This presentation gives an overview of Process concepts in Operating System. The presentation aims at alleviating most of the overheads while understanding the process concept in operating system. this tailor made presentation will help individuals to understand the overall meaning of process and its underlying concepts used in an operating system.
Gives an overview about Process, PCB, Process States, Process Operations, Scheduling, Schedulers, Interprocess communication, shared memory and message passing systems
This Presentation is for Memory Management in Operating System (OS). This Presentation describes the basic need for the Memory Management in our OS and its various Techniques like Swapping, Fragmentation, Paging and Segmentation.
Operating System
Topic Memory Management
for Btech/Bsc (C.S)/BCA...
Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which handles or manages primary memory. Memory management keeps track of each and every memory location either it is allocated to some process or it is free. It checks how much memory is to be allocated to processes. It decides which process will get memory at what time. It tracks whenever some memory gets freed or unallocated and correspondingly it updates the status.
Gives an overview about Process, PCB, Process States, Process Operations, Scheduling, Schedulers, Interprocess communication, shared memory and message passing systems
This Presentation is for Memory Management in Operating System (OS). This Presentation describes the basic need for the Memory Management in our OS and its various Techniques like Swapping, Fragmentation, Paging and Segmentation.
Operating System
Topic Memory Management
for Btech/Bsc (C.S)/BCA...
Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which handles or manages primary memory. Memory management keeps track of each and every memory location either it is allocated to some process or it is free. It checks how much memory is to be allocated to processes. It decides which process will get memory at what time. It tracks whenever some memory gets freed or unallocated and correspondingly it updates the status.
Operating system 23 process synchronizationVaibhav Khanna
Processes can execute concurrently
May be interrupted at any time, partially completing execution
Concurrent access to shared data may result in data inconsistency
Maintaining data consistency requires mechanisms to ensure the orderly execution of cooperating processes
Illustration of the problem:Suppose that we wanted to provide a solution to the consumer-producer problem that fills all the buffers. We can do so by having an integer counter that keeps track of the number of full buffers. Initially, counter is set to 0. It is incremented by the producer after it produces a new buffer and is decremented by the consumer after it consumes a buffer
In this presentation, I am explaining about Threads, types of threads, its advantages and disadvantages, difference between Process and Threads, multithreading and its type.
"Like the ppt if you liked the ppt"
LinkedIn - https://in.linkedin.com/in/prakharmaurya
What is a Process?
A process is a program in execution. Process is not as same as program code but a lot more than it. A process is an 'active' entity as opposed to program which is considered to be a 'passive' entity. Attributes held by process include hardware state, memory, CPU etc .
( Program & Process )
Program
A computer program is a collection of instruction that performs a specific task when executed by a computer .
Passive entity
( Process )
- Active entity
- Program code + pc + associated resources + Status of the
process’s execution .
Processes
Process Concept
Process Scheduling
Operations on Processes
Cooperating Processes
Interprocess Communication
Communication in Client-Server Systems
( Process Concept )
An operating system executes a variety of programs: -
- Batch system – jobs
- Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks
Process – a program in execution; process execution must progress in sequential fashion.
A process includes:
Text section
Data section
Stack section
program counter
( Process Concept )
Program is passive entity stored on disk (executable file), process is active
Program becomes process when executable file loaded into memory
Execution of program started via GUI mouse clicks, command line entry of its name, etc
One program can be several processes
Consider multiple users executing the same program
What the OS is going to do for the Process?
Creating and removing( destroying )process .
Controlling the progress of processes .
Acting on interrupts and arithmetic errors .
Resource allocation among processes .
Inter process communication .
( Process Memory )
Process memory is divided into four sections for efficient working : -
The Text section is made up of the compiled program code, read in from non-volatile storage when the program is launched.
The Data section is made up the global and static variables, allocated and initialized prior to executing the main.
The Heap is used for the dynamic memory allocation, and is managed via calls to new, delete, malloc, free, etc.
The Stack is used for local variables. Space on the stack is reserved for local variables when they are declared.
