The processor performance is highly dependent on the regular supply of correct instruction at
the right time. To reduce instruction cache misses, one of the proposed mechanism is the
instruction prefetching, which in turn will increase instructions supply to the processor. The
technology developments in these fields indicates that in future the gap between processing
speeds of processor and data transfer speed of memory is likely to be increased. Memory bandwidth can be increased significantly using the prefetching, but unsuccessful prefetches will pollute the primary cache. Prefetching can be done either with software or hardware. In software prefetching the compiler will insert a prefetch code in the program. In this case as actual memory capacity is not known to the compiler and it will lead to some harmful prefetches. In hardware prefetching instead of inserting prefetch code it will make use of extra hardware and which is utilized during the execution. The most significant source of lostperformance when the process waiting for the availability of the next instruction. All the prefetching methods are giving stress only to the fetching of the instruction for the execution, not to the overall performance of the processor. This paper is an attempt to study the branch handling in a uniprocessing environment, where, when ever branching is identified the proper cache memory management is enabled inside the memory management unit.
AN ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE THE PROCESSOR PERFORMANCE BY PROPER MEMORY MANAGEMENT F...IJCSEA Journal
The performanceof the processor is highly dependent on the regular supply of correct instruction at the right time. Whenever a data miss is occurring in the cache memory the processor has to spend more cycles for the fetching operation. One of the methodsused to reduce instruction cache miss is the instruction prefetching,which in turn will increase instructions supply to the processor.The technology developments in these fields indicates that in future the gap between processing speeds of processor and data transfer speed of memory is likely to be increased. Branch Predictor play a critical role in achieving effective performance in many modernpipelined microprocessor architecture.
Prefetching canbe done either with software or hardware. In software prefetching the compiler will insert a prefetch code in the program. In this case as actual memory capacity is not known to the compiler and it will lead to some harmful prefetches. In hardware prefetching instead of inserting prefetch code it will make use of extra hardware and which is utilized during the execution. The most significant source of lost performance when the process waiting for the availability of the next instruction. Thetime that is wasted in case of branch misprediction is equal to the number of stages in the pipeline, starting from fetch stage to execute stage. All the prefetching methods are givenstress only to the fetching of the instruction for the execution, not to the overall performance of the processor. The most significant source of lost performance is,when the process is waiting for the availability of the next instruction. The time that is wasted in case of branch misprediction is equal to the number of stages in the pipeline, starting from fetch stage to execution stage.This paper we made an attempt to study the branch handling in a uniprocessing environment, whenever branching is identified instead of invoking the branch prediction the proper cache memory management is enabled inside the memory management unit.
This document discusses Intel's Hyper-Threading Technology, which allows a single physical processor core to appear and function as two logical processors to the operating system. It does this by duplicating the core's architectural state and partitioning its execution resources between the two logical processors. This allows both logical processors to execute instructions simultaneously by sharing execution units, caches, and other resources. The document provides details on how the front-end, execution engine, registers, buffers, caches and other components function for both logical processors simultaneously through partitioning, duplication, and alternating access between the two threads.
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT WITH SPECULATIVE-TRACE CAPPING AT DIFFERENT PIPELINE ...caijjournal
Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT) processors improve system performance by allowing concurrent execution of multiple independent threads with sharing key datapath omponents and better utilization of resources. Speculative execution allows modern processors to fetch continuously and reduce the delays of control instructions. However, a significant amount of resources is usually wasted due to miss- peculation,
which could have been used by other valid instructions, and such a waste is even more pronounced in an SMT system. In order to minimize the waste of resources, a speculative trace capping technique [1] was proposed to limit the number of speculative instructions in the system. In this paper, a thorough analysis is given to investigate the trade-offs among applying this capping mechanism at different pipeline stages so as
to maximize its benefits. Our simulations show that the best choice can improve overall system throughput
by a very significant margin (up to 46%) without sacrificing execution fairness among the threads.
Hyper-threading technology allows multiple threads to run simultaneously on a single processor by duplicating some processor resources. It provides thread-level parallelism to improve processor utilization. A processor with hyper-threading can execute instructions from multiple threads in parallel, reducing idle processor resources. It allows operating systems to schedule threads without having to wait for other threads to finish.
This document compares full and partial predicated execution support for instruction-level parallel (ILP) processors. Full predicated execution requires adding a predicate operand to all instructions, allowing any instruction to be conditionally executed. Partial predicated execution requires minimal changes and adds only a few conditional instructions like conditional moves. The document finds that while partial predication provides a 33% speedup on average, full predication provides an additional 30% speedup by avoiding limitations of partial predication like needing speculative execution and inability to efficiently manipulate predicates. Overall, full predication enables better performance but requires more changes, while partial predication provides benefits with only minor changes to existing architectures.
Power minimization of systems using Performance Enhancement Guaranteed CachesIJTET Journal
Caches have long been an instrument for speeding memory access from microcontrollers to center based ASIC plans. For hard ongoing frameworks however stores are tricky because of most pessimistic scenario execution time estimation. As of late, an on-chip scratch cushion memory (SPM) to decrease the force and enhance execution. SPM does not productively reuse its space while execution. Here, an execution improvement ensured reserves (PEG-C) to improve the execution. It can likewise be utilized like a standard reserve to progressively store guidelines and information in view of their runtime access examples prompting attain to great execution. All the earlier plans have corruption of execution when contrasted with PEG-C. It has a superior answer for equalization time consistency and normal case execution
Implementation of RISC-Based Architecture for Low power applicationsIOSR Journals
This document describes the design and implementation of a 32-bit RISC processor intended for low power applications. The processor was developed using VHDL and implemented on a Xilinx Spartan-3E FPGA. It has a simple instruction set, program and data memories, general purpose registers, and an ALU. The processor follows a multi-cycle execution model. Simulation results show the processor executing instructions correctly in a single clock cycle, as intended for a RISC design. Power analysis shows the proposed RISC architecture consumes 132mW of power, half of previous designs, demonstrating its efficiency for low power applications.
AN ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE THE PROCESSOR PERFORMANCE BY PROPER MEMORY MANAGEMENT F...IJCSEA Journal
The performanceof the processor is highly dependent on the regular supply of correct instruction at the right time. Whenever a data miss is occurring in the cache memory the processor has to spend more cycles for the fetching operation. One of the methodsused to reduce instruction cache miss is the instruction prefetching,which in turn will increase instructions supply to the processor.The technology developments in these fields indicates that in future the gap between processing speeds of processor and data transfer speed of memory is likely to be increased. Branch Predictor play a critical role in achieving effective performance in many modernpipelined microprocessor architecture.
Prefetching canbe done either with software or hardware. In software prefetching the compiler will insert a prefetch code in the program. In this case as actual memory capacity is not known to the compiler and it will lead to some harmful prefetches. In hardware prefetching instead of inserting prefetch code it will make use of extra hardware and which is utilized during the execution. The most significant source of lost performance when the process waiting for the availability of the next instruction. Thetime that is wasted in case of branch misprediction is equal to the number of stages in the pipeline, starting from fetch stage to execute stage. All the prefetching methods are givenstress only to the fetching of the instruction for the execution, not to the overall performance of the processor. The most significant source of lost performance is,when the process is waiting for the availability of the next instruction. The time that is wasted in case of branch misprediction is equal to the number of stages in the pipeline, starting from fetch stage to execution stage.This paper we made an attempt to study the branch handling in a uniprocessing environment, whenever branching is identified instead of invoking the branch prediction the proper cache memory management is enabled inside the memory management unit.
This document discusses Intel's Hyper-Threading Technology, which allows a single physical processor core to appear and function as two logical processors to the operating system. It does this by duplicating the core's architectural state and partitioning its execution resources between the two logical processors. This allows both logical processors to execute instructions simultaneously by sharing execution units, caches, and other resources. The document provides details on how the front-end, execution engine, registers, buffers, caches and other components function for both logical processors simultaneously through partitioning, duplication, and alternating access between the two threads.
