Lighting and Lighting Controls The objective of the webinar to assist you in modelling lighting, lighting controls and display lighting in BERs in new and existing buildings. Recognising lighting types will also be discussed. The details of the 3 different lighting entry methods will be compared. NCM default lux levels and lighting efficacy will be discussed. The different aspects of lighting controls will be presented in some detail. More specialist subjects such as top-lit and side-lit spaces, impact of window size, etc, will be outlined. Display lighting will be reviewed. The impact of lighting on heating energy will be demonstrated.

1. Classified as General
www.seai.ie

2. This event is being recorded
WebEx Housekeeping
2 www.seai.ie
Attendees are muted with cameras off
Questions submitted by clicking Q&A bubble
Questions will be answered at end of event
An FAQ will be created from all questions submitted and shared
A recording and slides will be distributed after the event

3. Classified as General
By Paul Overy BER Auditor
Non Domestic
BER Workshop No.3
Lighting

4. Classified as General
What this workshop will cover
• Modelling lighting
– 3 different methods
– NCM lux levels
– Lighting efficacy
• Recognising lighting types
• Modelling lighting controls
• Display lighting
4 www.seai.ie

5. Classified as General
Purpose of this workshop
• Improve the accuracy of BERs for your clients
• Help you advise on achieving a target BER grade
• Based on iSBEMie
5 www.seai.ie

6. Classified as General
Source Documents
6 www.seai.ie
Compliance Guide. Technical Guide Survey Guide NEAP Modelling Guide 2021 Part L

7. Classified as General
Lighting Input
7
www.seai.ie

8. Classified as General
Lighting input methods
• Lux level
• Full lighting design carried
out (should input lux
levels)
• Lighting chosen but
calculations not carried out
• Lighting parameters not
available
8 www.seai.ie

9. Classified as General
Mixing methods is accepted
9 www.seai.ie
Z0/01= full design z0/02=chosen but no calcs z1/02 parameters not available

10. Classified as General
Lighting input methods: Full lighting design carried out
• Need to know total watts of power of lighting,
excluding sensors, but including the “ballast” i.e. the
lighting driver (electrical or electronic control gear)
• Need to input lux levels as well.
• You should still enter the lighting type under “lighting
parameters not available” so that the Advisory
Report reflects the installed lighting type. BUT
DON’T TICK THE BOX
• Exclude plug-in task lights
10 www.seai.ie
Lighting “ballast”



11. Classified as General
Example calculations
11 www.seai.ie
• Em is the lux level to use in SBEM. It is the mean lux level
• Workplane height is 0.75m in offices etc.

12. Classified as General
Lux level
12 www.seai.ie
• Lux and Watts from Full design will be used to calculate W/m2/100 lux power density.
• The calculated value will be used against either:
– The design illuminance (300 lux in this example)
– The default illuminance (400 lux in this example, which is an office).
• The higher of the two values will be used in the BER to calculate total lighting energy
• So if you specify more lux than SBEM expects, SBEM will use your input
• If you have less lux than SBEM expects, SBEM will increase the lux levels to its
figure
• Lux levels are at the working plane defined by CIBSE/SLL e.g. floor in corridors, desk
height in offices

13. Classified as General
As-Built lighting specification of installed lux (not filled out)
13 www.seai.ie

14. Classified as General
Activity Database is downloaded with iSBEMie.

15. Classified as General
Lighting input methods: lighting chosen but calculations not carried out
• Lamps luminous efficacy- average initial (100
hour) lamp plus ballast Lamp-lumens/circuit-watt
• Light output ratio (LOR) of the luminaire
• (A lamp sealed in a black box has an LOR=0.0)
15 www.seai.ie
• Most manufacturers only declare a luminaire
luminous efficacy for LED fittings
• Therefore input LOR=1.0 and “Lamp luminous
efficacy” will be the luminaire efficacy, e.g. 125
• In all cases it is a good idea to input the lamp type, especially for LED, otherwise the
Advisory Report may recommend changing the lights, assuming them to be of a less
efficient type.
Lamp method Luminaire method

16. Classified as General
Lighting input methods: lighting chosen but calculations not carried out
16 www.seai.ie
• SBEM ignores inputs of Design Illuminance in this case, and uses its own lux levels always

17. Classified as General
Lighting input methods: lighting parameters not available
• If you don’t know anything about the light design or luminaire efficacy, use this method
• Most BERs of “Existing” buildings, especially those not newly built, use this method
• SBEM will assume fairly poor performance for the lamp and luminaire of each type, but you
probably have no choice
17 www.seai.ie

18. Classified as General
Lighting: air-extracting luminaires?
• Relevant in buildings with mechanical ventilation based
heating systems or air conditioning where air can be drawn
across the luminaire on its way back to the fan.
• Reduces cooling energy use
• But increases heating energy use
• Makes no difference to auxiliary energy
• Makes no difference to lighting energy
18 www.seai.ie
Return air into the ceiling
void via luminaire.
It takes some of the heat
of the light away from the
room directly to the
ceiling plenum. Holes in
the back of the luminaire.
Might replace return air
grilles.

