Thermal bridging can greatly impact the thermal performance of building envelopes. This presentation discusses research from ASHRAE RP-1365 that quantified thermal bridging in common construction details using 3D modeling. It found that accounting for thermal bridges can decrease a wall's effective R-value by over 30%. The presentation also showed that improving details like slab edges and balcony connections through methods like insulation and thermal breaks provided significant energy savings compared to simply adding clear wall insulation. Overall, the research demonstrates the importance of considering thermal bridging when assessing building envelope performance and codes.
2014 BCBC Envelope Compliance - ASHRAE 90.1 and NECBSophie Mercier
This presentation includes and overview of ASHRAE 90.1 2010 and NECB 2011 building envelope prescriptive requirements and trade off method, how to account for thermal bridging and the real R value of envelope assemblies.
Presented at the 2014 AIBC Shifting Perspectives Conference.
Achieving the Passive House criteria on a high-rise, concrete-framed building located in Vancouver, BC.
Presented at the 2017 NAPHN Conference and Expo by Eric Catania, M.Eng., BEMP, CPHD, LEED AP BD+C, PHI Accredited Passive House Certifier.
Overview:
- Background
- Net Zero Building Enclosure Targets & Potential Savings
- Interior and Exterior Building Enclosure Retrofit Strategies
- Hygrothermal Considerations & Risk Assessment Evaluation Methodology
- Economics of Net Zero Building Enclosure Retrofits
Participants will:
1. Learn about approaches to identifying, quantifying, and investigating IGU performance problems and how results needed can inform the investigation tools/processes used.
2. Learn about the unique design challenges with replacing structurally glazed IGUs and how those challenges were overcome.
3. Learn how quality assurance procedures can be used to deliver innovative products that meet performance expectations.
4. Learn about how building enclosure repair implementation can be as challenging as figuring out how to repair the damaged building enclosure component.
2014 BCBC Envelope Compliance - ASHRAE 90.1 and NECBSophie Mercier
This presentation includes and overview of ASHRAE 90.1 2010 and NECB 2011 building envelope prescriptive requirements and trade off method, how to account for thermal bridging and the real R value of envelope assemblies.
Presented at the 2014 AIBC Shifting Perspectives Conference.
Achieving the Passive House criteria on a high-rise, concrete-framed building located in Vancouver, BC.
Presented at the 2017 NAPHN Conference and Expo by Eric Catania, M.Eng., BEMP, CPHD, LEED AP BD+C, PHI Accredited Passive House Certifier.
Overview:
- Background
- Net Zero Building Enclosure Targets & Potential Savings
- Interior and Exterior Building Enclosure Retrofit Strategies
- Hygrothermal Considerations & Risk Assessment Evaluation Methodology
- Economics of Net Zero Building Enclosure Retrofits
Participants will:
1. Learn about approaches to identifying, quantifying, and investigating IGU performance problems and how results needed can inform the investigation tools/processes used.
2. Learn about the unique design challenges with replacing structurally glazed IGUs and how those challenges were overcome.
3. Learn how quality assurance procedures can be used to deliver innovative products that meet performance expectations.
4. Learn about how building enclosure repair implementation can be as challenging as figuring out how to repair the damaged building enclosure component.
- Background – Energy Use in Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
- Deep Energy Retrofit Case Study
- Measurement & Verification of Energy Savings
- Other Monitoring Results
- Why care about concrete balconies and exposed slab edges?
- Impacts of uninsulated slab edges and balconies
- Comparison of alternate solutions
- Benefit of balcony thermal breaks
Passive House North 2013 Presentation on Thermal Bridges in Concrete Construction. Solutions to Address Energy Code Compliance, Thermal Comfort and Energy Savings
Presentation Outline:
- Gravity support systems
- Design criteria and thermal performance requirements
- Canadian energy codes
- Nominal vs. Effective R-Values
- Thermal modeling and effective
- R-values
- Conclusions
High Performance Walls - Solutions for Thermal BridgingGraham Finch
Presentation from Philadelphia and Baltimore BEC events on September 15, 2015 on High Performance Walls and Solutions to address thermal bridging with claddings. Available cladding attachment solutions including various clip systems are presented and compared
Energy Consumption in Low-Rise Wood Frame Multi-Unit Residential BuildingsRDH Building Science
A study was performed to understand the energy consumption in low-rise wood-frame multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) and townhouse buildings in south-west British Columbia. Low-rise MURBs are an important building type as they make up a growing proportion of housing stock in cities across North
America.
