2015 x472 class 01 - intro and system overview

X472 HVAC System Design
Considerations
Class 1 – Introduction
& Systems Overview
Todd Gottshall, PE
Western Allied
Mechanical
Menlo Park, CA
Reinhard Seidl, PE
Taylor Engineering
Alameda, CA
Fall 2015
Mark Hydeman, PE
Continual
San Francisco, CA

2
Agenda
• Introductory remarks
• Grading
• Course Outline
• HVAC Program
• System Outlines

3
General
 Contact Information
Reinhard: rseidl@taylor-engineering.com
Mark: mhydeman@continual.net
Todd: tgottshall@westernallied.com
 Text
• None
 Slides
• download from web before class
• Log in to Box at https://app.box.com/login
• Username: x472student@gmail.com
• Password: x472_student (case sensitive)

4
About Mark Hydeman
 Principal, Continual Systems
 Formerly: Principal, Taylor Engineering
 Education
• Stanford University, BS General Engineering, 1982
• Stanford University, MS Mechanical Engineering, 1983
 ASHRAE
• Fellow
• Distinguished Service
• Golden Gate Chapter, Past President
• Professional Development Committee, Founding Chair
• Publications and Education Council, Past Member
• Standard 90.1 Energy Standard, two tours of duty, current Vice-Chair
• Technical Committee 1.5, Computer Applications, Past Chair
• Technical Committee 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities, ALI Subcommittee Chair
• Electronic Communications Committee, Vice-Chair
 Research
• Currently developing a simulation and assessment toolkit for data centers with LBNL
• Principal Investigator for NBI PIER project on Large HVAC System design
• Developer of the Universal Translator
• Principal Investigator for the CoolTools™ Market Transformation Project

5
About Todd Gottshall
 Professional Experience
• Engineering Manager, Western Allied, 2013-now
• Engineer, then Associate, Taylor Engineering 2003-2013
• Engineer, Air Systems, Inc. 2000-2003
• Engineer, Henry Meyer & Associates, 1996-2000
• Head Audio Engineer, Disney on Ice, 1993-1996
 Education
• University of California, Berkeley Extension, HVAC&R Curriculum,
2000
• B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Florida,
Gainesville, 1993
 ASHRAE
• GPC13 – Specifying Direct Digital Control Systems
• TC 1.5 – Computer Applications
 Experience
• Commercial Office, Clinics, Schools, Fire Stations, Libraries
• Engineering Standards setup, Revit

6
About Reinhard Seidl
 Principal, Taylor Engineering
• 2003-now
 Professional Experience
• ACCO Engineered Systems, San Carlos / Santa Clara, 1996-2003
• Stork Bronswerk, the Netherlands, 1992 - 1996
 Education
• Technical University Delft, Netherlands, MS, 1992
 Research
• Helping to develop Universal Translator (UT) under PG&E umbrella
 ASHRAE
• GPC1.2 – Commissioning Existing Buildings Guideline
• SPC 202 – Building and Systems Cx Standard
 Energy Rebate work
 Commissioning
• Offices, Labs, Critical facilities, Chiller plants

7
Who are You?
 Consulting Engineers?
 Design/Build Engineers?
 Contractors?
 Energy/Green Building Consultants?
 Architects?
 Building Engineers?
 Other?

8
Grading
Weighting: Attendance: 50%
Homework: 0% (voluntary)
Final: 50%
Grading: Passing: 70%
C: 70%
B: 80%
A: 90%
Grading Option: No credit
Pass/Fail
Letter Grade
Option: B-or-better: Letter Grade
C or less: Pass/Fail
Since there is no real text, you must come to class to pass this
course!

9
UCBX HVAC Certificate Program
 X469 – Fundamentals
• Psychrometrics, Load Calc’s, Comfort
 X470 – Detailed Design Issues
• Ducts, Pipes, Equipment, VAV boxes
 X472 – HVAC System Design Considerations
• Title-24, IAQ, LCCA, System Selection
 X473 – HVAC Controls
• Controls Design
• Sequences of Operation
• Commissioning

10
Course Outline
Date Class Topic Teacher
9/02/2015 1. Introduction / Systems Overview / walkthrough RS
9/09/2015 2. Generation Systems TG
9/16/2015 3. Distribution Systems RS
9/23/2015 4. Central Plants TG
9/30/2015 5. System Selection 1 - class exercises RS
10/07/2015 6. Specialty Building types (High rise, Lab, Hospital,
Data center)
TG
10/14/2015 7. System Selection 2 - class exercises RS
10/21/2015 8. Construction codes and Project delivery methods TG
10/28/2015 9. 2013 T24 and LEED v4 MH
11/04/2015 10. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis and exam hand-out TG
There are three instructors for this class. Todd Gottshall (TG), Reinhard Seidl (RS)
and Mark Hydeman (MH). The schedule below shows what topics will be covered by
who, and in what order.