19. Classified as General
Lighting Types
19
www.seai.ie

20. Classified as General
Lighting Types: Fluorescent
• T5: 16mm diameter (5/8 of one inch diameter)
• T8: 26mm diameter (8/8 of one inch diameter i.e. 1 inch)
• T12: 38mm diameter (12/8 of one inch diameter i.e. 1 ½ inches.)
20 www.seai.ie

21. Classified as General
Lighting Types: Tungsten
21 www.seai.ie

22. Classified as General
Lighting Types: Tungsten halogen
• Example 1
• The light source is more compact than standard tungsten filament lamps
but is not regarded as low energy lighting. These lamps are entered into
iSBEM as “Tungsten”. If uncertain, these lamps can be distinguished from
Metal Halide by switching off and switching on again. Tungsten and
tungsten halogen lamps will start instantly.
22 www.seai.ie

23. Classified as General
Lighting Types: Tungsten halogen
• Example 2
• This type of bulb has become more common and is a halogen replacement
for a standard tungsten bulb. While this bulb is slightly more efficient than
standard tungsten bulbs they are still entered in iSBEM as tungsten, NOT
CFL.
23 www.seai.ie

24. Classified as General
Lighting Types: Metal Halide
• Metal Halide
• Metal Halides are a discharge type of lamp and therefore require warm-up
time to allow them to reach their total luminosity.
• They are not suitable for use with motion/presence sensors.
• Some metal halide lamps are suitable for dimming with appropriate control
gear.
• If uncertain, these lamps can be distinguished from Tungsten by switching
off and switching on again. They will require around a minute to restart and
reach full brightness, unlike tungsten.
24 www.seai.ie

25. Classified as General
Lighting Types: Metal Halide
25 www.seai.ie
The bulb itself may need to be examined to be
certain. If in doubt, use the higher energy option
from the likely options.

26. Classified as General
Lighting Types: Compact Fluorescent
• In this example the lamp type might be expected to be Tungsten. Closer
inspection reveals that the lamp types are CFL.
• It is important to take a proper look at lamps when carrying out a survey.
26 www.seai.ie

27. Classified as General
Warehouse High-Bay lighting
• Often new or replaced fittings are LED, but you can tell if they are LED
• Sometimes fluorescent, (you can tell) but it might be hard to tell T8 from T12 or T5
from T8 (use a zoom lens camera?).
• In other cases it may be difficult to tell what type of lamp is used
• If you cannot tell, be conservative and assume High Pressure Mercury
• You could ask if there are spare bulbs and take a photo of the fitting, like the above,
and a photo of the spare bulb in its box. Then you will know and have evidence.
27 www.seai.ie

28. Classified as General
Non-functioning lights
• Some of the T-8 Fluorescent lighting in this assessment had been
disconnected, as evident by cables hanging down. The T8 tubes are still
in place.
• It is correct to include this lighting as T-8 Fluorescent rather than
“Fluorescent (no details)” or anything else as the lighting is otherwise
intact, has T8 tubes, and could be reconnected by a new occupant.
28 www.seai.ie
• This light fitting is missing its bulb. Since the occupant has the
choice to install Tungsten, CFL or LED, the most pessimistic
must be chosen for the purposes of assessment. The most
pessimistic is Tungsten.

29. Classified as General
Non-functioning lights
• This light fitting is missing its tube. The Assessor is unlikely to
know if the fitting is T-8 or T-12, but knows it is one or the other.
The most pessimistic must be chosen for the purposes of
assessment. The worst is T-12.
29 www.seai.ie

30. Classified as General
Lighting:
-Part L.
-Other Items
30
www.seai.ie

31. Classified as General
Is Lighting separately metered?
• Where there is a metering provision
exclusively for lighting, then SBEM will
reduce lighting energy consumption by
5%, provided there is an OUT OF
RANGE ALARM.
31 www.seai.ie
No alarm so no benefit
Manually read system
BMS based system