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT WITH SPECULATIVE-TRACE CAPPING AT DIFFERENT PIPELINE ...caijjournal
Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT) processors improve system performance by allowing concurrent execution of multiple independent threads with sharing key datapath omponents and better utilization of resources. Speculative execution allows modern processors to fetch continuously and reduce the delays of control instructions. However, a significant amount of resources is usually wasted due to miss- peculation,
which could have been used by other valid instructions, and such a waste is even more pronounced in an SMT system. In order to minimize the waste of resources, a speculative trace capping technique [1] was proposed to limit the number of speculative instructions in the system. In this paper, a thorough analysis is given to investigate the trade-offs among applying this capping mechanism at different pipeline stages so as
to maximize its benefits. Our simulations show that the best choice can improve overall system throughput
by a very significant margin (up to 46%) without sacrificing execution fairness among the threads.
Hyper-threading technology allows multiple threads to run simultaneously on a single processor by duplicating some processor resources. It provides thread-level parallelism to improve processor utilization. A processor with hyper-threading can execute instructions from multiple threads in parallel, reducing idle processor resources. It allows operating systems to schedule threads without having to wait for other threads to finish.
This document compares full and partial predicated execution support for instruction-level parallel (ILP) processors. Full predicated execution requires adding a predicate operand to all instructions, allowing any instruction to be conditionally executed. Partial predicated execution requires minimal changes and adds only a few conditional instructions like conditional moves. The document finds that while partial predication provides a 33% speedup on average, full predication provides an additional 30% speedup by avoiding limitations of partial predication like needing speculative execution and inability to efficiently manipulate predicates. Overall, full predication enables better performance but requires more changes, while partial predication provides benefits with only minor changes to existing architectures.
Power minimization of systems using Performance Enhancement Guaranteed CachesIJTET Journal
Caches have long been an instrument for speeding memory access from microcontrollers to center based ASIC plans. For hard ongoing frameworks however stores are tricky because of most pessimistic scenario execution time estimation. As of late, an on-chip scratch cushion memory (SPM) to decrease the force and enhance execution. SPM does not productively reuse its space while execution. Here, an execution improvement ensured reserves (PEG-C) to improve the execution. It can likewise be utilized like a standard reserve to progressively store guidelines and information in view of their runtime access examples prompting attain to great execution. All the earlier plans have corruption of execution when contrasted with PEG-C. It has a superior answer for equalization time consistency and normal case execution
Implementation of RISC-Based Architecture for Low power applicationsIOSR Journals
This document describes the design and implementation of a 32-bit RISC processor intended for low power applications. The processor was developed using VHDL and implemented on a Xilinx Spartan-3E FPGA. It has a simple instruction set, program and data memories, general purpose registers, and an ALU. The processor follows a multi-cycle execution model. Simulation results show the processor executing instructions correctly in a single clock cycle, as intended for a RISC design. Power analysis shows the proposed RISC architecture consumes 132mW of power, half of previous designs, demonstrating its efficiency for low power applications.
Robust Fault Tolerance in Content Addressable Memory InterfaceIOSRJVSP
With the rapid improvement in data exchange, large memory devices have come out in recent past. The operational controlling for such large memory has became a tedious task due to faster, distributed nature of memory units. In the process of memory accessing it is observed that data written or fetched are often encounter with fault location and faulty data are written or fetched from the addressed locations. In real time applications, this error cannot be tolerated as it leads to variation in the operational condition dependent on the memory data. Hence, It is required to have an optimal controlling fault tolerance in content addressable memory. In this paper, we present an approach of fault tolerance approach by controlling the fault addressing overhead, by introducing a new addressing approach using redundant control modeling of fault address unit. The presented approach achieves the objective of fault controlling over multiple fault location in different dimensions with redundant coding.
This paper presents an improved hardware acceleration scheme for Java method calls in the REALJava coprocessor. The strategy is implemented in an FPGA prototype and allows for measuring real performance increases. It validates the coprocessor concept for accelerating Java bytecode execution in embedded systems with limited CPU performance and memory availability. The coprocessor architecture is highly modular, separating communication from the execution core to improve reusability and allow for system scalability.
This document discusses the implementation of an H.264 video decoder on an ARM11 multiprocessor core (MPCore). It first provides background on the ARM11 MPCore architecture and its advantages for multimedia applications. It then discusses the computational complexity of H.264 decoding and introduces an optimized algorithm for context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) decoding and deblocking filtering. The implementation of a multimedia framework on the ARM11 MPCore is described, including porting Linux and GStreamer libraries. Finally, directories and files related to the CMM driver and testing procedure are outlined.
This document presents benchmarks to analyze the memory subsystem performance of multicore processors from AMD and Intel. The benchmarks measure latency and bandwidth for different cache coherence states and locations in the memory hierarchy. Testing was done on dual-socket systems using AMD Opteron 2300 (Shanghai) and Intel Xeon 5500 (Nehalem-EP) quad-core processors. Results show significant performance differences driven by each processor's distinct cache architecture and coherence protocol implementations.
Chrome server2 print_http_www_uni_mannheim_de_acm97_papers_soderquist_m_13736...Léia de Sousa
The document discusses optimizing the data cache performance of a software MPEG-2 video decoder. It analyzes the memory and cache behavior of software MPEG-2 decoding. Various cache-oriented architectural enhancements are proposed that could reduce excess cache-memory traffic by 50% or more, such as selectively caching specific data types based on their sizes, access types, and access patterns. Trace-driven cache simulations were performed on a software MPEG-2 decoder to analyze the effects of cache parameters and evaluate the proposed enhancements.
This document discusses techniques for mitigating single event upsets (SEUs) in SRAM-based FPGAs. It describes how SEUs have different effects in FPGAs compared to ASICs due to the programmable logic being implemented using SRAM cells. Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with voting is commonly used but has high area and power overhead. The document proposes a new technique that combines duplication with comparison and concurrent error detection to detect faults in the programmable logic while reducing overhead compared to TMR.
1. The document discusses the design of a low-cost multiprocessing platform for packet processing using network processors. It analyzes the performance bottlenecks of traditional architectures and proposes an optimized instruction set.
2. The analysis profiles common routing algorithms to identify key instructions affecting performance. Load, move, and shift instructions were found to greatly impact speed.
3. Based on this, the authors developed a multiprocessing platform on an FPGA with four simple RISC cores and an optimized instruction set. This bottom-up approach aims to optimize memory usage and lower clock speeds for reduced power consumption.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses hyper-threading technology. It begins with an introduction and overview of hyper-threading and how it works. Specifically, it allows a single processor to act like multiple processors by enabling simultaneous multi-threading. It then discusses how hyper-threading is implemented on Intel Xeon processors and the performance improvements it provides for multimedia applications. In closing, it reiterates how hyper-threading offers more efficient use of processor resources through greater parallelism.
Counter Matrix Code for SRAM Based FPGA to Correct Multi Bit Upset ErrorIRJET Journal
This document proposes a Counter Matrix Code (CMC) technique to detect and correct multi-bit upset errors in SRAM-based FPGA configuration frames. CMC calculates parity bits horizontally and vertically across a data matrix to detect errors. It requires fewer parity bits than existing techniques, resulting in lower overhead. Simulation results on a Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA show the CMC technique can detect 100% of multi-bit upsets in configuration frames with a delay of 3.125ns. The technique offers improved error detection coverage compared to existing approaches without requiring changes to the FPGA architecture.
The document summarizes the memory performance limitations of Intel Xeon microprocessors based on the Nehalem and Westmere architectures. It finds that per core and per thread memory bandwidth is restricted to about 1/3 of theoretical maximum values. Moving from Nehalem to Westmere, read performance scales well but write performance suffers, revealing scalability issues in Westmere's design. The document aims to provide an accurate analysis of memory bandwidth and latency limitations to help application developers optimize code efficiency.