( Process Memory )
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int total;
int Square(int x)
{
return x*x;
}
int SquareOfSum(int x,int y)
{
int z=Square(x+y);
return z;
}
int main()
{
int a=4,b=8;
total=SquareOfSum(a,b);
cout<<"Total ="<<total<<endl;
system("pause");
}
( Stack & Heap )
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int x;
x=10;
int *ptr;
ptr=&x;
cout<<*ptr<<" "<<x<<" "<<ptr <<" "<<&x<<endl;
*ptr=30;
cout<<endl<<endl;
cout<<*ptr<<" "<<x<<" "<< ptr <<" "<<&x<<endl;
cout<<endl<<endl;
system("pause");
}
Operating system 23 process synchronizationVaibhav Khanna
Processes can execute concurrently
May be interrupted at any time, partially completing execution
Concurrent access to shared data may result in data inconsistency
Maintaining data consistency requires mechanisms to ensure the orderly execution of cooperating processes
Illustration of the problem:Suppose that we wanted to provide a solution to the consumer-producer problem that fills all the buffers. We can do so by having an integer counter that keeps track of the number of full buffers. Initially, counter is set to 0. It is incremented by the producer after it produces a new buffer and is decremented by the consumer after it consumes a buffer
In this presentation, I am explaining about Threads, types of threads, its advantages and disadvantages, difference between Process and Threads, multithreading and its type.
"Like the ppt if you liked the ppt"
LinkedIn - https://in.linkedin.com/in/prakharmaurya
What is a Process?
A process is a program in execution. Process is not as same as program code but a lot more than it. A process is an 'active' entity as opposed to program which is considered to be a 'passive' entity. Attributes held by process include hardware state, memory, CPU etc .
( Program & Process )
Program
A computer program is a collection of instruction that performs a specific task when executed by a computer .
Passive entity
( Process )
- Active entity
- Program code + pc + associated resources + Status of the
process’s execution .
Processes
Process Concept
Process Scheduling
Operations on Processes
Cooperating Processes
Interprocess Communication
Communication in Client-Server Systems
( Process Concept )
An operating system executes a variety of programs: -
- Batch system – jobs
- Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks
Process – a program in execution; process execution must progress in sequential fashion.
A process includes:
Text section
Data section
Stack section
program counter
( Process Concept )
Program is passive entity stored on disk (executable file), process is active
Program becomes process when executable file loaded into memory
Execution of program started via GUI mouse clicks, command line entry of its name, etc
One program can be several processes
Consider multiple users executing the same program
What the OS is going to do for the Process?
Creating and removing( destroying )process .
Controlling the progress of processes .
Acting on interrupts and arithmetic errors .
Resource allocation among processes .
Inter process communication .
( Process Memory )
Process memory is divided into four sections for efficient working : -
The Text section is made up of the compiled program code, read in from non-volatile storage when the program is launched.
The Data section is made up the global and static variables, allocated and initialized prior to executing the main.
The Heap is used for the dynamic memory allocation, and is managed via calls to new, delete, malloc, free, etc.
The Stack is used for local variables. Space on the stack is reserved for local variables when they are declared.
( Process Memory )
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int total;
int Square(int x)
{
return x*x;
}
int SquareOfSum(int x,int y)
{
int z=Square(x+y);
return z;
}
int main()
{
int a=4,b=8;
total=SquareOfSum(a,b);
cout<<"Total ="<<total<<endl;
system("pause");
}
( Stack & Heap )
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int x;
x=10;
int *ptr;
ptr=&x;
cout<<*ptr<<" "<<x<<" "<<ptr <<" "<<&x<<endl;
*ptr=30;
cout<<endl<<endl;
cout<<*ptr<<" "<<x<<" "<< ptr <<" "<<&x<<endl;
cout<<endl<<endl;
system("pause");
}
Concept of processes, process scheduling, operations on processes, inter-process communication,
communication in Client-Server-Systems, overview & benefits of threads.
Gives you the complete knowledge of different channel allocation techniques, reverse and forward CDMA, GSM Frame Structure, GSM channel Types, cellular concepts, handoff strategies, Frequency reuse and GSM call structure.
This PDF provides a in-depth explanation for all the concepts and practices used before.
