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Computer organization and architecture
This document provides an introduction to computer architecture. It discusses how computer architecture defines a computer's capabilities and programming model. It also covers topics like instruction sets, microarchitecture, system design approaches like RISC and CISC, abstraction layers, applications of computer architecture in domains like desktop, server, and embedded computing, and conclusions. References are provided at the end.
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Computer organization and architecture
- 1. Prepared by: Pooja Mehta ZalakPatel Bhargav Rathod Naimish Thaker Niharika Dhandhukiya COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE GTU PG School, Gandhinagar
- 2. Topics 2 Introduction to ComputerArchitecture Instruction Set and Micro Architecture System Design Abstraction Layers Applications and Conclusion
- 3. Introduction to ComputerArchitecture Set of rules and methods Defines the capabilities and programming model of a computer Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace John von Neumann draft of a report on the EDVAC, which described an organization of logical elements Pooja Mehta 3
- 4. Conceptual design Fundamental operationalstructure How to design and implement various parts of a computer Focuses on how CPU operates internally Accessibility of addresses in memory Science and art Pooja Mehta 4
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- 6. Instruction Set set ofprocessor design techniques used to implement the instruction set 6 Zalak Patel
- 7. Micro Architecture Computer organizationis a lower level, a detailed description of the system that is sufficient for completely describing the operation of all parts of the computing system, and how they are inter- connected and inter-operate in order to implement the instruction set. The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do with the instruction set. 7 Zalak Patel
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- 10. RISC : ReducedInstruction Set computing CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computing Bhargav Rathod 10
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- 15. Applications Desktop computing Examples: PCs,workstations Metrics: performance (latency), cost, time to market Server computing Examples: web servers, transaction servers, file servers Metrics: performance (throughput), reliability, scalability Embedded computing Examples: microwave, printer, cell phone, video console Metrics: performance (real-time), cost, power consumption, complexity Niharika Dhandhukiya 15
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Editor's Notes
- #4 Set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization and implementation of computer systems Computer architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform. In short, computer architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what technologies it is compatible with The first computer architecture was in the correspondence between Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace, describing the analytical engine John von Neumann's 1945 paper, First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, which described an organization of logical elements Alan Turing's more detailed Proposed Electronic Calculator for the Automatic Computing Engine, also 1945 and which cited von Neumann's paper
- #5 It can be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.
- #7 Instruction set architecture is distinguished from the micro architecture, which is the set of processor design techniques used to implement the instruction set. Computers with different micro architectures can share a common instruction set. For example, the Intel Pentium and the AMD Athlon implement nearly identical versions of the x86 instruction set, but have radically different internal designs. On traditional architectures, an instruction includes an opcode that specifies the operation to perform, such as add contents of memory to register—and zero or more operand specifiers, which may specify registers, memory locations, or literal data. The operand specifiers may have addressing modes determining their meaning or may be in fixed fields. In very long instruction word (VLIW) architectures, which include many microcode architectures, multiple simultaneous opcodes and operands are specified in a single instruction. Some exotic instruction sets do not have an opcode field (such as Transport Triggered Architectures (TTA) or the Forth virtual machine), only operand(s). Other unusual "0-operand" instruction sets lack any operand specifier fields, such as some stack machines including NOSC
- #16 The term x86 refers to a family of instruction set architectures based on the Intel 8086. The 8086 was launched in 1978 as a fully 16-bit extension of Intel's early 8-bit based microprocessors and also introduced segmentation to overcome the 16-bit addressing barrier of earlier chips. The term x86 derived from the fact that early successors to the 8086 also had names ending in "86".