Fault Injection Approach for Network on Chipijsrd.com
Packet-based on-chip interconnection networks, or Network-on-Chips (NoCs) are progressively replacing global on-chip interconnections in Multi-processor System-on-Chips (MP-SoCs) thanks to better performances and lower power consumption. However, modern generations of MP-SoCs have an increasing sensitivity to faults due to the progressive shrinking technology. Consequently, in order to evaluate the fault sensitivity in NoC architectures, there is the need of accurate test solution which allows evaluating the fault tolerance capability of NoCs. Presents an innovative test architecture based on a dual-processor system which is able to extensively test mesh based NoCs. The proposed solution improves previously developed methods since it is based on a NoC physical implementation which allows investigating the effects induced by several kind of faults thanks to the execution of on-line fault injection within all the network interface and router resources during NoC run-time operations. The solution has been physically implemented on an FPGA platform using a NoC emulation model adopting standard communication protocols. The obtained results demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed solution in term of testability and diagnostic capabilities and make our solutions suitable for testing large scale.
The document discusses an instruction-based stride prefetcher that uses a reference prediction table (RPT) to track load instructions and memory addresses. It examines how the maximum prefetch degree affects prefetcher performance. The results show that increasing the maximum degree improves coverage but performance peaks at a degree of 5, providing the highest average speedup of 1.085 compared to no prefetching. While a higher degree increases coverage, prefetching too many blocks negatively impacts performance.
AFFECT OF PARALLEL COMPUTING ON MULTICORE PROCESSORScscpconf
Our main aim of research is to find the limit of Amdahl's Law for multicore processors, to make number of cores giving more efficiency to overall architecture of the CMP(Chip Multi
Processor a.k.a. Multicore Processor). As it is expected this limit will be in the architecture of Multicore Processor, or in the programming. We surveyed the architecture of the Multicore
processors of various chip manufacturers namely INTEL™, AMD™, IBM™ etc., and the various techniques there followed in, for improving the performance of the Multicore
Processors. We conducted cluster experiments to find this limit. In this paper we propose an alternate design of Multicore processor based on the results of our cluster experiment.
Affect of parallel computing on multicore processorscsandit
Our main aim of research is to find the limit of Amdahl's Law for multicore processors, to make
number of cores giving more efficiency to overall architecture of the CMP(Chip Multi
Processor a.k.a. Multicore Processor). As it is expected this limit will be in the architecture of
Multicore Processor, or in the programming. We surveyed the architecture of the Multicore
processors of various chip manufacturers namely INTEL™, AMD™, IBM™ etc., and the
various techniques there followed in, for improving the performance of the Multicore
Processors.
We conducted cluster experiments to find this limit. In this paper we propose an alternate design
of Multicore processor based on the results of our cluster experiment.
The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture including Amdahl's law for predicting speedup from parallelization, branch predictors for improving instruction flow, cache organization and types, hazards that can occur in pipelines, interrupts for responding to events, and jump instructions for breaking standard instruction flow. It provides simplified explanations of these concepts in an accessible way for learning purposes.
The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture including Amdahl's law for predicting speedup from parallelization, branch predictors for improving instruction flow, cache organization and types, hazards that can occur in pipelines, interrupts for responding to events, and jump instructions for breaking standard instruction flow. It provides simplified explanations of these concepts in an accessible way for learning purposes.
Abstract:
Extensive research has been done in prefetching techniques that hide memory latency in microprocessors leading to performance improvements. However, the energy aspect of prefetching is relatively unknown. While aggressive prefetching techniques often help to improve performance, they increase energy consumption by as much as 30% in the memory system. This paper provides a detailed evaluation on the energy impact of hardware data prefetching and then presents a set of new energy-aware techniques to overcome prefetching energy overhead of such schemes. These include compiler-assisted and hardware-based energy-aware techniques and a new power-aware prefetch engine that can reduce hardware prefetching related energy consumption by 7-11 ×. Combined with the effect of leakage energy reduction due to performance improvement, the total energy consumption for the memory system after the application of these techniques can be up to 12% less than the baseline with no prefetching.
Unit-4 discusses parallelism and techniques to exploit concurrency in computers. The goals of parallelism are to increase computational speed and throughput. There are different types of parallelism like instruction level parallelism, processor level parallelism using multiple processors, and pipelining to overlap instruction execution. Amdahl's law predicts the maximum speedup from parallel processing based on the sequential fraction of a program.
The document discusses parallelism and techniques to improve computer performance through parallel execution. It describes instruction level parallelism (ILP) where multiple instructions can be executed simultaneously through techniques like pipelining and superscalar processing. It also discusses processor level parallelism using multiple processors or processor cores to concurrently execute different tasks or threads.
The paper includes a study of the most recent prefetching techniques developed for modern day processors, classifying them based on different criteria and performing a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of their performance. It also includes evaluation of the performance of compiler based data prefetching scheme using the built-in prefetcher of gcc compiler.
Hardback solution to accelerate multimedia computation through mgp in cmpeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Robust Fault Tolerance in Content Addressable Memory InterfaceIOSRJVSP
With the rapid improvement in data exchange, large memory devices have come out in recent past. The operational controlling for such large memory has became a tedious task due to faster, distributed nature of memory units. In the process of memory accessing it is observed that data written or fetched are often encounter with fault location and faulty data are written or fetched from the addressed locations. In real time applications, this error cannot be tolerated as it leads to variation in the operational condition dependent on the memory data. Hence, It is required to have an optimal controlling fault tolerance in content addressable memory. In this paper, we present an approach of fault tolerance approach by controlling the fault addressing overhead, by introducing a new addressing approach using redundant control modeling of fault address unit. The presented approach achieves the objective of fault controlling over multiple fault location in different dimensions with redundant coding.
This paper presents an improved hardware acceleration scheme for Java method calls in the REALJava coprocessor. The strategy is implemented in an FPGA prototype and allows for measuring real performance increases. It validates the coprocessor concept for accelerating Java bytecode execution in embedded systems with limited CPU performance and memory availability. The coprocessor architecture is highly modular, separating communication from the execution core to improve reusability and allow for system scalability.
This document discusses the implementation of an H.264 video decoder on an ARM11 multiprocessor core (MPCore). It first provides background on the ARM11 MPCore architecture and its advantages for multimedia applications. It then discusses the computational complexity of H.264 decoding and introduces an optimized algorithm for context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) decoding and deblocking filtering. The implementation of a multimedia framework on the ARM11 MPCore is described, including porting Linux and GStreamer libraries. Finally, directories and files related to the CMM driver and testing procedure are outlined.
This document presents benchmarks to analyze the memory subsystem performance of multicore processors from AMD and Intel. The benchmarks measure latency and bandwidth for different cache coherence states and locations in the memory hierarchy. Testing was done on dual-socket systems using AMD Opteron 2300 (Shanghai) and Intel Xeon 5500 (Nehalem-EP) quad-core processors. Results show significant performance differences driven by each processor's distinct cache architecture and coherence protocol implementations.
Chrome server2 print_http_www_uni_mannheim_de_acm97_papers_soderquist_m_13736...Léia de Sousa
The document discusses optimizing the data cache performance of a software MPEG-2 video decoder. It analyzes the memory and cache behavior of software MPEG-2 decoding. Various cache-oriented architectural enhancements are proposed that could reduce excess cache-memory traffic by 50% or more, such as selectively caching specific data types based on their sizes, access types, and access patterns. Trace-driven cache simulations were performed on a software MPEG-2 decoder to analyze the effects of cache parameters and evaluate the proposed enhancements.
This document discusses techniques for mitigating single event upsets (SEUs) in SRAM-based FPGAs. It describes how SEUs have different effects in FPGAs compared to ASICs due to the programmable logic being implemented using SRAM cells. Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with voting is commonly used but has high area and power overhead. The document proposes a new technique that combines duplication with comparison and concurrent error detection to detect faults in the programmable logic while reducing overhead compared to TMR.
1. The document discusses the design of a low-cost multiprocessing platform for packet processing using network processors. It analyzes the performance bottlenecks of traditional architectures and proposes an optimized instruction set.
2. The analysis profiles common routing algorithms to identify key instructions affecting performance. Load, move, and shift instructions were found to greatly impact speed.
