audience choices in media consumption, and the male gaze.
El documento resume las actividades realizadas por la Administración Municipal de San Juan de Urabá durante 2013 para mejorar la calidad de vida de los residentes. Se construyeron dos nuevos hogares infantiles para beneficiar a 180 niños. También se realizaron inversiones en educación, agricultura, deportes y cultura. El alcalde Emilio Beltrán Cuadrado invita a los residentes a participar activamente en el desarrollo del municipio en 2014.
The document provides information about the Georgia Association of Paralegals (GAP), including its 2008 board installation, a message from the president, and recaps of various GAP events from 2007. It discusses the new 2008 board members, GAP members participating in a breast cancer walk, new GAP members, and award winners. It also previews GAP's 2008 calendar of events and lists corporate sponsor members.
This curriculum vitae is for Asanele Gqweta, who was born in 1991 in South Africa. She holds a National Diploma in Office Management and Technology from Walter Sisulu University. Her work experience includes positions as a Human Resource Clerk and Acting Corporate Services Secretary at Port St Johns Municipality. She has skills in communication, administration, computer literacy, and customer service.
Dos cualidades cualidades importantes para liderar carácter y lealtadRiquel Yepes Sierra
1) Aarón no estuvo preparado para liderar cuando el pueblo le pidió que les mostrara un dios en ausencia de Moisés, lo que llevó a que construyera un becerro de oro y el pueblo cayera en rebelión. 2) Aarón carecía del carácter moldeado por la Palabra de Dios para permanecer firme ante la presión del pueblo. 3) Como resultado, Moisés se enojó con Aarón y ordenó la muerte de miles de personas, mostrando que cuando los líderes no
Bomgar Box es un appliance físico o virtual que proporciona soporte remoto centralizado mediante la autenticación integrada con sistemas de identidad como Active Directory y controles de acceso detallados. Ofrece sesiones grabadas, auditoría completa, y exportación programada de registros. Incluye herramientas para escritorio compartido, transferencia de archivos, y soporte multiplataforma y móvil.
Nel catalogo Bimago troverai le ultime tendenze nella decorazione d'interni. Carte da parati di moda, quadri meravigliosi, fotomurali originali, colorati adesivi murali e molto di più. Scopri interessanti idee decorative con prodotti bimago.
Este documento presenta el horario de servicios de una Iglesia cristiana apostólica, incluyendo escuela dominical, servicios de evangelización, ayunos, doctrina bíblica, células en hogares, escuela de líderes y servicios de jóvenes durante la semana, así como también invita a la comunidad a congregarse y recibir bendición.
El documento describe diferentes funciones del lenguaje: la función apelativa o conativa se centra en influir la conducta del receptor a través de recursos como vocativos e imperativos; la función referencial se enfoca en sucesos reales y verificables; la función emotiva permite la exteriorización de sentimientos y estados de ánimo del emisor.
To Calculate and Improvement in the Efficiency of FBC BoilerIRJET Journal
This document discusses calculating and improving the efficiency of a fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boiler. It begins with an introduction to FBC boilers and their advantages over traditional firing systems. It then describes the three main types of FBC boilers: atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC), circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC), and pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC).
The document focuses on methods to calculate boiler efficiency, including the direct method using input/output calculations and the indirect method accounting for all heat losses. It provides the specific formulas and step-by-step process for calculating efficiency using the indirect method for an FBC boiler burning Indian lignite coal. The goal is to
IRJET- Carbon Particles Removing in Exhaust GasesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on removing carbon particles from exhaust gases. It discusses the construction and working principle of a device that uses two exhaust gas paths, with a filter in one path to collect carbon particles and a heating element to burn off the particles when they reach a certain amount. The device aims to effectively remove carbon particles from car exhaust even during normal street driving when exhaust temperatures are typically too low for complete burning. The summary highlights the problem it aims to address, its key components and working principle, advantages like low maintenance, and applications in industries.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Aerodynamic Aqua SilencerIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of an aerodynamic aqua silencer. It aims to reduce pollution from vehicle emissions by controlling toxic levels through chemical reactions in the silencer. The system uses a perforated tube with varying hole diameters to break gas bubbles into smaller ones. These gases then pass through an activated charcoal layer that absorbs harmful gases before being released into the atmosphere. The objectives are to redesign the aqua silencer to be more suitable for application levels, control emissions through chemical reactions, and reduce emissions by 10-20% compared to existing systems. The modified design aims to address limitations of existing rectangular silencers by making an aerodynamic foil shape and replacing lime water with a new chemical that causes
IRJET- Design & Experimental Investigation of Flue Gas and Combustion Control...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and experimental investigation of a flue gas and combustion control system for a single pass evaporator used to generate steam from multiple solid fuels. It discusses the combustion process, modeling of system components like exhaust gas chambers and an air inlet nozzle, and fabrication of the combustion chamber and other parts. The goal is to increase combustion efficiency, reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions through an advanced combustion control system.