Through this study, energy data was collected from electricity and gas utilities for 20 low-rise buildings (four storeys and less) and three townhouse complexes. This data was calendarized and weather normalized to determine average annual and monthly energy consumption for analysis and comparison. Two buildings were chosen from the data set for detailed analysis, one low-rise (four-storey) and one townhouse complex. The buildings were selected based on characteristics typical of low-rise MURBs in south-west BC. The purpose of the detailed analysis was to assess opportunities to improve the energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in existing low-rise MURBs using whole building energy modelling.
This paper details the energy consumption trends observed through the data analysis, and the energy modelling results of the buildings chosen for detailed study. These results are also compared to results from a similar study which evaluated the energy use in mid- to high-rise non-combustible MURBs. The work presented here will improve our understanding of energy consumption in low-rise MURBs, and characterize opportunities for energy savings in these buildings.
Presented by Elyse Henderson at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology
Current Issues with Ventilated Attics
Case Study of Repairs
Attic Roof Hut Research & Monitoring Study – Key Findings
Performance of Potential Solutions
Ongoing Research & Field Trials
State of the Art of Multi-Unit Residential Building Airtightness: Test Procedures, Performance, and Industry Involvement
Outline:
- Airtightness Test Procedures & Equipment
- Worldwide Regulatory Requirements & Targets for Airtightness
- Airtightness of Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
- Air Barrier Systems
- Industry Preparedness for Airtightness Testing
Presentation Outline:
- What are "Super-Insulated" buildings and what are the drivers?
- Thermal bridging- problems and solutions
- Designing of highly insulated walls - insulation placement & durability considerations
- Super-Insulated wood-frame building enclosure design guide
Conventional Roofing Assemblies: Measuring the Thermal Benefits of Light to D...RDH Building Science
Presentation Overview:
• Conventional Roofing Designs
and Current Issues
• Conventional Roofing Field
Monitoring and Research
Program
• Measured Insulation Performance
• Selecting Roofing Membrane
Color and Insulation Strategy for
Optimum Energy Efficiency
• Case Studies
Building Enclosures For the Future - Building Tomorrows Buildings TodayGraham Finch
Presentation from the 2015 Buildex Conference in Vancouver BC. Covers a brief review of recent energy and building code changes in BC along with compliance tips followed by an in-depth discussion of various highly insulated wall and roof assemblies that can be built to meet the new requirements. Cladding attachment strategies through exterior insulation are covered in great detail.
The Tradition and Science of Window Installations - Where are We Headed with ...Graham Finch
Presentation on the impact of more highly insulated and passive house wall designs and practices on the installation of windows. Presented at the 2016 Euroline technology forum.
Interest in taller wood buildings utilizing cross laminated timber (CLT), nail laminated timber (NLT), and structural glued laminated timber (glulam) is growing rapidly in Canada and the United States. On the west coast, recently completed projects including the 97 foot tall, 6-story Wood Innovation and Design Center (WIDC) in Prince George, BC, the 180 foot tall, 18-story UBC Brock Commons Tallwood House in Vancouver, BC, and the upcoming 12-story Framework project in Portland, OR, have captured the attention of the international construction industry. Several other taller wood buildings are on the horizon and feasibility studies are currently being performed for mass timber buildings over 30 stories in height. Tall wood buildings have been a reality in Europe longer than North America, and there is much to learn from the European experience. However, conditions unique to the North American construction industry create many challenges for the design team in demonstrating the safety, durability, and economics of these buildings, all while forming public perception of wood at taller heights.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Christy Love, EIT LEED AP BD+C, is a Senior Project Engineer at RDH Building Science. This presentation was given at the 2016 Passive House Northwest Conference.
The North Park Passive House, a 6-unit strata project located in Victoria BC, was occupied in September 2015. It is the first market strata-title certified Passive House development in Canada.
While well-established elsewhere, the potential benefits of Passive House and other low energy design approaches are not as well understood in Canada, and there are limited data on the actual performance of low energy residential buildings in various Canadian climates.
To address this gap, RDH, in partnership with the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, the Homeowner Protection Office of BC Housing, and FP Innovations, is undertaking detailed quantitative and qualitative performance measurement of the North Park Passive House. The intent of this research is to develop a comprehensive case study for a Passive House project in the coastal BC climate.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the scope of the research and what we hope to learn from it.
- Understand preliminary results about how the building is performing in terms of comfort, air quality, and energy use, via measured data collected within select suites and qualitative interviews with occupants.
- Understand and interpret preliminary results of how the building enclosure is performing.
- Learn tips and share lessons learned about undertaking this type of research.