3. Based on this, the authors developed a multiprocessing platform on an FPGA with four simple RISC cores and an optimized instruction set. This bottom-up approach aims to optimize memory usage and lower clock speeds for reduced power consumption.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses hyper-threading technology. It begins with an introduction and overview of hyper-threading and how it works. Specifically, it allows a single processor to act like multiple processors by enabling simultaneous multi-threading. It then discusses how hyper-threading is implemented on Intel Xeon processors and the performance improvements it provides for multimedia applications. In closing, it reiterates how hyper-threading offers more efficient use of processor resources through greater parallelism.
Counter Matrix Code for SRAM Based FPGA to Correct Multi Bit Upset ErrorIRJET Journal
This document proposes a Counter Matrix Code (CMC) technique to detect and correct multi-bit upset errors in SRAM-based FPGA configuration frames. CMC calculates parity bits horizontally and vertically across a data matrix to detect errors. It requires fewer parity bits than existing techniques, resulting in lower overhead. Simulation results on a Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA show the CMC technique can detect 100% of multi-bit upsets in configuration frames with a delay of 3.125ns. The technique offers improved error detection coverage compared to existing approaches without requiring changes to the FPGA architecture.
The document summarizes the memory performance limitations of Intel Xeon microprocessors based on the Nehalem and Westmere architectures. It finds that per core and per thread memory bandwidth is restricted to about 1/3 of theoretical maximum values. Moving from Nehalem to Westmere, read performance scales well but write performance suffers, revealing scalability issues in Westmere's design. The document aims to provide an accurate analysis of memory bandwidth and latency limitations to help application developers optimize code efficiency.
Fault Injection Approach for Network on Chipijsrd.com
Packet-based on-chip interconnection networks, or Network-on-Chips (NoCs) are progressively replacing global on-chip interconnections in Multi-processor System-on-Chips (MP-SoCs) thanks to better performances and lower power consumption. However, modern generations of MP-SoCs have an increasing sensitivity to faults due to the progressive shrinking technology. Consequently, in order to evaluate the fault sensitivity in NoC architectures, there is the need of accurate test solution which allows evaluating the fault tolerance capability of NoCs. Presents an innovative test architecture based on a dual-processor system which is able to extensively test mesh based NoCs. The proposed solution improves previously developed methods since it is based on a NoC physical implementation which allows investigating the effects induced by several kind of faults thanks to the execution of on-line fault injection within all the network interface and router resources during NoC run-time operations. The solution has been physically implemented on an FPGA platform using a NoC emulation model adopting standard communication protocols. The obtained results demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed solution in term of testability and diagnostic capabilities and make our solutions suitable for testing large scale.
The document discusses an instruction-based stride prefetcher that uses a reference prediction table (RPT) to track load instructions and memory addresses. It examines how the maximum prefetch degree affects prefetcher performance. The results show that increasing the maximum degree improves coverage but performance peaks at a degree of 5, providing the highest average speedup of 1.085 compared to no prefetching. While a higher degree increases coverage, prefetching too many blocks negatively impacts performance.
AFFECT OF PARALLEL COMPUTING ON MULTICORE PROCESSORScscpconf
Our main aim of research is to find the limit of Amdahl's Law for multicore processors, to make number of cores giving more efficiency to overall architecture of the CMP(Chip Multi
Processor a.k.a. Multicore Processor). As it is expected this limit will be in the architecture of Multicore Processor, or in the programming. We surveyed the architecture of the Multicore
processors of various chip manufacturers namely INTEL™, AMD™, IBM™ etc., and the various techniques there followed in, for improving the performance of the Multicore
Processors. We conducted cluster experiments to find this limit. In this paper we propose an alternate design of Multicore processor based on the results of our cluster experiment.
Affect of parallel computing on multicore processorscsandit
Our main aim of research is to find the limit of Amdahl's Law for multicore processors, to make
number of cores giving more efficiency to overall architecture of the CMP(Chip Multi
Processor a.k.a. Multicore Processor). As it is expected this limit will be in the architecture of
Multicore Processor, or in the programming. We surveyed the architecture of the Multicore
processors of various chip manufacturers namely INTEL™, AMD™, IBM™ etc., and the
various techniques there followed in, for improving the performance of the Multicore
Processors.
We conducted cluster experiments to find this limit. In this paper we propose an alternate design
of Multicore processor based on the results of our cluster experiment.
The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture including Amdahl's law for predicting speedup from parallelization, branch predictors for improving instruction flow, cache organization and types, hazards that can occur in pipelines, interrupts for responding to events, and jump instructions for breaking standard instruction flow. It provides simplified explanations of these concepts in an accessible way for learning purposes.
The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture including Amdahl's law for predicting speedup from parallelization, branch predictors for improving instruction flow, cache organization and types, hazards that can occur in pipelines, interrupts for responding to events, and jump instructions for breaking standard instruction flow. It provides simplified explanations of these concepts in an accessible way for learning purposes.
Abstract:
Extensive research has been done in prefetching techniques that hide memory latency in microprocessors leading to performance improvements. However, the energy aspect of prefetching is relatively unknown. While aggressive prefetching techniques often help to improve performance, they increase energy consumption by as much as 30% in the memory system. This paper provides a detailed evaluation on the energy impact of hardware data prefetching and then presents a set of new energy-aware techniques to overcome prefetching energy overhead of such schemes. These include compiler-assisted and hardware-based energy-aware techniques and a new power-aware prefetch engine that can reduce hardware prefetching related energy consumption by 7-11 ×. Combined with the effect of leakage energy reduction due to performance improvement, the total energy consumption for the memory system after the application of these techniques can be up to 12% less than the baseline with no prefetching.
Unit-4 discusses parallelism and techniques to exploit concurrency in computers. The goals of parallelism are to increase computational speed and throughput. There are different types of parallelism like instruction level parallelism, processor level parallelism using multiple processors, and pipelining to overlap instruction execution. Amdahl's law predicts the maximum speedup from parallel processing based on the sequential fraction of a program.
The document discusses parallelism and techniques to improve computer performance through parallel execution. It describes instruction level parallelism (ILP) where multiple instructions can be executed simultaneously through techniques like pipelining and superscalar processing. It also discusses processor level parallelism using multiple processors or processor cores to concurrently execute different tasks or threads.
The paper includes a study of the most recent prefetching techniques developed for modern day processors, classifying them based on different criteria and performing a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of their performance. It also includes evaluation of the performance of compiler based data prefetching scheme using the built-in prefetcher of gcc compiler.
Hardback solution to accelerate multimedia computation through mgp in cmpeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses parallel computing platforms and trends in microprocessor architectures that enable implicit parallelism. It covers topics like pipelining, superscalar execution, limitations of memory performance, and how caches can improve effective memory latency. The key points are:
1) Microprocessor clock speeds have increased dramatically but limitations remain regarding memory latency and bandwidth. Parallelism addresses performance bottlenecks in processors, memory, and communication.
2) Techniques like pipelining and superscalar execution exploit implicit parallelism by executing multiple instructions concurrently, but dependencies and branch prediction limit performance gains.
3) Memory latency is often the bottleneck, but caches can reduce effective latency through data reuse and temporal locality.
This document discusses energy-efficient hardware data prefetching. It begins with an introduction to data prefetching and why it is needed due to the growing gap between processor and memory speeds. It then covers different types of prefetching techniques including software-based, hardware-based, sequential, stride, and pointer prefetching. It also discusses the tradeoffs between software and hardware approaches. Finally, it introduces the concept of energy-aware data prefetching to reduce the increased energy consumption from aggressive prefetching techniques.