NOx SOx CO2 and Urea Dust Control inFertilizers Plants.pdfPremBaboo4
NOx, SOx & CO2 emission are the serious problem in any fertilizers plant. The urea production and use of nitrogen fertilizers lead to the release of SOx, CO2, N2O and CH4, which are among the most important global GHGs. The synthesis of ammonia, from which all synthetic fertilizers are produced, accounts alone for about 0.8% of the global GHG emissions and 2% of global energy. CO2 emission factor from urea is 0.2 kg Carbon per kg urea, which is equivalent to the mass percent of Carbon in urea. Urea dust control system should be there in every plant. The pollution point of view urea dust is very harmful to buildings and humans. If you install CO2 recovery system, then you can also control SOx and NOx. In reality dust emission control system should be installed in prilling tower. It is not costly; slightly per ton of urea energy will increase but it is necessary for all urea plants. Number of Revamp Companies are available in market.
Experimental Analysis of Fuel Produced from Automotive Waste Lube OilIRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that analyzed the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of pyrolysis fuel produced from waste automotive oil and diesel. The pyrolysis fuel was produced through microwave pyrolysis, which thermally cracks waste oil into smaller hydrocarbon chains. Various blends of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% pyrolysis fuel with diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. The results showed that brake thermal efficiency decreased with increasing blend ratios due to higher brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of NOx and CO increased with pyrolysis fuel blends compared to diesel alone.
Due to its impact on human health and the nature surrounding us, diesel engine emissions have been significantly reduced over the last two decades. This reduction has been enforced by the legislating organs around the world that gradually have made the manufacturers transform their engines to today’s complex high‐tech products. One of the most challenging area to meet the legislations is the emissions of the diesel engine which are the products of the combustion of diesel fuel. More restrictions have been imposed by the some governments to reduce these emissions to a level such that will not cause any harmful impacts for the environment after releasing them to the atmosphere. This paper examines the effects of combusting a mixture of diesel fuel, water, and surfactant which forms emulsion on the nitrogen oxides, or NOx, carbon monoxide CO, carbon dioxide CO2, sulfur oxides SOx emissions and particulate matter (PM) from a compression ignition diesel engine. Previous research has attributed the observed reduction of these emissions to a suppression of flame temperature due to quenching effects from the water, thereby reducing thermal NOx formation and other pollutants. The focus of this review paper will be on experiments were conducted a using diesel engine with pure diesel fuel and emulsion of water-diesel. Furthermore, results from the testing diesel fuel that mixed with varied ratios of water balanced with a surfactant to stabilize the emulsion will be presented and discussed. Three different samples of water- diesel emulsion were used with 10 % water and 90 % diesel, 20 % water and 80% diesel, and 30 % water and 70 % diesel (by volume) respectively to conduct the experiments in the lab . The purpose was to see the impact of adding the water from 10 % up to 30 % (by volume) to the diesel fuel making the emulsion fuel to explain what will occur to the emissions and the performance of the engine. The data shows significant NOx emission reduction when using the emulsion water diesel fuel of 30 % water (by volume) in diesel. These results are correlated with a thermodynamic first law analysis to estimate the adiabatic flame temperature of the standard fuel and fuel-water emulsion cases. Results indicate that thermal NOx is indeed reduced by quenching and flame temperature suppression confirming reports in the literature. Recommendations are given for further studies, including improving the fuel—water emulsion and considerations for long-term testing.