All the concepts of 8051 Micro controller have been explained in detail. Also some information on Embedded Systems. The Presentation deals with Processors & Microcontrollers from first generation to the present generation. This presentation an invaluable compendium of knowledge to the individuals trying to explore the field of electronics. Moreover, a complete coverage for Mumbai University students have been made available.
This presentation provides you with the invaluable compendium of useful information on 'SEO' that is Search Engine Optimization.
The Agenda here are as follows:
1. What are Search Engines?
2. How do Search Engines Work?
3. Examples of popular Search Engines
4. Search Engine Statistics
5. What is Search Engine Optimization (SEO)?
6. Goals of Search Engine Optimization
7. History of Search Engine Optimization
8. Techniques for Search Engine Optimization
9. Algorithm for Search Engine Optimization
10. Ranking factors for Search Engine Optimization
11. Tools for Search Engine Optimization.
This presentation aims at the industries currently trying to seek different solutions for SEO techniques.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. A process can be thought of as a program in execution.
A process will need certain resources-such as CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices-to accomplish
its task.
These resources are allocated to the process either when it is created or while it is executing.
A process is the unit of work in most systems.
Systems consist of a collection of processes: Operating-system processes execute system code, and
user processes execute user code. All these processes may execute concurrently.
Although traditionally a process contained only a single thread of control as it ran, most modem
operating systems now support processes that have multiple threads.
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process and thread
management: the creation and deletion of both user and system processes; the scheduling of
processes; and the provision of mechanisms for synchronization, communication and deadlock
handling for processes.
2
3. Informally, as mentioned earlier, a process is a program in execution. A process is more than the
program code, which is sometimes known as the text section. It also includes the current activity, as
represented by the value of the program counter and the contents of the processor's registers.
A process generally also includes the process stack, which contains temporary data (such as function
parameters, return addresses, and local variables), and a data section, which contains global variables.
A process may also include a heap, which is memory that is dynamically allocated during process run
time.
The structure of a process in memory is shown in Figure 3.1.
We emphasize that a program by itself is not a process; a program is a passive entity, such as a file
containing a list of instructions stored on disk (often called an executable file), whereas a process is an
active entity, with a program counter specifying the next instruction to execute and a set of associated
resources.
A program becomes a process when an executable file is loaded into memory.
Two common techniques for loading executable files are double-clicking an icon representing the
executable file and entering the name of the executable file on the command line (as in prog. exe or a.
out.). 3
5. As a process executes, it changes state. The state of a process is defined in part by the current
activity of that process. Each process may be in one of the following states:
New: The process is being created.
Running: Instructions are being executed.
Waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur (such as an I/O completion or
reception of a signal).
Ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor.
Terminated: The process has finished execution.
These names are arbitrary, and they vary across operating systems. The states that they
represent are found on all systems, however. Certain operating systems also more finely
delineate process states. It is important to realize that only one process can be running on
any processor at any instant. Many processes may be ready and waiting, however. The state
diagram corresponding to these states is presented in Figure 3.2.
5
7. Each process is represented in the operating system by a process control block (PBC) also called a task
control block. A PCB is shown in Figure 3.3. It contains many pieces of information with a specific process,
including these:
Process state: The state may be new, ready running, waiting, halted, and so on.
Program counter: The counter indicates the address of the next instruction to be executed for this
process.
CPU registers: The registers vary in number and type, depending on the computer architecture. They
include accumulators, index registers, stack pointers, and general-purpose registers, plus any condition-
code information. Along with the program counter, this state information must be saved when an interrupt
occurs, to allow the process to be continued correctly afterward (Figure 3.4).
CPU-scheduling information: This information includes a process priority, pointers to scheduling queues,
and any other scheduling parameters.
Memory-management information: This information may include such information as the value of the
base and limit registers, the page tables, or the segment tables, depending on the memory system used by
the operating system.
Accounting information: This information includes the amount of CPU and real time used, time limits,
account numbers, job or process numbers, and so on.
I/O status information: This information includes the list of I/O devices allocated to the process, a list of
open files, and so on.
In brief the PCB simply serves as the repository for any information that may vary from process to process.