Data prefetching has been considered an effective way to cross the performance gap between processor and memory and to mask data access latency caused by cache misses. Data prefetching prefers data closer to a processor before it is actually needed with hardware and or software support. Many prefetching techniques have been proposed in the few years to reduce data access latency by taking advantage of multi core architectures. In this paper, a taxonomy that classifies various design concerns has been proposed in developing a prefetching strategy. The various prefetching strategies and issues that have to be considered in designing a prefetching strategy for multi core processors. Yee Yee Soe "A Taxonomy of Data Prefetching Mechanisms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29339.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/29339/a-taxonomy-of-data-prefetching-mechanisms/yee-yee-soe
LEARNING SCHEDULER PARAMETERS FOR ADAPTIVE PREEMPTIONcscpconf
An operating system scheduler is expected to not allow processor stay idle if there is any
process ready or waiting for its execution. This problem gains more importance as the numbers
of processes always outnumber the processors by large margins. It is in this regard that
schedulers are provided with the ability to preempt a running process, by following any
scheduling algorithm, and give us an illusion of simultaneous running of several processes. A
process which is allowed to utilize CPU resources for a fixed quantum of time (termed as
timeslice for preemption) and is then preempted for another waiting process. Each of these
'process preemption' leads to considerable overhead of CPU cycles which are valuable resource
for runtime execution. In this work we try to utilize the historical performances of a scheduler
and predict the nature of current running process, thereby trying to reduce the number of
preemptions. We propose a machine-learning module to predict a better performing timeslice
which is calculated based on static knowledge base and adaptive reinforcement learning based
suggestive module. Results for an "adaptive timeslice parameter" for preemption show good
saving on CPU cycles and efficient throughput time.
Learning scheduler parameters for adaptive preemptioncsandit
An operating system scheduler is expected to not al
low processor stay idle if there is any
process ready or waiting for its execution. This pr
oblem gains more importance as the numbers
of processes always outnumber the processors by lar
ge margins. It is in this regard that
schedulers are provided with the ability to preempt
a running process, by following any
scheduling algorithm, and give us an illusion of si
multaneous running of several processes. A
process which is allowed to utilize CPU resources f
or a fixed quantum of time (termed as
timeslice for preemption) and is then preempted for
another waiting process. Each of these
'process preemption' leads to considerable overhead
of CPU cycles which are valuable resource
for runtime execution. In this work we try to utili
ze the historical performances of a scheduler
and predict the nature of current running process,
thereby trying to reduce the number of
preemptions. We propose a machine-learning module t
o predict a better performing timeslice
which is calculated based on static knowledge base
and adaptive reinforcement learning based
suggestive module. Results for an "adaptive timesli
ce parameter" for preemption show good
saving on CPU cycles and efficient throughput time.
CS 301 Computer ArchitectureStudent # 1 EID 09Kingdom of .docxfaithxdunce63732
This document summarizes the results of simulations run to analyze the performance of different processor configurations with varying levels of instruction-level parallelism. The key findings are:
1) For processors with significant memory latency, there is little performance difference between simple in-order and more complex out-of-order designs, as memory latency dominates execution time.
2) Supporting just two concurrently pending instructions provides most of the benefit of more complex out-of-order execution, while greatly reducing hardware complexity.
3) As the mismatch between processor and memory system performance increases, all designs see similar performance, regardless of the level of instruction-level parallelism exploited.
The document discusses pipeline mechanisms in modern processors. It describes two types of interlock delays that can occur: data dependence delays related to instruction latency, and reservation delays when instructions need shared processor resources. It also summarizes two methods for describing processor pipelines in GCC: the older method and the preferred automaton-based method. Pipelining works by splitting instruction processing into stages to allow more parallel execution and higher throughput. Advantages include reduced cycle time and circuitry, while disadvantages include added complexity and potential pipeline stalls.
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT WITH SPECULATIVE-TRACE CAPPING AT DIFFERENT PIPELINE ...caijjournal
Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT) processors improve system performance by allowing concurrent execution of multiple independent threads with sharing key datapath components and better utilization of resources. Speculative execution allows modern processors to fetch continuously and reduce the delays of control instructions. However, a significant amount of resources is usually wasted due to miss-speculation, which could have been used by other valid instructions, and such a waste is even more pronounced in an SMT system. In order to minimize the waste of resources, a speculative trace capping technique [1] was proposed to limit the number of speculative instructions in the system. In this paper, a thorough analysis is given to investigate the trade-offs among applying this capping mechanism at different pipeline stages so as to maximize its benefits. Our simulations show that the best choice can improve overall system throughput by a very significant margin (up to 46%) without sacrificing execution fairness among the threads.
Computer Applications: An International Journal (CAIJ)caijjournal
Computer Applications: An International Journal (CAIJ) is a Quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Computer Science Applications. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of computer science applications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Computer science application advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Computer Science Applications.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of Computer Science Applications.
Implementing True Zero Cycle Branching in Scalar and Superscalar Pipelined Pr...IDES Editor
In this paper, we have proposed a novel architectural
technique which can be used to boost performance of modern
day processors. It is especially useful in certain code constructs
like small loops and try-catch blocks. The technique is aimed
at improving performance by reducing the number of
instructions that need to enter the pipeline itself. We also
demonstrate its working in a scalar pipelined soft-core
processor developed by us. Lastly, we present how a superscalar
microprocessor can take advantage of this technique and
increase its performance.
Similar to THE EFFECTIVE WAY OF PROCESSOR PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT BY PROPER BRANCH HANDLING (20)
ANALYSIS OF LAND SURFACE DEFORMATION GRADIENT BY DINSAR cscpconf
The progressive development of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems diversify the exploitation of the generated images by these systems in different applications of geoscience. Detection and monitoring surface deformations, procreated by various phenomena had benefited from this evolution and had been realized by interferometry (InSAR) and differential interferometry (DInSAR) techniques. Nevertheless, spatial and temporal decorrelations of the interferometric couples used, limit strongly the precision of analysis results by these techniques. In this context, we propose, in this work, a methodological approach of surface deformation detection and analysis by differential interferograms to show the limits of this technique according to noise quality and level. The detectability model is generated from the deformation signatures, by simulating a linear fault merged to the images couples of ERS1 / ERS2 sensors acquired in a region of the Algerian south.
4D AUTOMATIC LIP-READING FOR SPEAKER'S FACE IDENTIFCATIONcscpconf
A novel based a trajectory-guided, concatenating approach for synthesizing high-quality image real sample renders video is proposed . The lips reading automated is seeking for modeled the closest real image sample sequence preserve in the library under the data video to the HMM predicted trajectory. The object trajectory is modeled obtained by projecting the face patterns into an KDA feature space is estimated. The approach for speaker's face identification by using synthesise the identity surface of a subject face from a small sample of patterns which sparsely each the view sphere. An KDA algorithm use to the Lip-reading image is discrimination, after that work consisted of in the low dimensional for the fundamental lip features vector is reduced by using the 2D-DCT.The mouth of the set area dimensionality is ordered by a normally reduction base on the PCA to obtain the Eigen lips approach, their proposed approach by[33]. The subjective performance results of the cost function under the automatic lips reading modeled , which wasn’t illustrate the superior performance of the
method.
MOVING FROM WATERFALL TO AGILE PROCESS IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CAPSTONE PROJE...cscpconf
Universities offer software engineering capstone course to simulate a real world-working environment in which students can work in a team for a fixed period to deliver a quality product. The objective of the paper is to report on our experience in moving from Waterfall process to Agile process in conducting the software engineering capstone project. We present the capstone course designs for both Waterfall driven and Agile driven methodologies that highlight the structure, deliverables and assessment plans.To evaluate the improvement, we conducted a survey for two different sections taught by two different instructors to evaluate students’ experience in moving from traditional Waterfall model to Agile like process. Twentyeight students filled the survey. The survey consisted of eight multiple-choice questions and an open-ended question to collect feedback from students. The survey results show that students were able to attain hands one experience, which simulate a real world-working environment. The results also show that the Agile approach helped students to have overall better design and avoid mistakes they have made in the initial design completed in of the first phase of the capstone project. In addition, they were able to decide on their team capabilities, training needs and thus learn the required technologies earlier which is reflected on the final product quality
PROMOTING STUDENT ENGAGEMENT USING SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIEScscpconf
This document discusses using social media technologies to promote student engagement in a software project management course. It describes the course and objectives of enhancing communication. It discusses using Facebook for 4 years, then switching to WhatsApp based on student feedback, and finally introducing Slack to enable personalized team communication. Surveys found students engaged and satisfied with all three tools, though less familiar with Slack. The conclusion is that social media promotes engagement but familiarity with the tool also impacts satisfaction.
