Unit-4 discusses parallelism and techniques to exploit concurrency in computers. The goals of parallelism are to increase computational speed and throughput. There are different types of parallelism like instruction level parallelism, processor level parallelism using multiple processors, and pipelining to overlap instruction execution. Amdahl's law predicts the maximum speedup from parallel processing based on the sequential fraction of a program.

1. Unit-4 Parallelism Chapter - 9

6. Four segment CPU Pipeline Fetch Instruction Decode & calculate effective Address Branch? Fetch Operand Execute Instruction Interrupt? Interrupt handling Update PC Empty Pipe Yes No No Yes

7. Timing of Instruction Pipeline Instruction Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 FI DA FO EX 2 FI DA FO 3 FI DA 4 FI - - FI DA FO EX 5 - - - FI DA FO EX 6 FI DA FO EX 7 FI DA FO EX