WoodWorks 2013 Vancouver - Energy-Efficient Building Enclosure Design Guideli...Graham Finch
Presentation from the 2013 Vancouver Woodworks Conference (October 29, 2013). Covers an overview of the considerations for energy-efficient wood frame building enclosures while outlining the content of a new guideline document published by FP Innovations "Guide for Designing Energy Efficiency Building Enclosures for Wood-Frame Multi-Unit Residential Buildings in Marine to Cold Climate Zones in North America"
- Background – Energy Use in Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
- Deep Energy Retrofit Case Study
- Measurement & Verification of Energy Savings
- Other Monitoring Results
- Why care about concrete balconies and exposed slab edges?
- Impacts of uninsulated slab edges and balconies
- Comparison of alternate solutions
- Benefit of balcony thermal breaks
Passive House North 2013 Presentation on Thermal Bridges in Concrete Construction. Solutions to Address Energy Code Compliance, Thermal Comfort and Energy Savings
Presentation Outline:
- Gravity support systems
- Design criteria and thermal performance requirements
- Canadian energy codes
- Nominal vs. Effective R-Values
- Thermal modeling and effective
- R-values
- Conclusions
High Performance Walls - Solutions for Thermal BridgingGraham Finch
Presentation from Philadelphia and Baltimore BEC events on September 15, 2015 on High Performance Walls and Solutions to address thermal bridging with claddings. Available cladding attachment solutions including various clip systems are presented and compared
Energy Consumption in Low-Rise Wood Frame Multi-Unit Residential BuildingsRDH Building Science
A study was performed to understand the energy consumption in low-rise wood-frame multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) and townhouse buildings in south-west British Columbia. Low-rise MURBs are an important building type as they make up a growing proportion of housing stock in cities across North
America.
Through this study, energy data was collected from electricity and gas utilities for 20 low-rise buildings (four storeys and less) and three townhouse complexes. This data was calendarized and weather normalized to determine average annual and monthly energy consumption for analysis and comparison. Two buildings were chosen from the data set for detailed analysis, one low-rise (four-storey) and one townhouse complex. The buildings were selected based on characteristics typical of low-rise MURBs in south-west BC. The purpose of the detailed analysis was to assess opportunities to improve the energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in existing low-rise MURBs using whole building energy modelling.
This paper details the energy consumption trends observed through the data analysis, and the energy modelling results of the buildings chosen for detailed study. These results are also compared to results from a similar study which evaluated the energy use in mid- to high-rise non-combustible MURBs. The work presented here will improve our understanding of energy consumption in low-rise MURBs, and characterize opportunities for energy savings in these buildings.
Presented by Elyse Henderson at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology
Current Issues with Ventilated Attics
Case Study of Repairs
Attic Roof Hut Research & Monitoring Study – Key Findings
Performance of Potential Solutions
Ongoing Research & Field Trials
State of the Art of Multi-Unit Residential Building Airtightness: Test Procedures, Performance, and Industry Involvement
Outline:
- Airtightness Test Procedures & Equipment
- Worldwide Regulatory Requirements & Targets for Airtightness
- Airtightness of Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
- Air Barrier Systems
- Industry Preparedness for Airtightness Testing
Presentation Outline:
- What are "Super-Insulated" buildings and what are the drivers?
- Thermal bridging- problems and solutions
- Designing of highly insulated walls - insulation placement & durability considerations
- Super-Insulated wood-frame building enclosure design guide
Conventional Roofing Assemblies: Measuring the Thermal Benefits of Light to D...RDH Building Science
Presentation Overview:
• Conventional Roofing Designs
and Current Issues
• Conventional Roofing Field
Monitoring and Research
Program
• Measured Insulation Performance
• Selecting Roofing Membrane
Color and Insulation Strategy for
Optimum Energy Efficiency
• Case Studies
Building Enclosures For the Future - Building Tomorrows Buildings TodayGraham Finch
Presentation from the 2015 Buildex Conference in Vancouver BC. Covers a brief review of recent energy and building code changes in BC along with compliance tips followed by an in-depth discussion of various highly insulated wall and roof assemblies that can be built to meet the new requirements. Cladding attachment strategies through exterior insulation are covered in great detail.
The Tradition and Science of Window Installations - Where are We Headed with ...Graham Finch
Presentation on the impact of more highly insulated and passive house wall designs and practices on the installation of windows. Presented at the 2016 Euroline technology forum.
Interest in taller wood buildings utilizing cross laminated timber (CLT), nail laminated timber (NLT), and structural glued laminated timber (glulam) is growing rapidly in Canada and the United States. On the west coast, recently completed projects including the 97 foot tall, 6-story Wood Innovation and Design Center (WIDC) in Prince George, BC, the 180 foot tall, 18-story UBC Brock Commons Tallwood House in Vancouver, BC, and the upcoming 12-story Framework project in Portland, OR, have captured the attention of the international construction industry. Several other taller wood buildings are on the horizon and feasibility studies are currently being performed for mass timber buildings over 30 stories in height. Tall wood buildings have been a reality in Europe longer than North America, and there is much to learn from the European experience. However, conditions unique to the North American construction industry create many challenges for the design team in demonstrating the safety, durability, and economics of these buildings, all while forming public perception of wood at taller heights.