11
Course Objective
 Learn how to make “high level” decisions about
HVAC system selection and design.
 We will cover:
• System Design Issues (X472)
• Codes and Standards (X472)
 We will not cover
• Psychrometrics / Load Calc’s (X469)
• Indoor air quality (X469)
Air distribution systems (fans, ducts, etc.) (X470)
• Hydronic distribution systems (pumps, pipes, etc.) (X470)
• Controls in great detail (X473)
 Emphasis will be on practical designs
• Balance construction costs with life-cycle and energy costs as well
as occupant considerations

12
HVAC Design Truisms
A good HVAC Designer
 understands fundamentals
 uses rules of thumb as check figures, not as design parameters
 has a feel for the cost impact of design decisions
 asks questions when he/she is not sure
 listens to find out the needs of his/her client, then designs systems
accordingly
 practices, so he/she does not get out of practice
 admits he/she can and will make mistakes, but always learns from them
 checks calculations (you only get one shot to do it right)
 does not believe everything...
• in equipment catalogues
• told to him/her by salespeople
• in textbooks
• taught in this class!
Theory
(Science)
Application
(Art)

13
Good Design is Finding
Balance
 Construction cost
 Annual energy cost
 Annual maintenance cost
 Replacement cost
 Health
 Comfort
 Noise

14
Balance
 First, we need an overview of the
“LEGO” pieces in our toolbox

15
Balance
 Classification by energy method not
very intuitive – others possible, too
• Location (Roof, ceiling, room, central plant)
• Position in delivery chain (Central
generation, terminal unit)
 This overview is based on what is to
a large degree the driver for design
choices, namely the building type

16
Birds Eye View of Systems
 Single Story – tilt-up
• Single zone rooftop AC
• Split units, VRV
 Two-Story
• Single zone rooftop AC
• Multi-zone rooftop AC
 3-8 Story
• Centralized systems
• Dual Duct
• VAV RH
 High-rise
• Floor-by-floor
• Built-up Systems
• Condenser loops, tenant heat
pumps
 Campus Systems
• Central plant, airside/water
side economizers, thermal
energy storage
• Cogen
 Specialty Systems
• Hotel, Library, Museum, Lab
• Data Center
• Radiant systems
• Underfloor
• Natural Ventilation
• Direct/Indirect
• Cascading cooling towers

Why are there so many
different types of
HVAC systems?
Why aren’t any two buildings
the same?

CBECS Database
 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), Energy Information
Administration, US Department of Energy, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/
 Look at the CBECS Detailed Tables
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/detailed_tables_2003.html
Resid-
ential-
Type
Central
Air
Condi-
tioners
Heat
Pumps
Indiv-
idual
Air
Condi-
tioners
District
Chilled
Water
Central
Chillers
Pack-
aged
Air
Condi-
tioning
Units
Swamp
Coolers Other
All Buildings* .................................... 64,783 56,940 11,035 9,041 12,558 2,853 11,636 29,969 1,561 1,232
100% 19% 16% 22% 5% 20% 53% 3% 2%
Building Floorspace
(Square Feet)
1,001 to 5,000 ..................................... 6,789 5,007 1,568 675 972 Q Q 1,957 179 Q
5,001 to 10,000 ................................... 6,585 5,408 1,523 563 1,012 Q Q 2,741 207 Q
10,001 to 25,000 ................................. 11,535 9,922 2,173 1,441 1,740 Q 456 5,260 378 Q
25,001 to 50,000 ................................. 8,668 7,776 1,683 1,155 2,301 240 729 4,264 Q Q
50,001 to 100,000 ............................... 9,057 8,331 1,388 1,440 1,958 332 1,722 4,732 Q Q
100,001 to 200,000 ............................. 9,064 8,339 993 1,158 2,259 793 2,366 4,504 Q Q
200,001 to 500,000 ............................. 7,176 6,565 1,136 1,273 1,223 495 3,023 3,834 Q Q
Over 500,000 ...................................... 5,908 5,591 569 1,334 1,095 822 3,278 2,678 Q Q
Total Floorspace (million square feet)
All
Build-
ings*
Cooled
Build-
ings
Cooling Equipment (more than one may apply)
50%
50%
2%
18%
25% (*)
27%
(*) Percentages in blue are % of cooled building ft²
Acc. To presentation by Martha Brook of CEC during ASHRAE Long Beach 2007 meeting, 75% of CA
package units are single-zone
12%
7%
6%
9%
10%
11%
½%
4%
Note: definitions at
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/glossary_
1.html
Individual Air Conditioner: window units,
PTACs
Residential: Condensing unit w. duct-
mounted cooling coil
Packaged AC: single zone and multi-zone