32. Classified as General
Is Lighting separately metered evidence
32 www.seai.ie
Evidence

33. Classified as General
Lighting Part L compliance choices
33 www.seai.ie

34. Classified as General
Lighting Part L. Lighting Energy Numerical Indicator (LENI) calcs. done?
34 www.seai.ie
function
• LENI=“Lighting Energy Numerical Indicator”.
• Only applies to Part L compliance check
• Has no bearing on the BER rating
• If a Part L check is carried out and a separate LENI
calculation has been carried out, then the SBEM inputs
are ignored for compliance purposes
Yes,
LENI
No LENI
27.5 for T8 magnetic,
rounded up
27.5/0.5 where LOR=0.5 per
NEAP Modelling Guide footnote 16

35. Classified as General
Default Lighting Efficacy.
35 www.seai.ie
NEAP Modelling
Guide Footnote 16:
Luminous efficacy
values were
derived using a
light output ratio of
0.5 for side-lit and
unlit activities and
0.6 for top-lit
activities, except in
the case of LED,
where a light output
ratio of 1.0 was
used for all activity
classes.

36. Classified as General
Default Lighting Efficacy.
36 www.seai.ie
NEAP Modelling Guide Footnote 16: Luminous efficacy values were derived
using a light output ratio of 0.5 for side-lit and unlit activities and 0.6 for top-lit
activities, except in the case of LED, where a light output ratio of 1.0 was used
for all activity classes.

37. Classified as General
What is Top-lit vs Side-lit?
37 www.seai.ie
Examples of top-lit spaces.
NEAP Modelling Guide

38. Classified as General
Lighting: Controls:
Manual
38
www.seai.ie

39. Classified as General
Local Manual Switching
39 www.seai.ie
• Occupants can control their own luminaires.
o Each switch must be <6m from the luminaire, or < twice the
luminaire height if this is greater (e.g. a tall office space).
o Room area must be <30m2 otherwise the switching is ignored
• Circulation zones, dry sports halls, changing rooms, eating drinking
areas, halls, lecture theatres, cold stores, A&E, industrial process
areas, warehouse and storage, and performance areas (stages)
ignore manual switching
• Centrally controlled is NOT local manual switching e.g. a switch
bank behind the bar in a pub controlling all the lights
• Manual switching consumes no energy i.e. no parasitic power

40. Classified as General
Lighting: Controls:
Photoelectric (daylight)
40
www.seai.ie
AS PREVIOUS HEADING

41. Classified as General
Photoelectric control
41 www.seai.ie
• Is there a different sensor to control the back of the zone? (usually reduces energy use)
• Is it:
 Switching control (on/off) (less common now)
 Dimming control? (more common now and usually reduces energy use)

42. Classified as General
Photoelectric control: central or local?
42 www.seai.ie
• Default parasitic power for controls is:
 0.3W/m2 for stand alone sensors
 0.57W/m2 for Addressable systems
Addressable system has sensors connected to a central logic
controller, similar to a BMS.

43. Classified as General
Automatic daylight zoning for lighting controls
43 www.seai.ie
• Applies to:
 Local Manual Switching and/or to
 Photoelectric control
• “yes” means SBEM will follow the zoning rules and sub-divide the zone if necessary. Best for
simple rectangular shaped rooms, e.g. a room with windows down one side which is 10m by 12m.
• “no” means YOU sub-divide the room, and the % you enter is day lit, the remaining area gets no
useful daylight. Better to use for rooms which are not a simple box shape e.g. L shaped room.

44. Classified as General
Constant Illuminance Control
44 www.seai.ie
• Applies to:
 Dimmable lighting system
• Controls automatically control and reduce the initial luminaire output to just provide the required
maintained illuminance. As the light output decays with time, the controls raise the output power
to compensate until the full installed power is used (at which point, maybe the lights need
cleaning, or the walls need painting again!)
• Reduces general lighting power density by 10%. Good for meeting Part L.
There must be a sensor somewhere that
measures the lux levels in the zone. It could
be inside the luminaire (as could any lighting
control sensor).

45. Classified as General
Parasitic Power for photoelectric devices
45 www.seai.ie
• Applies to:
 Photoelectric control
 Constant illuminance control
• Default value of 0.3W/m2 is conservative (lots of energy use).
• Unlike the lights, which might be on part of the day, the parasitic power is assumed to be present
24/7/365 i.e. constantly (see section 4.4 of the iSBEMie Technical Manual)