Presented at the 15th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology.
Christy Love, EIT LEED AP BD+C, is a Senior Project Engineer at RDH Building Science. This presentation was given at the 2016 Passive House Northwest Conference.
The North Park Passive House, a 6-unit strata project located in Victoria BC, was occupied in September 2015. It is the first market strata-title certified Passive House development in Canada.
While well-established elsewhere, the potential benefits of Passive House and other low energy design approaches are not as well understood in Canada, and there are limited data on the actual performance of low energy residential buildings in various Canadian climates.
To address this gap, RDH, in partnership with the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, the Homeowner Protection Office of BC Housing, and FP Innovations, is undertaking detailed quantitative and qualitative performance measurement of the North Park Passive House. The intent of this research is to develop a comprehensive case study for a Passive House project in the coastal BC climate.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the scope of the research and what we hope to learn from it.
- Understand preliminary results about how the building is performing in terms of comfort, air quality, and energy use, via measured data collected within select suites and qualitative interviews with occupants.
- Understand and interpret preliminary results of how the building enclosure is performing.
- Learn tips and share lessons learned about undertaking this type of research.
WoodWorks 2013 Vancouver - Energy-Efficient Building Enclosure Design Guideli...Graham Finch
Presentation from the 2013 Vancouver Woodworks Conference (October 29, 2013). Covers an overview of the considerations for energy-efficient wood frame building enclosures while outlining the content of a new guideline document published by FP Innovations "Guide for Designing Energy Efficiency Building Enclosures for Wood-Frame Multi-Unit Residential Buildings in Marine to Cold Climate Zones in North America"
Façades in South-East Asia are well understood using typical performance metrics such as ETTV.
Using the centre of pane performance values of shading coefficients (SC) and U-values, we can get a feel for the performance of façades but can these truly be determined as high performance if the conductive elements (thermal bridging) of framing and shading details are ignored?
This presentation aims to illustrate the case for higher performing façade systems and hopes to be of value for those looking to fully integrate the design of such systems in South-East Asian commercial buildings. It is also aimed at those looking to understand façade framing performance and testing, to gain a greater knowledge of façade detailing and performance.
HESS architectural outdoor lighting - a product introductionWalter Wendel
Architectural designed outdoor lighting and site furnishings from HESS, Germany for urban spaces and commercial applications. Post top lights, illuminating columns, catenary lights, wall mounted fitting, illuminating bollards. Multi-functional lighting systems and customization.
Hess City Elements 2014 Pole Lighting systemWalter Wendel
A minimalistic pole lighting system from HESS, Germany for urban spaces. Multi-functional: lighting, WIFI, audio, CCTV, power and water outlets and more...
Hot Climate Double Facades: A Focus on Solar AvoidanceTerri Meyer Boake
An overview of the adaptation of double facade systems for iconic buildings in the Gulf Region through the adaptation of the traditional mashrabiya screen.
Building Enclosures of the Future - Building Tomorrow's Buildings TodayRDH Building Science
- Trends and Drivers for Improved Building Enclosures & Whole Building Energy Efficiency
- New BCBC & VBBL Building & Energy Code Updates
- Effective R-values & Insulation Behaviour
- Highly Insulated Walls – Alternate Assemblies & New Cladding Attachment Strategies
- Highly Insulated Low-Slope Roofs – Insulation Strategies & New Research into Conventional Roofs
Adoption and Compliance with Energy Codes - ASHRAE 90.1 and NECBRDH Building Science
Energy efficiency Requirements for Part 3 Buildings in BC. The measures of enforcement and compliance, with an overview and lessons learned regarding ASHRAE 90.1 as well as, the similarities and difference in the NECB 2011.
Moving Towards more Energy Efficient Wood-frame Building EnclosureRDH Building Science
In regards to newly stated implications of NBC section 9.36. The new building enclosure energy efficiency requirements under the NBC section 9.36 require increased emphasis on continuous insulation having higher effective R-values. It gives prescriptive airtightness requirements, minimum equipment efficiency in regards to HVAC duct sealing/insulation and domestic hot water.
Energy codes and standards require ever increasing thermal performance. This presentation looks at different ways to achieve higher insulation levels without compromising durability.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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4. Effective Thermal Resistance
What is a Thermal Bridge?