CBECS Database
 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), Energy Information
Administration, US Department of Energy, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/
 Look at the 2012 CBECS Status – new results coming shortly
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/index.cfm#blog

An HVAC System Virtual Tour of Emeryville

Example Buildings
Home
Depot
Pixar
Headquarters
Towers at Emeryville Buildings
Ikea
Chiron

 Single Story – tilt-up
 Single zone rooftop AC
 Split units, VRV
 Two-Story
 Multi-zone rooftop AC
 3-8 Story
 Centralized systems
 Multi-zone AC unit
 Multi-zone Air Handling unit
 Dual Duct
 VAV RH
 High-rise
 Floor-by-floor units
 Chilled water and custom air handlers
 Built-up Systems
 Condenser loops, tenant heat pumps
 Campus Systems
 Central plant, airside/water side
economizers, thermal energy storage
 Cogen
 Specialty Systems
 Hotel
 Library
 Laboratory
 Underfloor
 Natural Ventilation
 Direct/Indirect
 Cascading cooling towers

“Packaged Single Zone” Unit

 Two-Story
 3-8 Story
 Centralized systems
 Dual Duct
 VAV RH
 High-rise
 Floor-by-floor
 Campus Systems
 Cogen
 Hotel
 Library
 Laboratory
 Underfloor
 Direct/Indirect
Most prevalent system choices

Split Unit Components
Outdoor unit / Condensing unit – note refrigerant piping to interior

Split Unit Components
Indoor unit / fancoil unit – exposed, wall-hung – note condensate pump
Concealed, ceiling hung, for ducting Cassette unit, ceiling hung

Ikea
1 story warehouse, 2 story showrooms

Pixar Headquarters
2 stories, 3 stories, custom DX packaged units

SGI
4 stories, DX packaged units, aircooled chillers

Ex-SGI – now Google
3 stories, DX packaged units, aircooled chillers

PAMF Fremont
3 stories, DX packaged units, (curb mounted)

PAMF Fremont
3 stories, Furnaces

PAMF Fremont
3 stories, split units

KLA Tencor San Jose
2 stories, DX packaged units, (steel rail mounted)

KLA Tencor San Jose
2 stories, DX packaged units, (steel rail mounted)
Dual duct system with field-built furnace

KLA Tencor San Jose
retrofitted small tonnage DX packaged units

Towers at Emeryville Tower I
 Pre-retrofit
2009

Towers at Emeryville Tower I
 Post-retrofit
2009

Tower I – Systems Overview
 Building Size: 217,000 sq.ft., 12 stories
 Single 550 ton water-cooled chiller
 Single atmospheric boiler
 Four single-fan dual-duct air handling units

Towers at Emeryville I – Roof Plan
 Pre-retrofit
2008/9

Towers at Emeryville I – Roof Plan
 Post-retrofit
2008/9

Towers at Emeryville I Equipment
 Custom
AHU
 Pre-retrofit
2008/9

 Custom
AHU
 Post-retrofit
2008/9

 Boiler
 Pre-retrofit
2008/9

 Boiler
 Post-retrofit
2008/9

 Chiller
 Pre-retrofit
2008/9

 Tower
 Pre-retrofit
2008/9

 Tower
 Post-retrofit
2008/9
See also later design notes: Larger
towers are a cheap way to make
centrifugal chillers more efficient,
but only if the chillers have drives

 Controls
 Pre-retrofit
2008/9

 Controls
 Post-retrofit
2008/9
 Variable speed drives  DDC controller and Pressure transducers