A SURVEY ON QUESTION ANSWERING SYSTEMS: THE ADVANCES OF FUZZY LOGICcscpconf
In real world computing environment with using a computer to answer questions has been a human dream since the beginning of the digital era, Question-answering systems are referred to as intelligent systems, that can be used to provide responses for the questions being asked by the user based on certain facts or rules stored in the knowledge base it can generate answers of questions asked in natural , and the first main idea of fuzzy logic was to working on the problem of computer understanding of natural language, so this survey paper provides an overview on what Question-Answering is and its system architecture and the possible relationship and
different with fuzzy logic, as well as the previous related research with respect to approaches that were followed. At the end, the survey provides an analytical discussion of the proposed QA models, along or combined with fuzzy logic and their main contributions and limitations.
DYNAMIC PHONE WARPING – A METHOD TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN PRONUNCIATIONS cscpconf
Human beings generate different speech waveforms while speaking the same word at different times. Also, different human beings have different accents and generate significantly varying speech waveforms for the same word. There is a need to measure the distances between various words which facilitate preparation of pronunciation dictionaries. A new algorithm called Dynamic Phone Warping (DPW) is presented in this paper. It uses dynamic programming technique for global alignment and shortest distance measurements. The DPW algorithm can be used to enhance the pronunciation dictionaries of the well-known languages like English or to build pronunciation dictionaries to the less known sparse languages. The precision measurement experiments show 88.9% accuracy.
INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC ASSESSMENT FOR SUBJECTIVE EXAMS cscpconf
In education, the use of electronic (E) examination systems is not a novel idea, as Eexamination systems have been used to conduct objective assessments for the last few years. This research deals with randomly designed E-examinations and proposes an E-assessment system that can be used for subjective questions. This system assesses answers to subjective questions by finding a matching ratio for the keywords in instructor and student answers. The matching ratio is achieved based on semantic and document similarity. The assessment system is composed of four modules: preprocessing, keyword expansion, matching, and grading. A survey and case study were used in the research design to validate the proposed system. The examination assessment system will help instructors to save time, costs, and resources, while increasing efficiency and improving the productivity of exam setting and assessments.
TWO DISCRETE BINARY VERSIONS OF AFRICAN BUFFALO OPTIMIZATION METAHEURISTICcscpconf
African Buffalo Optimization (ABO) is one of the most recent swarms intelligence based metaheuristics. ABO algorithm is inspired by the buffalo’s behavior and lifestyle. Unfortunately, the standard ABO algorithm is proposed only for continuous optimization problems. In this paper, the authors propose two discrete binary ABO algorithms to deal with binary optimization problems. In the first version (called SBABO) they use the sigmoid function and probability model to generate binary solutions. In the second version (called LBABO) they use some logical operator to operate the binary solutions. Computational results on two knapsack problems (KP and MKP) instances show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and their ability to achieve good and promising solutions.
DETECTION OF ALGORITHMICALLY GENERATED MALICIOUS DOMAINcscpconf
In recent years, many malware writers have relied on Dynamic Domain Name Services (DDNS) to maintain their Command and Control (C&C) network infrastructure to ensure a persistence presence on a compromised host. Amongst the various DDNS techniques, Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA) is often perceived as the most difficult to detect using traditional methods. This paper presents an approach for detecting DGA using frequency analysis of the character distribution and the weighted scores of the domain names. The approach’s feasibility is demonstrated using a range of legitimate domains and a number of malicious algorithmicallygenerated domain names. Findings from this study show that domain names made up of English characters “a-z” achieving a weighted score of < 45 are often associated with DGA. When a weighted score of < 45 is applied to the Alexa one million list of domain names, only 15% of the domain names were treated as non-human generated.
GLOBAL MUSIC ASSET ASSURANCE DIGITAL CURRENCY: A DRM SOLUTION FOR STREAMING C...cscpconf
The document proposes a blockchain-based digital currency and streaming platform called GoMAA to address issues of piracy in the online music streaming industry. Key points:
- GoMAA would use a digital token on the iMediaStreams blockchain to enable secure dissemination and tracking of streamed content. Content owners could control access and track consumption of released content.
- Original media files would be converted to a Secure Portable Streaming (SPS) format, embedding watermarks and smart contract data to indicate ownership and enable validation on the blockchain.
- A browser plugin would provide wallets for fans to collect GoMAA tokens as rewards for consuming content, incentivizing participation and addressing royalty discrepancies by recording
IMPORTANCE OF VERB SUFFIX MAPPING IN DISCOURSE TRANSLATION SYSTEMcscpconf
This document discusses the importance of verb suffix mapping in discourse translation from English to Telugu. It explains that after anaphora resolution, the verbs must be changed to agree with the gender, number, and person features of the subject or anaphoric pronoun. Verbs in Telugu inflect based on these features, while verbs in English only inflect based on number and person. Several examples are provided that demonstrate how the Telugu verb changes based on whether the subject or pronoun is masculine, feminine, neuter, singular or plural. Proper verb suffix mapping is essential for generating natural and coherent translations while preserving the context and meaning of the original discourse.
EXACT SOLUTIONS OF A FAMILY OF HIGHER-DIMENSIONAL SPACE-TIME FRACTIONAL KDV-T...cscpconf
In this paper, based on the definition of conformable fractional derivative, the functional
variable method (FVM) is proposed to seek the exact traveling wave solutions of two higherdimensional
space-time fractional KdV-type equations in mathematical physics, namely the
(3+1)-dimensional space–time fractional Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation and the (2+1)-
dimensional space–time fractional Generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony
(GZK-BBM) equation. Some new solutions are procured and depicted. These solutions, which
contain kink-shaped, singular kink, bell-shaped soliton, singular soliton and periodic wave
solutions, have many potential applications in mathematical physics and engineering. The
simplicity and reliability of the proposed method is verified.
AUTOMATED PENETRATION TESTING: AN OVERVIEWcscpconf
The document discusses automated penetration testing and provides an overview. It compares manual and automated penetration testing, noting that automated testing allows for faster, more standardized and repeatable tests but has limitations in developing new exploits. It also reviews some current automated penetration testing methodologies and tools, including those using HTTP/TCP/IP attacks, linking common scanning tools, a Python-based tool targeting databases, and one using POMDPs for multi-step penetration test planning under uncertainty. The document concludes that automated testing is more efficient than manual for known vulnerabilities but cannot replace manual testing for discovering new exploits.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALZHEIMER USING fMRI DATA AND BRAIN NETWORKcscpconf
Since the mid of 1990s, functional connectivity study using fMRI (fcMRI) has drawn increasing
attention of neuroscientists and computer scientists, since it opens a new window to explore
functional network of human brain with relatively high resolution. BOLD technique provides
almost accurate state of brain. Past researches prove that neuro diseases damage the brain
network interaction, protein- protein interaction and gene-gene interaction. A number of
neurological research paper also analyse the relationship among damaged part. By
computational method especially machine learning technique we can show such classifications.
In this paper we used OASIS fMRI dataset affected with Alzheimer’s disease and normal
patient’s dataset. After proper processing the fMRI data we use the processed data to form
classifier models using SVM (Support Vector Machine), KNN (K- nearest neighbour) & Naïve
Bayes. We also compare the accuracy of our proposed method with existing methods. In future,
we will other combinations of methods for better accuracy.
VALIDATION METHOD OF FUZZY ASSOCIATION RULES BASED ON FUZZY FORMAL CONCEPT AN...cscpconf
The document proposes a new validation method for fuzzy association rules based on three steps: (1) applying the EFAR-PN algorithm to extract a generic base of non-redundant fuzzy association rules using fuzzy formal concept analysis, (2) categorizing the extracted rules into groups, and (3) evaluating the relevance of the rules using structural equation modeling, specifically partial least squares. The method aims to address issues with existing fuzzy association rule extraction algorithms such as large numbers of extracted rules, redundancy, and difficulties with manual validation.