• Highly conductive material that by-passes insulation layer
• Areas of high heat transfer
• Can greatly affect the thermal performance of assemblies
6. Parallel Path Heat flow
6
Utotal
• Area weighted average of un-insulated assemblies
• Does not tell the whole story
7. Thermal Bridging
• Parallel path doesn’t tell the whole story
• Many thermal bridges don’t abide by “areas” ie: shelf
angle
• Lateral heat flow can greatly affect the thermal
performance of assemblies
15. ASHRAE 1365-RP 2011
Goals and Objectives of the Project
15
• Calculate thermal performance data for
common building envelope details for
mid- and high-rise construction
• Develop procedures and a catalogue
that will allow designers quick and
straightforward access to information
16. ASHRAE 1365-RP
Calibrated 3D Modeling Software
16
• Heat transfer software by Siemens
PLM Software, FEMAP & Nx
• Model and techniques calibrated
and validated against measured
and analytical solutions
• ISO Standards for glazing
• Guarded hot box test
measurements, 29 in total
17. ASHRAE 1365-RP
Details Catalogue
17
• 40 building assemblies and
details
• Focus on opaque assemblies,
but also includes some glazing
transitions
• Details not already addressed in
ASHRAE publications
• Highest priority on details with
thermal bridges in 3D
22. Funding Partners
Private Clients
• Structural thermal breaks
manufacturer
• EIFS
• Insulated Metal Panel
• Cladding attachments
• Vacuum insulated panels (VIP)
in insulated glazed units for
glazing spandrel sections
23. More Data & Connect the Dots
23
Whole Building
Energy Analysis
Construction Cost Analysis
Thermal Performance
Cost Benefit Analysis
24. BETBG Layout
• Introduction
• Part 1 Building Envelope Thermal Analysis
24
(BETA) Guide
• Part 2 Energy and Cost Analysis
• Part 3 Significance, Insights, and Next Steps
• Appendix A Material Data Catalogue
• Appendix B Thermal Data Catalogue
• Appendix C Energy Modeling Analysis and Results
• Appendix D Construction Costs
• Appendix E Cost Benefit Analysis
29. Accounting for Details
How much extra heat loss can details add?
• Standard 90.1-2004 Prescriptive Requirements for Zone 5
• Mass Wall, U-0.090 or R-11.4 ci
• Steel-Framed Wall, U-0.064 or R-13 + R-7.5 ci
Mass wall with R-11 insulation
inboard; U-0.074
Steel stud with R-10 exterior insulation and
horizontal girts at 24”o.c and R-12 in the stud
cavity; U-0.061
29
30. Accounting for Details
Typical Building
30
• 10 floors
• 20% glazing
• Standard details
Mass Concrete Wall
o Exposed concrete slab
o Un-insulated concrete parapet
o Punched window in concrete
opening
o Steel-Framed Wall
o Exterior insulated structural steel floor
intersection
o Insulated steel stud parapet
o Punched window in steel stud
opening with perimeter flashing
31. Accounting for Details
31
Transmittance
Type
Mass Concrete Wall Exterior Insulated Steel Stud
Heat Loss
(BTU/hr oF)
% of Total
Heat Loss
(BTU/hr oF)
% of Total
Clear Wall 118 52 % 98 67 %
Slab 92 40% 24 17 %
Parapet 9 4% 4 3 %
Window transition 8 4% 19 13 %
Total 227 100 % 145 100 %
33. 33
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
R-3.9
R-4.5
R-5.2 R-5.0 R-5.3
R-10.2
R-14.3
R-16.7
Contribution of Thermal Performance of Wall Assembly to Energy Use(GJ/m2 of Floor
Area)
Clear Wall Only Including Poor Details Including Efficient Details
Additional building energy use based on thermal performance of the building wall assembly for
varying amounts of nominal exterior insulation for a mid-rise MURB in Edmonton (overall
assembly thermal resistance in ft2·ºF·h/Btu also given)
U0.26
U0.10
40. Concrete Walls
SI
(W/m∙K)
IP
(BTU/hr∙ftoF)
0.81 0.47
46
Think about it!