 Controls
 Post-retrofit
2008/9

Towers at Emeryville I: Floor Layout

Towers at Emeryville Tower II
Post-retrofit
2008/9

Tower II – Built up system
Return Air
Exhaust Air
Outside Air
Return Air

Tower II – Built up system
Chiller

Tower II – Systems Overview
 Single 425 ton water-cooled chiller
 Single electric boiler
 Two “built-up” fan systems, each with a single
supply fan and two return fans

 Cooling tower for tenant
heat loads
 Tenant heat loads
cooled with WSHP
(water-source heat
pumps) fed by tower
condenser water

 Tenant heat loads cooled with WSHP (water-
source heat pumps) fed by tower condenser water

 Outside air damper
section

 Return air damper
section

 Cooling coil section

 Fan with inlet guide
vanes

Towers at Emeryville Tower III

Towers at Emeryville III – Systems
Overview
 Floor-by-floor, water-cooled, self-contained water-
cooled AC units (SWUDs)
 Two gas boilers

Towers at Emeryville Tower III
Main cooling tower and
condenser water pumping station

Towers at Emeryville Towers III
Self-contained floor-by-floor unit
It’s really a watercooled package unit that’s
standing upright
Or: a very large water source heat pump

Tower III – System Schematic

Beyond Emeryville
 Special Temperature/Humidity Requirements in
Building – The Bancroft Library at UC Berkeley
 Large scale Campus Projects – UC Merced, SFSU
 Innovative HVAC Approaches: Underfloor Air
Distribution
 Alternative HVAC Systems: Direct/Indirect
Evaporative Cooling
 Zero Energy Buildings: Stanford Green Dorm

UC Merced – Large Scale Energy Efficiency
 500,000 sq.ft., growing
 LEED Gold Campus
 Comprehensive Controls and
Commissioning including Central
Plant
 Classroom Building, Health and
Wellness Center, Sierra Terraces
Housing, Dining Center

Water cooled Chiller Plant
 Satellite view

Water cooled Chiller Plant
 Cooling towers

Watercooled Chiller Plant
 Cooling towers

 Chillers

 Water-cooled air handling unit (AHU)

 Water-cooled fan-coil unit (FCU)

Air Cooled Chiller Plant
 Satellite view

Air Cooled Chiller Plant
 Air-cooled Chillers

 Two-Story
 3-8 Story
 Centralized multi-zone systems
 Dual Duct
 VAV RH
 High-rise
 Floor-by-floor
 Campus Systems
 Cogen
 Hotel
 Library
 Laboratory
 Underfloor
 Direct/Indirect

Window Unit or PTAC
 Window unit

2-pipe, 3-pipe, 4-pipe fancoil
 Vertical fancoil, ceiling mounted,
exposed concealed

The Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley
 Archival Storage of Rare Books and Artifacts

Bancroft Library
 Multiple systems serving
different portions of the building
with different environmental
criteria
Full size duct diagram: See Bancroft Iso.pdf

Bancroft: Base HVAC Systems
 Two water-cooled screw chillers – 120 tons each
 Design chilled water temperature = 39oF
 Class A System criteria: 60oF, 40% RH = 36oF DP
 Cannot adequately dehumidify with Chilled Water

 Two-Story
 3-8 Story
 Centralized multi-zone systems
 Dual Duct
 VAV RH
 High-rise
 Floor-by-floor
 Campus Systems
 Cogen
 Library
 Laboratory
 Underfloor
 Direct/Indirect

Laboratory – Form Factor, Livermore
 Google Earth = pre-2004

 Bing Maps = post-2004

 During Construction 2004

 Chiller yard

 Clean Room Tunnel Models: Pre-sketchup
coordination

 Pre-sketchup coordination

 Final product – clean room RAH

 Final product – walkways in interstitial

 Final product
 Clean room
RAH

 Final product – clean aisle

 Final product-
utility chase

Laboratory – Animal Facility
 Fume Exhaust

Chiron
World Class Architecture vs. Adaptive Re-Use

New Approaches: Underfloor Air Distribution
 Alameda Library: 50,000 square feet, 2 stories

Variable
Speed
Fan-Box
w/ HW
Reheat
Modulating
Fire/smoke
Damper
Swirl
Diffuser
NO swirl
diffusers in
perimeter
zones
System Approach:
VAV Reheat but
under the floor