IRJET- Silencer Emission Test and Analysis by FEMIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design, fabrication, and testing of a silencer containing zeolite nanoparticles to reduce emissions from vehicle exhaust. Zeolite is able to adsorb carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC) from exhaust gases. The researchers designed and 3D modeled a silencer containing perforated sheets coated with zeolite pellets. Exhaust testing found the zeolite silencer reduced CO2, CO and HC emissions more than a conventional silencer. Combining the zeolite silencer with a conventional silencer provided the best emission reductions. The zeolite silencer is a low-cost method to lower vehicle emissions without other engine modifications.
IRJET- Production of Plasto – Gas Fuel from Roadwaste Plastics and Utilising ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a process for producing "plasto-gas" fuel from road waste plastics through controlled incineration. Plastics are heated to 270-300°C in the presence of a catalyst to produce a combustible gas and liquid fuel.
2. The gas produced can be used as an energy source for domestic and industrial purposes as an alternative to traditional fuels. However, the process also produces hazardous byproducts like dioxins if materials like PVC are included, so careful monitoring and controls are needed.
3. Further research is still required to optimize the process and fully utilize all waste plastic types, but initial results suggest it may be a way to both reduce plastic pollution and develop
The document presents information on Cryocar, a vehicle that uses liquid nitrogen as fuel. It discusses the history of liquid nitrogen propulsion research. The key components of a liquid nitrogen propulsion system are described including the cryogen storage vessel, pump, economizer, heat exchanger, and expander engine. The open Rankine power cycle is explained. Advantages include reduced emissions, but disadvantages include energy needed to liquefy nitrogen and potential safety issues if nitrogen leaks. The LN2000 vehicle developed at the University of Washington is provided as an example.
1. The document describes a process to remove moisture from off-gas containing NOx and SOx from a zirconium oxide plant. The wet cake is dried, producing 450kg/hr of water vapor and visible plume from the stack.
2. A pilot plant test showed condensing 130kg/hr of the off-gas produced 3.55kg of condensate in 1 hour, indicating a condenser could capture around 460kg/hr. The document then details the design of a shell and tube condenser to remove the moisture.
3. The condenser design was based on pilot plant results and aimed to reduce the visible plume from the stack while meeting regulatory standards. Modeling
IRJET- Analysis and Adaptation of Cost Effective BoilerIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed adapting an industrial boiler to use lower-cost biomass briquettes as fuel instead of expensive furnace oil. The researchers conducted modifications to improve boiler efficiency such as condensate recovery, redesigning boiler tubes with a hexagonal shape and different material, and adding a turbine to generate electricity from exhaust gases. Their analysis found that while briquettes have a lower calorific value than furnace oil, overall boiler efficiency could be increased from 84.15% to 80.615% through the adaptations. The retrofitted boiler design was estimated to save costs and return the investment within 2-3 months.
INLET AIR HUMIDIFICATION TECHNIQUE IN CI ENGINES- FOR REDUCTION OF NOxIRJET Journal
The document presents the results of a study on using inlet air humidification to reduce NOx emissions from a diesel engine. Key findings include:
1. NOx and CO2 emissions from the engine decreased as the humidity of the inlet air increased, with NOx reducing by up to 50% as humidity rose to 70%.
2. CO emissions initially decreased with higher humidity but rose slightly at the highest humidity level tested, though still within limits.
3. The technique lowers combustion temperatures, reducing NOx formation. It provides a cheaper and simpler alternative to other methods with fewer drawbacks.
4. Testing was conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine retrofitted with a humidification system. Emissions
Incineration Process for Solid Waste Management and Effective Utilization of ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses municipal solid waste incineration as a management option for solid waste. It describes the incineration process, which involves combusting waste materials to produce heat, flue gases, and ash. The by-products - heat, flue gases containing nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, and ash - can be effectively utilized. Heat can be used to generate electricity, flue gases can be processed to extract elements like sulfur for use in fertilizers and dental treatments, and ash can be used in construction materials. The document also outlines different incineration technologies, plant location considerations, and air pollution control methods used to clean flue gases before emission.
