This is a brief introductory lecture I conducted on von Neumann Architecture. Von Neumann is a fundamental computer hardware architecture based on the store program concept, designed by John von Neumann.
The topic focuses on different aspects of processor organization and architecture such as architecture models, register organization, instruction formats, addressing modes etc.
Computer Science - Harvard and Von Neumann Architecture
The aspects of both architectures are highlighted through the presentation along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Memory organization in computer architectureFaisal Hussain
Memory organization in computer architecture
Volatile Memory
Non-Volatile Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Access Methods
Random Access
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Main Memory
DRAM
SRAM
NVRAM
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Cache Memory
Hit Ratio
Associative Memory
This is a brief introductory lecture I conducted on von Neumann Architecture. Von Neumann is a fundamental computer hardware architecture based on the store program concept, designed by John von Neumann.
The topic focuses on different aspects of processor organization and architecture such as architecture models, register organization, instruction formats, addressing modes etc.
Computer Science - Harvard and Von Neumann Architecture
The aspects of both architectures are highlighted through the presentation along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Memory organization in computer architectureFaisal Hussain
Memory organization in computer architecture
Volatile Memory
Non-Volatile Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Access Methods
Random Access
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Main Memory
DRAM
SRAM
NVRAM
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Cache Memory
Hit Ratio
Associative Memory
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Student will be able to know that fundamental concepts behind computer organization. this PPT includes the following topics: Introduction
Functional Units of Computer
Number Representation and Arithmetic Operations
Memory Location and Addresses
Addressing Modes
Pipelining
Memory Hierarchy
I/O Organization
Control Signals Generation
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
In Harvard architecture, the CPU is connected with both the data memory (RAM) and program memory (ROM), separately. In Von-Neumann architecture, there is no separate data and program memory. Speed of execution is faster because the processor fetches data and instructions simultaneously.
Abstract - this document gives a general idea of what a CPU is, and about its design, how they are implemented, the beginning of the CPUs, a brief history of them, the problem that they presents and some new investigations.
THE CPU or Central Processing Unit, is the main component of the computer, and it the component that interpret the instructions and process data in the programs stored in the computer.
In the 17th century, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invented Pascaline.
In the late 17th century, a German mathematician called Gottfried Leibnitz invented what is known as Leibnitz’ Wheel.
The first machine that used the idea of storage and programming was the Jacquard loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard at the beginning of the 19th century.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Student will be able to know that fundamental concepts behind computer organization. this PPT includes the following topics: Introduction
Functional Units of Computer
Number Representation and Arithmetic Operations
Memory Location and Addresses
Addressing Modes
Pipelining
Memory Hierarchy
I/O Organization
Control Signals Generation
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
In Harvard architecture, the CPU is connected with both the data memory (RAM) and program memory (ROM), separately. In Von-Neumann architecture, there is no separate data and program memory. Speed of execution is faster because the processor fetches data and instructions simultaneously.
Abstract - this document gives a general idea of what a CPU is, and about its design, how they are implemented, the beginning of the CPUs, a brief history of them, the problem that they presents and some new investigations.
THE CPU or Central Processing Unit, is the main component of the computer, and it the component that interpret the instructions and process data in the programs stored in the computer.
In the 17th century, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invented Pascaline.
In the late 17th century, a German mathematician called Gottfried Leibnitz invented what is known as Leibnitz’ Wheel.
The first machine that used the idea of storage and programming was the Jacquard loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard at the beginning of the 19th century.
Moore's Law is a computing principle that has driven innovation in the industry for over 50 years. It states that computing power doubles every 18 months, leading to exponential growth in technology. This has enabled the development of faster and more powerful computers, as well as the rise of the modern internet and mobile devices.
this ppt is related to the introductory part of assembly language and will be very useful for beginners of information technology students either at their graduation level or at post graduation level
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. Stored program concept
Storage of instructions in computer memory to enable it to
perform a variety of tasks in sequence or intermittently.
The idea was introduced in the late 1940s by John von Neumann,
who proposed that a program be electronically stored in binary-
number format in a memory device so that instructions could be
modified by the computer as determined by intermediate
computational results.
Other engineers, notably John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert,
contributed to this idea, which enabled digital computers to become
much more flexible and powerful. Nevertheless, engineers in England
built the first stored-program computer, the Manchester Mark I,
shortly before the Americans built EDVAC, both operational in 1949.
A CPU chip can handle billions of instructions per second, and as
long as the instructions are valid and reference data within the
program's boundaries, the control unit executes them. If not, the
computer stops running the program
2. Stored program concept
The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM),
nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was
built at the Victoria University of Manchester, England, by Frederic C.
Williams.
Following things will come under:-
1In the stored program concept, both the instructions and the data (that
the instructions operate on) are stored in the computer memory itself.
Before the introduction of this idea, instructions and data were
considered two totally different entities and were thus stored
separately.
2Thus instructions like data can be read from the memory and written to
the memory by the processor.
3The processor then addresses the memory, reads the corresponding
instructions, executes them and according to the executed instruction,
processes (reads and writes) data as well.
4Computers that store both instructions and data on the same memory
are said to be based on the Von Neumann architecture. Modern
desktop computers are still based on the same stored program concept.
4. Stored program concept
Von Neumann Architecture
also known as the Von Neumann model, the computer consisted
of a CPU, memory and I/O devices. The program is stored in the
memory. The CPU fetches an instruction from the memory at a
time and executes it.
Thus, the instructions are executed sequentially which is a slow
process. Neumann m/c are called control flow computer because
instruction are executed sequentially as controlled by a program
counter. To increase the speed, parallel processing of computer
have been developed in which serial CPU’s are connected in
parallel to solve a problem. Even in parallel computers, the basic
building blocks are Neumann processors.
The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-
program digital computer that uses a processing unit and a single
separate storage structure to hold both instructions and data. It is
named after mathematician and early computer scientist John von
Neumann.
5. Stored program concept
An accumulator is a register for short-term, intermediate storage of
arithmetic and logic data in a computer's CPU (central processing unit).
6. Stored program concept
Memory
The computer will have memory that can hold both data and also
the program processing that data. In modern computers this
memory is RAM.
Control Unit
The control unit will manage the process of moving data and
program into and out of memory and also deal with carrying out
(executing) program instructions - one at a time. This includes the
idea of a 'register' to hold intermediate values. In the illustration
above, the 'accumulator' is one such register.
The 'one-at-a-time' phrase means that the von neumann
architecture is a sequential processing machine.
Input - Output
This architecture allows for the idea that a person needs to interact
with the machine. Whatever values that are passed to and forth
are stored once again in some internal registers.
7. Stored program concept
Arithmetic Logic Unit
This part of the architecture is solely involved with carrying out calculations
upon the data. All the usual Add, Multiply, Divide and Subtract calculations will
be available but also data comparisons such as 'Greater Than', 'Less Than',
'Equal To' will be available.
Bus
Notice the arrows between components? This implies that information should
flow between various parts of the computer. In a modern computer built to
the Von Neumann architecture, information passes back and forth along a
'bus'. There are buses to identify locations in memory - an 'address bus'
And there are buses to allow the flow of data and program instructions - a 'data
bus'.
Conclusion
• The Von Neumann architecture has been incredibly successful, with most
modern computers following the idea. You will find the CPU chip of a personal
computer holding a control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (along with some
local memory) and the main memory is in the form of RAM sticks located on
the motherboard.