Ducting Out of the Shaft
Ducts must coordinate with floor tiles

Horizontal Distribution and Zones

Alternative HVAC: New City Offices, Orinda
 12,000 ft2
 Architect: Siegel and
Strain
 Indirect/Direct
Evaporative Cooling
System
(no compressors!)
 3D HVAC / Structural /
Architectural Integration
 Natural Ventilation
throughout
 Detailed Shading Analysis

Orinda: Indirect Direct Evaporative Cooler
Indirect Direct Fan

Orinda: ASHRAE model – Ceiling Fans

Orinda: Ceiling Fans for Personal Cooling

Zero Energy Buildings: Stanford Green Dorm
-80.1 MMBtu* 7,820 kWh 54,423 kWh
-7,820 kWh 64,431 kWh 54,423 kWh
2,188 Kwh
35 MMBtu
120 MMBtu
85 MMBtu
92 MMBtu 6.9 MMBtu
80.1 MMBtu** 79 MMBtu
79 MMBtu 79 MMBtu
793 Therms
Notes: - All energy flows are annual totals
* Electricity source/site converstion is 3.0
** Natural gas source/site conversion is 1.01
0 MMBtu
Building Technology Building DemandSource Energy Use (Carbon)
(energy conversion)
(energy supply)
Electricity
Demand
Utility Demand
Natural Gas
Demand
(energy supply)
Total Souce
Energy
Use
Natural Gas
Demand
Photovoltaic
Array
Heat
Pump
Solar Hot
Water
Heat Not Used
Electricity
Demand
Heat
Demand
( )

Recap of most used terms
 Terms can often be quite confusing
 System components without refrigeration
 AHU, Air Handling unit = economizer dampers, fan(s), filters,
cooling/heating coils, humidification.
 FCU, Fancoil, very small air handler with one fan, cooling/heating, usually
poor filters
 MUA, Make-up unit, no recirculation (100% outside air)
 CRAH, Computer room air handling unit, usually upflow or downflow air
direction in vertical cabinet
 Terms are sometimes mis-used and not always 100%
defined

Recap of most used terms
 Recap follows for system components with refrigeration
 Most of the components are combinations of the same three “Lego” pieces
(Evaporator, Compressor, Condenser) in different enclosures
 Different sizes also lead to different names for the (qualitatively) same
arrangement
 The Evaporator and Condenser can each be a refrigerant-to-water or
refrigerant-to-air exchanger
 CRAC units, computer-room air conditioning units, usually contain a
compressor and are cooled by a condenser water loop or a remote, air-
cooled condenser. They are sometimes called CRAC even when they
don’t contain a compressor. More correctly, the versions without
compressor should be called chilled water CRAH.

Unit Types and Nomenclature
Cooling coil,
evaporator, DX coil
Cooling coil,
evaporator
Refrigerant piping,
DX piping
Compressor
Air-cooled Condenser

Split System
Cooling coil,
evaporator, DX coil
Cooling coil,
evaporator
Refrigerant piping,
DX piping
Compressor
Indoor unit, Fan-coil
Outdoor unit, Condensing unit

Split heat pump, Air-cooled CRAC unit
Cooling coil,
evaporator, DX coil
Cooling coil,
evaporator
Refrigerant piping,
DX piping
Compressor
Indoor unit
Outdoor
unit, Air-
cooled
condenser,
remote
condenser

Air Handling System
Cooling coil,
evaporator, DX coil
Cooling coil,
evaporator
Refrigerant piping,
DX piping
Compressor
DX Air Handling Unit
Condensing unit

Package Unit, AC Unit
Cooling coil,
evaporator, DX coil
Cooling coil,
evaporator
Refrigerant piping,
DX piping
Compressor

WSHP, floor-by-floor unit, CRAC unit
Cooling coil,
evaporator, DX coil
Cooling coil,
evaporator
Refrigerant piping,
DX piping
Compressor
Water-cooled Condenser
Large cap 10~60 tons floor-by-floor unit
Small cap ~ 1 to 5 tons = WSHP

Water-cooled chiller
Evaporator barrel,
Fluid cooler
Refrigerant piping,
DX piping
Compressor
Water-cooled Condenser
Chilled
water, to air
handlers and
fan-coils
Condenser
water, to
cooling
tower

Air-cooled chiller
Evaporator barrel, Fluid
cooler
Refrigerant piping,
DX piping
Compressor
Chilled
water, to air
handlers and
fan-coils

2015 x472 class 01 - intro and system overview

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