IRJET - A Review Paper on Aqua SilencerIRJET Journal
The document discusses the aqua silencer, which is used to reduce noise and control emissions from automobile exhaust. It works by passing exhaust through a perforated tube coated in activated carbon and immersed in water. This helps filter pollutants and reduces noise levels compared to traditional silencers. The aqua silencer construction includes a perforated tube, outer shell, non-return valve, charcoal layer, and connecting pipes. It is effective at reducing emissions like carbon monoxide and has advantages like low cost and easy installation compared to catalytic converters. However, it requires more space and regular lime water refilling compared to conventional silencers.
Improvement of Boiler Efficiency using Bagasse DryerIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving boiler efficiency at a sugar mill by reducing the moisture content of bagasse through drying. It begins with background on bagasse being used as fuel in sugar mills and how its high moisture content (around 50%) reduces boiler efficiency. The objective is to design and test a bagasse dryer to lower moisture levels and thereby increase gross calorific value and boiler efficiency. It describes the drying process and kinetics, presents design data from a sugar mill, and outlines the methodology which includes building and testing a bagasse dryer model. Testing showed moisture reduction of 10-15% through drying, increasing bagasse calorific value and improving boiler efficiency from 69% to 81%. The conclusion is that the aims of reducing
A Review Paper on "Performance of Different Fuels inInternal Combustion Engine"IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on the performance of different fuels in internal combustion engines. It discusses conventional fuels like petrol, diesel, and CNG as well as alternative fuels like bio-diesel, ethanol, hydrogen, and ethanol-petrol blends. Each alternative fuel has different effects on engine performance. The review finds that ethanol has a higher octane number than petrol but can reduce brake power and increase fuel consumption compared to petrol. Hydrogen increases combustion efficiency and reduces emissions, but producing hydrogen requires energy. CNG has lower exhaust temperature and higher thermal efficiency than petrol but also the highest torque and brake power. The document provides an overview of various fuels and their properties for use in internal combustion engines.
This document summarizes a study on reducing carbon dioxide emissions from diesel passenger vehicles using an activated alumina capturing method. The researchers designed and modeled a catalytic converter reactor chamber containing activated alumina balls to absorb CO2 from exhaust gases. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was used to validate the design, showing it achieved the targeted pressure drop and flow uniformity. The reactor chamber was fabricated and experiments were conducted on a Volkswagen diesel vehicle. Initial results found an 11.6% reduction in CO2 emissions through the capturing method using activated alumina catalyst in the optimized reactor chamber design.
Abstract
The present day scenario of the modern world is impossible to imagine without automobile. Thus it a primary challenge for automobile industries to design efficient and cost effective engine. The performance of the engine again depends on the type of fuel used, the cooling system, the lubrication system, the range of temperature in which the engine works etc. If the factors are taken care of then the performance of the engine can be improved. In this paper the effect of the fuel assimilating metallic nano-particles is studied. After the combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber the byproducts of combustion (water vapor and carbon dioxide) are further disintegrated, the dissociation of water being an exothermal process adds up to the heat intake of the engine. The food for the engine being heat and not the fuel, it is beneficial in every sense to extract maximum possible amount of heat from the given mass of fuel. This process has both merits and demerits which are shown by the comprehensive study of the fuel used in an internal combustion engine, the chemical process involved in the combustion and the process of exhaust.
Keywords: Nanofluids, Heat Transfer, Conductivity, Knocking and Detonation, Thermal Diffusibility.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis on Power Generation Unit using R134a Powered...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental analysis of a power generation unit that uses solar energy concentrated by a Fresnel lens to power an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and generate electricity. R134a refrigerant is used as the working fluid. Key points:
- A Fresnel lens concentrates solar energy to heat a copper tube, vaporizing the R134a working fluid.
- The vapor drives a turbine that powers a generator. Lower boiling point fluids like R134a allow utilization of lower solar temperatures compared to water.
- Calculations are shown for system parameters like heat transfer rate, pressure drop, turbine power output, and thermal efficiency based on the ORC using R134a.