PROBABILITY BASED CLUSTER EXPANSION OVERSAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR IMBALANCED DATAcscpconf
In many applications of data mining, class imbalance is noticed when examples in one class are
overrepresented. Traditional classifiers result in poor accuracy of the minority class due to the
class imbalance. Further, the presence of within class imbalance where classes are composed of
multiple sub-concepts with different number of examples also affect the performance of
classifier. In this paper, we propose an oversampling technique that handles between class and
within class imbalance simultaneously and also takes into consideration the generalization
ability in data space. The proposed method is based on two steps- performing Model Based
Clustering with respect to classes to identify the sub-concepts; and then computing the
separating hyperplane based on equal posterior probability between the classes. The proposed
method is tested on 10 publicly available data sets and the result shows that the proposed
method is statistically superior to other existing oversampling methods.
CHARACTER AND IMAGE RECOGNITION FOR DATA CATALOGING IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCHcscpconf
Data collection is an essential, but manpower intensive procedure in ecological research. An
algorithm was developed by the author which incorporated two important computer vision
techniques to automate data cataloging for butterfly measurements. Optical Character
Recognition is used for character recognition and Contour Detection is used for imageprocessing.
Proper pre-processing is first done on the images to improve accuracy. Although
there are limitations to Tesseract’s detection of certain fonts, overall, it can successfully identify
words of basic fonts. Contour detection is an advanced technique that can be utilized to
measure an image. Shapes and mathematical calculations are crucial in determining the precise
location of the points on which to draw the body and forewing lines of the butterfly. Overall,
92% accuracy were achieved by the program for the set of butterflies measured.
SOCIAL MEDIA ANALYTICS FOR SENTIMENT ANALYSIS AND EVENT DETECTION IN SMART CI...cscpconf
Smart cities utilize Internet of Things (IoT) devices and sensors to enhance the quality of the city
services including energy, transportation, health, and much more. They generate massive
volumes of structured and unstructured data on a daily basis. Also, social networks, such as
Twitter, Facebook, and Google+, are becoming a new source of real-time information in smart
cities. Social network users are acting as social sensors. These datasets so large and complex
are difficult to manage with conventional data management tools and methods. To become
valuable, this massive amount of data, known as 'big data,' needs to be processed and
comprehended to hold the promise of supporting a broad range of urban and smart cities
functions, including among others transportation, water, and energy consumption, pollution
surveillance, and smart city governance. In this work, we investigate how social media analytics
help to analyze smart city data collected from various social media sources, such as Twitter and
Facebook, to detect various events taking place in a smart city and identify the importance of
events and concerns of citizens regarding some events. A case scenario analyses the opinions of
users concerning the traffic in three largest cities in the UAE
SOCIAL NETWORK HATE SPEECH DETECTION FOR AMHARIC LANGUAGEcscpconf
The anonymity of social networks makes it attractive for hate speech to mask their criminal
activities online posing a challenge to the world and in particular Ethiopia. With this everincreasing
volume of social media data, hate speech identification becomes a challenge in
aggravating conflict between citizens of nations. The high rate of production, has become
difficult to collect, store and analyze such big data using traditional detection methods. This
paper proposed the application of apache spark in hate speech detection to reduce the
challenges. Authors developed an apache spark based model to classify Amharic Facebook
posts and comments into hate and not hate. Authors employed Random forest and Naïve Bayes
for learning and Word2Vec and TF-IDF for feature selection. Tested by 10-fold crossvalidation,
the model based on word2vec embedding performed best with 79.83%accuracy. The
proposed method achieve a promising result with unique feature of spark for big data.
GENERAL REGRESSION NEURAL NETWORK BASED POS TAGGING FOR NEPALI TEXTcscpconf
This article presents Part of Speech tagging for Nepali text using General Regression Neural
Network (GRNN). The corpus is divided into two parts viz. training and testing. The network is
trained and validated on both training and testing data. It is observed that 96.13% words are
correctly being tagged on training set whereas 74.38% words are tagged correctly on testing
data set using GRNN. The result is compared with the traditional Viterbi algorithm based on
Hidden Markov Model. Viterbi algorithm yields 97.2% and 40% classification accuracies on
training and testing data sets respectively. GRNN based POS Tagger is more consistent than the
traditional Viterbi decoding technique.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. 452 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
prefetching. Each missing cache line should be prefetched so that it arrives in the cache just
before its next reference. Each prefetching techniques should be able to predict the prefetch
addresses. This will lead to following issues; Some addresses which cannot accurately predict the
limits will limit the effectiveness of speculative prefetching. With accurate predictions the
prefetch issued early enough to cover the nominal latency, the full memory latency may not be
hidden due to additional delays caused by limited available memory bandwidth. Prefetched lines,
whether correctly predicted or not, may be issued too early will pollute the cache by replacing the
desirable There are two main techniques to attack memory latency: (a) the first set of techniques
attempt to reduce memory latency and (b) the second set attempt to hide it. These prefetching can
be either done with software or with hardware technology. Save memory bandwidth due to
useless prefetch, improve prefetch performance. Our study on the branch prediction will narrow
to the following conclusion. Domain-fetching is not an effective mechanism for filling the
required instruction to the cache memory. Conventional hardware prefetches are not useful over
the time intervals in which performance loss is the most dire. Bulk transferring the private cache
is surprisingly ineffective, and in many cases is worse than doing nothing. The only over head in
this case is the over head caused while identifying the branch instruction.
2. BACK GROUND AND RELATED WORKS
Sair, et,al[14] survey several prefetchers, and introduce a method for classifying memory access
behaviors in hardware: the branch access stream is matched against the behavior specific table in
parallel. We utilize such a similar technique in the listing the branches in the programming
environment. Mahmut,Yuanrui [15] study shows that timing and scheduling of prefetch
instructions is a critical issue in software data prefetching and prefetch instructions must be issued
in a timely manner for them to be useful. If a prefetch is issued too early, there is a chance that
the prefetched data will be replaced from the cache before its use or it may also lead to
replacement of other useful data from the higher levels of the memory hierarchy. If the prefetch is
issued too late, the requested data may not arrive before the actual memory reference is made,
thereby introducing processor stall cycles. We make use of this concept will the pre-empting the
current running sequence form the processor. I.K. Chen[6] Next-line prefetching tries to prefetch
sequential cache lines before they are needed by the CPUs fetch unit. The next line is not resident
in the cache; it will be prefetched when an instruction located some distance into the current line
is accessed. This specified distance is measured from the end of the cache line and is called the
fetch ahead distance. Next-line prefetching predicts that execution will fall-through any
conditional branches in the current line and continue along the sequential path. Next line guess
will be incorrect except in the case of short branches and the correct execution path will not be
prefetched. Performance of the scheme is dependent upon the choice of fetch ahead distance. For
the calculation of the wastage of the processor cycles can be calculated using this fetch ahead
distance. Run ahead Execution [16]prefetches by speculatively executing the application, but
ignoring dependences on long latency misses. This seems well-suited to our need to prefetch the
branch instruction where the branching is identified.
3. BASELINE ARCHITECTURE
On a single processor system, if the processor executes only one instruction at a time, then
multiprogramming in itself does not involve true parallelism. Of course, if the single main
processor in the system happens to be pipelined, then that system feature leads to pseudo-
parallelism. Pseudo-parallelism share the some technical issues in common, related to the need
3. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 453
for synchronization between running programs. Figure 1 is somewhat detailed view of the
running of the four programs- labeled P1, P2, P3, and P4- in multiprogramming mode. The top
part of the figure, all the four programs seems to be running in parallel. With time, each program
makes progress in terms of both instruction and input/output performed. Due to single processor,
in terms of actual execution of program execution, there is no parallelism in this system. Running
program is such a crucial entity in a computer system that it is given a name of its own and
referred to as a process. The behavior of a running program, in terms it spend in compute phase
and I/O phase.
4. MOTIVATION
Parallelism in a uniprocessor environment can be achieved with pipelined concept. Today,
pipelining is the key technique used to make fast CPUs. The time required between moving an
instruction one step down the pipeline is a processor cycle. The length of processor cycle is
determined by the time required for the slowest pipe stage. If the stages are perfectly balanced,
then the time per instruction on the pipelined processor is equal to Time per instruction on
unpipelined machine/ Number of pipe stages Pipelining yields a reduction in the average
execution time per instruction. It is an implementation technique that exploits parallelism among
the instruction in the sequential instruction stream. In he case of a RISC processor ,it basically
consisting of five pipeline stages. Figure 2 deals with the various stages associated with it.