46. Classified as General
Lighting: Exercise
46
www.seai.ie

47. Classified as General
Exercise
• 50m2 classroom
• Installed LED lights consume 250 Watts peak, including built in
control gear
• Lights are enabled 1,000 hours per year
• Daylight controls mean they are on for only 25% of those hours.
• The daylight sensor consumes 0.3W/m2 constantly all year
• How much energy would the lights use in a year, in kWh if there
was no dimming?
• How much energy would the lights use if they were is dimming
as stated?
• How much energy does the dimming save?
• How much energy does the daylight sensor consume in a year in
kWh?
• How much energy would the daylight sensor consume if it was
the sensor shown on the right?
• What would be the W/m2 parasitic power for the sensor on the
right?
47 www.seai.ie

48. Classified as General
Exercise
• LED lighting:
• 250*1000 hours/1000W/kW= 250 kWh per year if never
dimmed
• Dimming reduces use to 25% of 250= 62.5 kWh
• Energy saved= 187.5 kWh
• Controls
• Default 0.3W/m2*50m2*24*365/1000= 131.4 kWh
• Sensor to the right consumes 500mW=0.5W
• 0.5W*24*365/1000= 4.38 kWh instead of 131.4 kWh
• Parasitic power=0.5W/50m2= 0.01 W/m2 instead of 0.3
48 www.seai.ie

49. Classified as General
Lighting: Controls:
Occupancy
49
www.seai.ie
AS PREVIOUS HEADINGS

50. Classified as General
Occupancy Sensing
50 www.seai.ie

51. Classified as General
Occupancy Sensing
51 www.seai.ie
• What is an “automatic extinction signal”?
• It is a system to make sure all the lights are off after
all the users have left the building, usually at night.
(see EN 15193:2007)
How much do you save?

52. Classified as General
Occupancy Sensing: exceptions
52 www.seai.ie
• In:
 Circulation areas
 Dry sports/fitness rooms
 Ice rinks
 Changing rooms
 Swimming pools
 Sales areas
 Eating/drinking areas
 Halls/ Lecture theatres
 Cold stores
 Industrial process areas
 Warehouse storage
 A&E
 Baggage reclaim, security check areas,
performance areas (stage)
• All “manual on” occupancy controls are
ignored. Accepted are:
 Auto on/Dimmed or
 Auto On/Auto Off
Data reflection report and other files show illegal
inputs, but BER calculates based NO occupancy
sensing, unless auto on/Dimmed or Auto On/Auto
Off

53. Classified as General
Parasitic Power for occupancy sensing devices
53 www.seai.ie
• Default value of 0.3W/m2 is conservative (lots of energy use).
• Unlike the lights, which might be on part of the day, the parasitic power is
assumed to be present 24/7/365 i.e. constantly (see section 4.4 of the
iSBEMie Technical Manual)
• Usually a single sensor does both photoelectric and occupancy controls.
• Therefore, if you put in your own W/m2, do not put in the parasitic power
twice.
• A suggestion has been made that in future versions of iSBEMie, instead of
W/m2, Watts would be input.

54. Classified as General
Display Lighting
54
www.seai.ie

55. Classified as General
55 www.seai.ie
Display lighting

56. Classified as General
Display Lights: Where (and how much)
56 www.seai.ie
• You don’t need to know the W/m2, it is for information only.
• Check the Display Lighting Tab of each zone to see if SBEM has assumed display lights
Zone name Building type
Display
Lighting
W/m2
Retail, Sales area - chilled All types of retail 10
Retail, Sales area - electrical All types of retail 10
Retail, Sales area - general All types of retail 10
Display and Public areas Museums, Galleries 13.2
Display window Retail 22
Eating/drinking area Retail, Restaurants, Cafes, Drinking establishments 10
Eating/drinking area Hotels 10
Reception All types of reception 9

57. Classified as General
57 www.seai.ie
Display lighting
• Efficient lamps are defined as those with an efficacy higher than 15 lamp lumens per circuit-watt
• Display lighting is on the same time schedule as general lighting
• Automatic time switching will reduce Actual building display lighting energy use by 20%
• For Building Regulations compliance, display lighting below 22 lamp lumens per circuit-watt will
be reported as non-compliant

58. Classified as General
58 www.seai.ie
Display lighting Lamp Luminous Efficacy
Default Lamp
Efficacy
lamp lumens
/circuit-watt
LED 50
Tungsten and Halogen 15
Fluoresent-compact 45
T12 50
T8 low frequency ballast 55
T8 high frequency ballast 65
T8 high frequency ballast, triphosphor 73
Metal halide 65
high pressure mercury 45
High pressure sodium 70
T5 75
Fluoresent-no details 45
Lamp Type
• Figures to the right can be used
when you know the display
lighting type, but have no
further details.
• Figures are derived from the
NEAP Modelling Guide Table 7
and associated Footnote 16

59. Classified as General
Non Domestic
BER Workshop No.3
Thank you.
Questions?