An R10 wall would have a transmittance of 0.1
BTU/hr∙ft2oF. One linear foot of this detail is the same
as 4.7 ft2 of R10 wall (or 7.3 ft2 of R15.6 wall)
41. Slab Edges – Balcony
SI
(W/m∙K)
IP
(BTU/hr∙ftoF)
0.59 0.34
42. Slab Edges – Shelf Angle
SI
(W/m∙K)
IP
(BTU/hr∙ftoF)
0.47 0.27
43. Slab Edges – Shelf Angle
SI
(W/m∙K)
IP
(BTU/hr∙ftoF)
0.31 0.18
44. Slab Edges – Exterior Insulated
SI
(W/m∙K)
IP
(BTU/hr∙ftoF)
0.16 0.09
50
45. Slab Edges – Balcony
SI
(W/m∙K)
IP
(BTU/hr∙ftoF)
0.21 0.12
46. Thermal break
(image courtesy of Halfen)
Structural Thermal Breaks
Structural thermal break
(image courtesy of Fabreeka)
Structural thermal break
(image courtesy of Schock)
Balcony connection
(image courtesy of Lenton)
47. Curtain Wall
• Glazing area is major determinant of overall heat loss
• U value of opaque spandrel closer to “glazing” values
• Improvements can and are being made…
57
66. How to Improve?
78
Add R-12 Spray Foam?
Vision
Opaque
U-0.4, R-2.5 U-0.4, R-2.5
U-0.27, R-3.7 U-0.23, R-4.4
67. How to Improve?
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Better Deflection Header?
Vision
Opaque
U-0.21, R-4.7 U-0.21, R-4.7
U-0.21, R-4.8 U-0.14, R-7.2
68. Further Improvements?
+ Bigger thermal break at deflection header
+ VIP insulation (R-40) aligned with thermal
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break
+ Insulation outboard framing using clips
and rails to support cladding (hybrid)
71. How to Improve?
83
Standard U-0.17, R-5.8
U-0.13, R-7.9
+ more insulation
+ large thermal break
U-0.11, R-9.4
+ more insulation
+ large thermal break
+ deflection header
72. How to Improve?
84
Standard U-0.17, R-5.8
U-0.08, R-12.5
+ more insulation
+ large thermal break
+ R-18 SPF
U-0.06, R-16.0
+ more insulation
+ large thermal break
+R-18 SPF
+ deflection header
74. Energy and Cost Analysis
Cost Benefit Analysis
• The Impact of Interface Details
• Thermal Bridging Avoidance
• The Effectiveness of Adding More Insulation
• Ranking of Opaque Thermal Performance
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76. Cost Benefit Analysis
• 8 Archetype Buildings
• 2 Glazing Ratios per Archetype
• 3 Climate Zones
• 10-20 assembly / detail scenarios each
• Over 500 discrete examples for energy and cost
analysis
• Great place for practice…
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80. Payback and ROI
• Current envelope payback is flawed
• Starting R-value is unrealistically high
• Actual R-values lower, more savings
• Adding insulation not cost effective if
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details not improved
• Thermal performance is not always
driving the cost of the envelope
82. Multifamily High Rise Example
• “Expensive” options can look attractive when compared to
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the cost effectiveness of adding insulation
• The cost to upgrade to thermally broken balconies and
parapets for the high-rise MURB with 40% glazing may
require two to three times the cost of increasing effective
wall assembly R-value from R-15.6 to R-20, but
• Seven times more energy savings
• Better details AND adding insulation
translates to the most energy savings
and the best payback period
83. Commercial Building Example
• Curtain Wall and Split
Insulated Steel Stud
• What is ROI on high
performance options?
• Triple Glazing? VIP?
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84. ROI
98
155
150
145
140
135
130
125
Baseline More Insulation Triple Glazing AIM with
Double Glazing
AIM with Triple
Glazing
AIM with Triple
Glazing and
Improved Stud
Wall
Annual Energy (ekWh/m2)
54 yrs 59 yrs 38 yrs Simple
Payback
U = 0.064 BTU/hr ft2
oF (0.36 W/m2K)
per ASHRAE 90.1-
2010
- 51 yrs 18 yrs
85. Commercial Building Example
• 10 stories, 100,000 sq ft
• ~$50 million dollar project
• Chicago climate
• ASHRAE 90.1-2010
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86. The Role of Energy Codes and
Standards
• Industry needs a level playing field
• Requiring that thermal bridging at
interface details be considered will be
the catalyst for market transformation
• Incentivize effective solutions
• The guide can be leverage to help lead
the way to constructive changes
• Changes to code are on the way
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87. Next Steps
• Making the data in the guide dynamic
• Analysis has been ongoing, method of
maintenance… “there’s an app for that”
• Push authorities to adapt code requirements to
include more clear approach on opaque envelope
• Make informed, data-driven decisions on your
next project!
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We’ve come a long way from thinking our walls were nominal insulation to accounting for repetitive thermal bridging… to now accounting for details
Not everything can be defined by areas
Since the areas were sometimes so hard to find, one way, that we have found incredibly useful to avoid areas, is to use the method of linear transmittance.