7
9. A process is a program that performs a single thread of execution.
For example, when a process is running a word-processor program, a single thread of instructions is
being executed.
This single thread of control allows the process to perform only one task at one time.
The user cannot simultaneously type in characters and run the spell checker within the same process,
for example.
Many modern operating systems have extended the process concept to allow a process to have
multiple threads of execution and thus to perform more than one task at a time.
On a system that supports threads, the PCB is expanded to include information for each thread. Other
changes throughout the system are also needed to support threads.
9
10. Interrupts cause the operating system to change a CPU from its current task and to run a kernel routine.
Such operations happen frequently on general-purpose systems.
When an interrupt occurs, the system needs to save the current context of the process running on the CPU
so that it can restore that context when its processing is done, essentially suspending the process and then
resuming it.
The context is represented in the PCB of the process; it includes the value of the CPU registers, the process
state (see Figure 3.2), and memory-management information.
Generically, we perform a save state of the current state of the CPU, be it in kernel or user mode, and then a
state restore to resume operations.
Switching the CPU to another process requires performing a state save of the current process and a state
restore of a different process.
This task is known as Context Switch.
When a context switch occurs, the kernel saves the context of the old process in its PCB and loads the saved
context of the new process scheduled to run.
Context-switch time is pure overhead, because the system does no useful work while switching.
Its speed varies from machine to machine, depending on the memory speed, the number of registers that
must be copied, and the existence of special instructions (such as a single instruction to load or store all
registers).
10
11. Typical speeds are a few milliseconds. Context-switch times are highly dependent on hardware
support.
For instance, some processors (such as the Sun UltraSPARC) provide multiple sets of registers.
A context switch here simply requires changing the pointer to the current register set.
Of course, if there are more active processes than there are register sets, the system resorts to copying
register data to and from memory, as before.
Also, the more complex the operating system, the more work must be done during a context switch.
Advanced memory-management techniques may require extra data to be switched with each context.
For instance, the address space of the current process must be preserved as the space of the next task
is prepared for use.
How the address space is preserved, and what amount of work is needed to preserve it, depend on the
memory-management method of the operating system.
11
13. Processes executing concurrently in the operating system may be either independent processes or
cooperating processes.
A process is independent if it cannot affect or be affected by the other processes executing in the
system.
Any process that does not share data with any other process is independent.
A process is cooperating if it can affect or be affected by the other processes executing in the system.
Clearly, any process that shares data with other processes is a cooperating process.
There are several reasons for providing an environment that allows process cooperation:
Information sharing: Since several users may be interested in the same piece of information (for
instance, a shared file), we must provide an environment to allow concurrent access to such
information.
Computation speedup: If we want a particular task to run faster, we must break it into subtasks, each
of which will be executing in parallel with the others. Notice that such a speedup can be achieved
only if the computer has multiple processing elements (such as CPUs or I/O channels).
Modularity: We may want to construct the system in a modular fashion, dividing the system functions
into separate processes or threads.
13
14. Convenience: Even an individual user may work on many tasks at the same time. For instance, a user may
be editing, printing, and compiling in parallel.
Cooperating processes require an Interprocess communication (IPC) mechanism that will allow them to
exchange data and information.
There are two fundamental models of Interprocess communication: (1) shared memory and (2) message
passing.
In the shared-memory model, a region of memory that is shared by cooperating processes is established.
Processes can then exchange information by reading and writing data to the shared region.
In the message passing model, communication takes place by means of messages exchanged between the
cooperating processes. The two communications models are contrasted in Figure 3.13 below.
Both of the models just discussed are common in operating systems, and many systems implement both.
Message passing is useful for exchanging smaller amounts of data, because no conflicts need be avoided.
Message passing is also easier to implement than is shared memory for inter computer communication.
Shared memory allows maximum speed and convenience of communication. Shared memory is faster than
message passing, as message passing systems are typically implemented using system calls and thus
require the more time-consuming task of kernel intervention.
In contrast, in shared memory systems, system calls are required only to establish shared-memory regions.
Once shared memory is established, all accesses are treated as routine memory accesses, and no assistance
from the kernel is required.
14