Cryogenic technology involves producing and studying materials and behaviors at very low temperatures below -150°C. It has various applications including in rocket engines. The presenter discusses the history of cryogenic technology, its applications in areas like rocket propulsion, electricity transmission, food storage, and healthcare. Challenges in developing cryogenic engines for India are described. Advantages include high energy density but limitations include complex storage and leakage issues. Future developments may include ion engines and alternative propulsion methods.

1. Faculty of Engineering Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra(India)
STREAM SEMINAR
TOPIC:-
Cryogenic Technology and Its Applications
Presented By:-
Hareesh Kumar Rajput
B. Tech. IIIyr (Mech.)
Roll No. :- 114059

2. INTRODUCTION
The Main Point to be Discuss Are:-
1. What is Cryogenic Technology
2. Brief History of Cryogenic Technology
3. Applications
4. Specific Applications in Rocket Propellant
5. Advantages
6. Limitations
7. Future of Cryogenic Technology

3. WHAT IS CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY ?
►In physics, cryogenics is the study of the
production and behavior of materials at very low
temperatures (below −150 °C, −238 °F or 123 K).
►the study of how to produce low temperatures;
►the study of what happens to materials when
you've cooled them down.

4. BRIEF HISTORY OF CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGY
►The field of cryogenics advanced during World War II when scientists found
that metals frozen to low temperatures showed more resistance to wear
►The United States was the first country to develop cryogenic rocket engines.
► with RL-10 engines, registered its first successful flight in 1963 and is still used
on the Atlas V rocket.
►Then The Japanese LE-5 engine flew in 1977 ,French HM-7 in 1979 , Chinese
YF-73 in 1984 .
►The Soviet Union, first country to put a satellite and later a human in space,
successfully launched a rocket with a cryogenic engine only in 1987.

5. CNTINU….
(AMERICAN) -
ATLAS V
(Russian) - N 1

6. WHAT ABOUT INDIA ?
►Right now India have got great success in this technology
►But during 1991-92, India faced many problems to get Cryogenic Engine
from Russia.
► To India the U.S., Japan and France were not agree to provide the
technology or do so only at an exorbitant price.
►The deal violated the Missile Technology Control Regime, which was
intended to prevent the spread of missile-related technology, and fell foul of
the U.S. laws meant to enforce its provisions. Despite warnings from within
the organization, ISRO opted to go ahead with the import. In May 1992, the
U.S. imposed sanctions on ISRO and Glavkosmos. A year later, Russia,
which received the contract after the break-up of the Soviet Union,
backed out of the deal.

7. CONT….
►ISRO then had no option but to develop the technology on its own.
►At the time, ISRO gave the impression that much of the technology
had already been acquired and further development would be quick.
►Since then India took it as a challenge to develop own technology.
►After many failure, finally on 5 January 2014. India mastered this
technology.
►And became the sixth country in world after U.S., Russia, Japan,
France, and China to master this technology

8. APPLICATIONS
►USE IN ROCKET ENGINE
►Electric power transmission in big cities
►Frozen food
►Blood banking
►Infrared Sensors
►Electronics
►X-rays

9. USE IN ROCKET ENGINE
►A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses a
cryogenic fuel or oxidizer, that is, its fuel or oxidizer (or both) is
gases liquefied and stored at very low temperatures
►During World War II, when powerful rocket engines were first
considered by the German, American and Soviet engineers
independently, all discovered that rocket engines need high
mass flow rate of both oxidizer and fuel to generate a sufficient
thrust.
►Various cryogenic fuel-oxidizer combinations have been
tried, but the combination of liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel and the
liquid oxygen (LOX) oxidizer is one of the most widely used.

10. THE FIRST OPERATIONAL CRYOGENIC ENGINE

11. WORKING OF CRYOGENIC ENGINE
 It involves a complicated ‘staged combustion cycle' to increase
the engine efficiency.
Hydrogen is partially burnt with a little oxygen in a gas
generator. The hot gases drive a turbo-pump and are then
injected at high pressure into the thrust chamber where the
rest of oxygen is introduced and full combustion takes place.
 Before going to the gas generator, the incredibly chilly liquid
hydrogen is used to cool the thrust chamber where
temperatures rise to over 3,300 ° Celsius when the engine is
fired.

12. . ADVANTAGES
 ►High Energy per unit mass:
Propellants like oxygen and hydrogen in liquid form give very high
amounts of energy per unit mass due to which the amount of fuel to be
carried aboard the rockets decreases.
 ►Clean Fuels
Hydrogen and oxygen are extremely clean fuels. When they combine, they
give out only water. This water is thrown out of the nozzle in form of very hot
vapour. Thus the rocket is nothing but a high burning steam engine
 ►Economical
Use of oxygen and hydrogen as fuels is very economical, as liquid oxygen
costs less than gasoline.

13. LIMITATIONS
►Low temperature of propellants -Complex
storage
►Transfer systems and operations
► Need for ignition system
►Overall cost of propellants relatively high

14. CONTI….
►Highly reactive gases
Cryogens are highly concentrated gases and have a very high
reactivity. Liquid oxygen, which is used as an oxidizer, combines
with most of the organic materials to form explosive
compounds. So lots of care must be taken to ensure safety
►Leakage
One of the most major concerns is leakage. At cryogenic
temperatures, which are roughly below 150 degrees
Kelvin or equivalently (-190) degrees Fahrenheit, the
seals of the container used for storing the propellants lose
the ability to maintain a seal properly. Hydrogen, being
the smallest element, has a tendency to leak past seals or
materials.

15. THE NEXT GENERATION OF THE ROCKET ENGINES
 ►All rocket engines burn their fuel to generate thrust . If any
other engine can generate enough thrust, that can also be used
as a rocket engine
 ►There are a lot of plans for new engines that the NASA
scientists are still working with. One of them is the “ Xenon
ion Engine”. This engine accelerate ions or atomic particles to
extremely high speeds to create thrust more efficiently. NASA's
Deep Space-1 spacecraft will be the first to use ion engines for
propulsion.
 ►There are some alternative solutions like Nuclear thermal
rocket engines, Solar thermal rockets, the electric rocket etc.
 ►We are looking forward that in the near future there will be
some good technology to take us into space

17. Any Queries