It may see complex at first, but at its heart it is incredibly simple
Lets take a steel stud wall with a balcony slab as an example.
Say you have a steel stud assembly and you want to know the affect of a slab going through it.
Well, first we have the clear wall structure, which has an amount of heat loss
Then you take that same wall structure with a slab running through it, which has a larger amount of heat loss.
(show a wall, with and without a slab)The heat loss from the full assembly with the slab, subtract the heat loss from just the clear wall gives the heat loss due o the slab.
We give this amount of heat loss due to the thermal anomaly the symbol phi. This is the linear transmittance.
Mark Lawton
This is assigned as a line of heat loss across the face of the clear wall. Then all you need to calculate the assembly U-value is have the clear wall U-value and add in the linear transmittance.
Since the linear transmittance is a line, it has one dimension, a length. Therefore, in this case, you need to know how wide your wall is. Since the U-value is in m2, you have to divide by the total area of the wall. So now it doesn’t matter how large your wall is, that linear transmittance stays the same. So if you have multiple slabs, you can just keep adding them up to the clear wall U-value.
So there are three types of categories of these transmittances
The clear field value, which are anomalies that occur so often that they can be lumped in with the clear wall value (girt attachments etc)
Linear transmittances, which are anomalies that occur straight across the face of a wall, like a corner, or a slab, or a parapet
Point transmittances are ones that occur at only small spots on a wall, for example a beam
All of these can be used to calculate the overall U-value of the assembly
So for the overall heat loss from a wall is just the contribution from all the major thermal bridges and the clear field.
This approach allows the heat loss from the anomalies like slabs to be separated from the heat loss of the surrounding clear field.
The purpose of this project was to model a catalogue of details to find the effects of thermal bridging
These would be a series of general common details that can be found across north America
Using this catalogue, we then developed a procedure that could be used by designers to easily incorporate the data to increase the accuracy and impact of their designs
At the same time we modeled specific details to address certain questions that were prevalent in the industry
We used the 3D software called NX from Siemens
Just to brag a bit, this software is also used in designing space shuttles
One of its modes, which we use, calculates the heat loss using finite element analysis
Mech and some civil people may know what that is, but essentially it breaks down everything into very tiny blocks and calculates all the properties for each of those tiny elements (like the temperature and heat loss)
The catalogue of details are found in two stages. The first is the description, including the dimensions and material properties for each assembly. The second is the thermal information, which includes the thermal images, clear field U-values and the linear transmittance when applicable. Additionally, there are temperature indices for condensation risk considerations.
Several assemblies were modeled for varying amounts of exterior insulation. The nominal heat resistance R1D shows what the assembly would be without any thermal bridging. The Ro and Uo values are the clear field transmittance values with clear field thermal bridging included. R and U are the transmittance values when it includes the major thermal bridges (linear and point transmittances) for the assembly dimensions give in the description. Finally there is the psi value, which allows the R and U values to be calculated for any size wall.
As stated previously, the data sheets also contain temperature indices. These show where some potential areas of concern regarding condensation. These were kept non-dimensionalized so that they can be used for any temperature difference. A value of 1 indicates the interior temperature, while 0 is the exterior temperature. For a given temperature difference, the actual temperature of the area of concern can be calculated using the temperature
Note that these temperatures are meant to be used as general guidance. There are many other factors that contribute to condensation.
-include “reducing”, “thermal bridging”
Clearly Delineated Parts
Part 1 is a stand alone guide on thermal analysis
Part 2 is focussed on methodology
Part 3 is about market transformation
Each part has its own table of contents and introduction
The Appendices could be packaged with any of the Parts
For clear field assemblies, the 3D modeling allows the thermal values for those assemblies with consistent thermal bridges (steel studs, z-girts) to be calculated more accurately compared to 2D. Now lets look at the effects of the large linear transmittances on the overall assembly values.
Take two basic assemblies, a concrete mass wall with continuous insulation, and a steel stud insulation with split insulation and horizontal z-girts.
From ASHRAE 90.1-2004, the prescriptive are shown above. Both these clear field assemblies meet the requirements. In fact, the mass wall exceeds the requirement by R-2.5, while the steel stud assembly only exceeds by ¾ of an R-value. Now lets see what happens when we include the effects of slabs and other details.
For a 10 floor building and 20% glazing ratio, each assembly type has their own details
Using the equations shown before, the amount of heat loss can be calculated
This shows the relative contribution of each of the details to the overall heat loss
The bottom shows the overall wall U and R values when the details are taken into account
This shows the relative contribution of each of the details to the overall heat loss
The bottom shows the overall wall U and R values when the details are taken into account
This chart shows energy usage based on varying amounts of exterior insulation
The higher the y bar, higher the energy usage contribution from the building envelope
The x bar is increasing amounts of insulation
Note that the performance of a wall with no exterior insulation with efficient details is almost identical to a wall with R25 with poor details (you get the same energy performance – but which one is more cost effective?)