Pipeline overhead arises from the combination of pipeline register delay and clock skew. The
pipeline registers add setup time plus propagation delay to the clock cycle. The major hurdle of
pipelining is structural, data and control hazards. We are mainly concentrated on the control
hazards; arise from the pipelining of branches and other instructions that changes the PC. The
structure of a standard program [2] shows that around 56% of instruction are conditional
branching,10% of instructions are unconditional and 8% of the instruction are comes under the
call return pattern. Hence during the design of pipeline structure we should take care of the non-
sequential execution of the program. Control hazards can cause a greater performance loss for
MIPS pipeline than do data hazards. When branch (conditional/unconditional) is executed, it may
or may not change the PC to something other than its current value. The simplest scheme to
handle branches is to freeze or flush the pipeline, holding or detecting any instructions after the
branch until the branch destination is known. It will destroy the entire parallelism achieved in the
system. If the branching can be predicted early to some extent we can overcome the delay. That
is, the required instruction can be brought to the cache region early. Prefetching can be done
either with software or hardware . In software prefetching the compiler will insert a prefetch code
in the program. In this case as actual memory capacity is not known to the compiler and it will
lead to some harmful prefetches. In hardware prefetching instead of inserting prefetch code it will
make use of extra hardware and which is utilized during the execution. The most significant
source of lost performance when the process waiting for the availability of the next instruction. In
both the cases we have to flush some instruction out from the pipe. Combining the software
prefetching with the branch handling, we can overcome this problem. Whenever branching
encountered the system will go for a context switching, pipe will be filled with instruction for the
next process.
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Fig. 1. The pipeline can be thought of as a series of data paths shifted in time
5. SYSTEM DESIGN
5.1 User Modeling Process
User Model life cycle is defined by a sequence of actions performed by an adaptive web-based
system during user’s interaction. The process is depicted in the Fig.3. We separate the user
modelling process into three distinct stages, as defined below.
1.Data collection, when an adaptive system collects various user-related data such as forms and
questionnaires filled-in by the user, logs of user activity within the system, feedback given by the
user to a particular domain item, information about user’s context(device, browser, bandwidth
,etc.). All these information represent observable facts and are stored in an evidence layer of the
user model.
Fig. 2. User Model Life Cycle
The facts can be supplied also from external sources, for instance we can acquire information
about user relationships with other users from an external application for social networking.
2. User model inference, when an adaptive system processes the data from the evidence layer into
higher level user characteristics such as interests, preferences or personal traits. It is important to
mention that these are only estimates of the real user characteristics.
3. Adaptation and personalization is the actual use of a user model (both evidence and higher
level characteristics layer) to provide a user with personalized experience when using an adaptive
system. The success rate of the supplied adaptation effect gives us a feedback about an
accurateness of the underlying user model. The process has a cyclic character, as an adaptive
system continuously acquires new data about the user (influenced by already performed
adaptation and thus by a previous version of the user model) and continuously refines the user
model to better reflect reality and thus to serve as a better base for personalization. An adaptive
5. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 455
system must handle specific problems related to each step of the process. In data collection we
must find a balance between user privacy and amount and nature of data which is required in
order to deliver a successful personalization. We must find such sources of data, which do not
pose additional extra burden on the user and design data collection process in such a way, which
is unobtrusive and runs automatically in background. The main challenge of the actual user model
inference is (apart from actual transformation of user action history into user characteristics)
maintenance of user characteristics, which should keep pace with user personal development,
changing interests and knowledge.
6. ARCHITECTURAL SUPPORT
The miss stream is not sufficient to cover many branch related misses; we need to characterize the
access stream. For that we construct a working set predictor which works in different stages.
First, we observe the access stream of a process and capture the patterns and behavior. Second
,we summarize this behavior and transfer the summery data to the stack region. Third we apply
the summery via a prefetch engine to the target process, to rapidly fill the caches in advance of
the migrated process. The following set of capture engines are required to perform the migration
process. For the processing of each process it will enter to the pipeline, once it enter to the
decoding stage the processor is able to find the branching condition. By that time the next
instruction will be in the fetch cycle.
6.1 Memory locker
For each process we add a memory locker, a specialized unit which records the selected details of
the each committed memory instruction. This unit passively observes the current processes it
executes, but does not directly affect execution. If a conservatively implemented memory locker
becomes swamped with input records may safely be discarded; this will degrade the accuracy of
later prefetching. memory locker can be implemented with small associative memory tables each
with control logic. Each table with in the memory locker targets a specific type of access patterns.
Next-block : these detect sequential block accesses; entries are advanced by one cache block on a
hit. Target PC: this tracks individual instructions which walk through memory in fixed sized
steps. Same object: this capturer accesses to ranges of memory from a common base address, as is
common for structure and object access code. This takes advantage of the common base+offset
method, tracking minimum and maximum offsets for each base address, while ignoring accesses
relative to the global pointer or stack pointer. Blocked BTR: these capture taken branches and
their targets, recording the most recent inbound branch for each target. Block BTR is a block
aligned, allowing a greater amount of the instruction working set to be characterized at a given
table size. Return stack: This maintains a shadow copy of the processor return stack, prefetching
blocks of instruction near the top few control frames.
6.2 Target generator
The target generator activates when a core is signaled to branching. Our baseline core design
assumes hardware support for branching; at halt-time, the core collect and stores the register state
of the process being halted. While register state is being transferred, the target generator reads
through the tables populated by the memory locker and prepare a compact summery of the
process which is moving towards the running state. This summery is transmitted after the
architected process state, and is used to prefetch the ready working set when it resume on the
6. 456 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
running state. During summarization each table entry is inspected to determine its usefulness by
observing whether the process comes to ready state is whether from start or waiting state. Table
entries are summarized for transfer by generating a sequence of block addresses from each,
following the behavior pattern captured by that table We encode each sequence with a simple
linear-range encoding, which tells the prefetcher to fetch length cache blocks, starting at start-
address.
6.3 Target-driven prefetcher
Rounding out our working-set switching hardware is the target-driven prefetcher. When a
previously pre-empted branch is activated on a core, its summary records are read by the
prefetcher. Each record is expanded to a sequence of cache block addresses, which are submitted
for prefetching as bandwidth allows. While the main execution pipeline reloads register values
and resumes execution, the prefetcher independently begins to prefetch a likely working set.
Prefetches search the entire memory hierarchy, and contend for the same resources as demand
requests. Once the register state has been loaded, the process resumes execution and competes
with the prefetchers for memory resources. Communication overlap between the process are
modelled among transfers of register state, table summaries, prefetches, and the service of
demand-misses. We model the prefetch engine as submitting virtually addressed memory requests
at the existing ports of the caches, utilizing the existing memory hierarchy for service. While
these requests compete with the process itself, we find that most prefetching immediately after
switching occurs while the process would otherwise be stalled for memory access; thus we do not
require additional cache porting.
7. ANALYSIS AND RESULT
The baselines for comparison in our simulation result are the prediction rate of each benchmark
when executed as a single process and run to completion with no intervening process. The
program is executed for different size of instruction for experiment our experiment has the effects
on the size of the cache line provided along with the number of cache blocks considered in the
cache memory. The cache management is done with the first in first out method.
Fig. 3. Lines of code Vs. Time Graph
7. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 457
8. CONCLUSIONS
The report here sheds light on the applicability of instruction cache prefetching schemes in
current and next-generation microprocessor designs where memory latencies are likely to be
longer. When ever, a new prefetching algorithm is examined that was inspired by previous studies
of the effect of speculation down miss predicted not correct paths. Data prefetching has been used
in the past as one of the mechanism to hide memory access latencies. But prefetching requires
accurate timing to be effective in practice. This timing problem will affect more in the case of
multiple processor. Which is handled with the help of target-driven prefetcher. The designing of
an effective prefetching algorithm which will minimize the prefetching overhead, and it is a big
challenge and needs more thoughts and effort on it.
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