Note that efficient details installed with assemblies with R15 and R25 yield similar total values. Initial drop between no exterior and R5 big but subsequent drops smaller. This means that at some point increasing thermal performance will yield dismissing returns for energy savings. Big savings at lower Rvalues.
But how do you deal with this in 2D
This graph shows the effective R-values of the previous steel stud assemblies for varying amount of exterior insulation, along with the minimum requirements from ASHRAE 90.1-2010 and NECB 2011
The straight light blue line here shows what ASHRAE says the value of the wall would be with continuous exterior insulation.
As you can see, with cladding attachments, the effective assembly U-values fall short of that to varying degrees.
This indicates that it may be very difficult to reach prescriptive requirements in most climate zones with solely exterior insulation.
40 psf
This is common detail for high rise residential construction
Un-insulated slabs cut through wall
This is a poor performing detail with psi of 0.34
How could you improve this detail?
Shelf angles are relatively thin but are made of highly conductive steel…Should we ignore these? The results suggest not.
This value is just on the edge between average and poor
Definitely room for improvement here
- Spacing the shelf angle out and away from the concrete on knife edges improves and lowers the linear transmittance. With a relatively low incremental cost in this detail, the thermal transmittance at the detail can be significantly lower at an acceptable level
- This detail is now good… probably sufficient so you don’t need to worry about,,, very little cost difference
In the previous example, the exterior steel stud assembly had a slab edge that was insulated by the exterior insulation. There is still some effect of the I-beam and horizontal girt connection, however the linear transmittance value psi is much lower compared to the previous cases.
These 4 examples of slab edges give an impression of the range of transmittances that can be expected from typical slab edge details.
Consider installation of thermal break at slab
Cost premium to detail, but significant return in efficiency
Now you are done worrying about this location
There is a lot of innovative products now available which can be used to cleverly reduce the thermal bridge effect of connections and penetrations through the insulation layer on commercial and domestic construction projects. Whilst these products do not in the main completely eliminate the thermal bridge effect, they reduce it to an acceptable level. In the not too distant future, these products will become as commonplace on building sites as wall ties, insulation batts and window flashing materials. The products have been developed to help reduce the effect of thermal bridges, they just have to be incorporated more into our new-build and retrofit strategies.
Building materials that create significantly adverse thermal bridges include low resistivity products such as steel and concrete.
Wood, plastic and foam, on the other hand, can also be used in structural design and yet have a much higher resistivity. It is important to broaden the pallet of materials used at critical junctions and connection points. In so doing, achieving a building with reduced thermal bridges will be much easier. These materials are widely available, easy to use and inexpensive.
Note: Under certain extreme loads these products may not be structurally possible. Your structural engineer will need to calculate the loads to find the best product suitable or to assess whether a thermal break is possible.
The elements depicted above are typically used at grade, including foam glass as well as autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC).
Some of the details in the project were used to answer a few questions that are greatly debated in the industry.
One of which was “What happens when you sprayfoam behind the backpan of a curtain wall spandrel panel?”
This first image is a spandrel section without sprayfoam.
Here you can see that adding an R-11 spray foam only, on average, adds about an R-4 to the assembly
This is understandable since there is just so much aluminum in a curtain wall system where heat can bypass the backpan and sprayfoam.
The next question designers have to consider is, with that much spray foam and only getting back R-4, is it financially worth it? In some cases, in order to meet code requirements, they may have to go that route.
It was found that the temperature index of glass and frame was reduced by 10% and 15% respectively by adding the spray foam to the back-pan. Adding sprayfoam made the frame and glass slightly colder. This increases the risk of condensation, depending on the indoor RH and temperature difference.
Here you can see that adding an R-11 spray foam only, on average, adds about an R-4 to the assembly
This is understandable since there is just so much aluminum in a curtain wall system where heat can bypass the backpan and sprayfoam.
The next question designers have to consider is, with that much spray foam and only getting back R-4, is it financially worth it? In some cases, in order to meet code requirements, they may have to go that route.
It was found that the temperature index of glass and frame was reduced by 10% and 15% respectively by adding the spray foam to the back-pan. Adding sprayfoam made the frame and glass slightly colder. This increases the risk of condensation, depending on the indoor RH and temperature difference.
Better glass doesn’t help
8 archetypes, 2 glazing ratios, 3 climates
Last scenario changes split insulated to exterior with clips… way cheaper, pays for AIM and TG.