The document discusses work breakdown structures (WBS) and milestone programming for project planning and management. It describes a WBS as a technique for dividing work into successively smaller packages for control and management. A WBS breaks work down through different levels of detail. Milestone programming focuses on goals rather than methods, using milestones to monitor progress toward objectives. Nested and milestone programming can be combined, with milestones planned for each level of a WBS.

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WORK BREAK DOWNWORK BREAK DOWN
STRUCTURE (WBS)STRUCTURE (WBS)

2. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE (WBS)
A technique by which
the work of a project is
divided and sub divided
for management, and
control purposes.

3. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE
(WBS)
The work is developed through successive
increasing levels of details.
Advantage
• work delegated into coherent packages
• work defined at appropriate levels of detail
for cost control

4. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE
(WBS)
• work defined at appropriate levels of detail
for nesting plans i.e. rolling wave of
program.
• Variances can be measured between
Planned and Actual.
• The work packages are more stable than
long chains of discontinuous work
activities.
• As a result risk is more contained and
measured more accurately.

5. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE
(WBS)
• successive levels of detail may be evolved
• the project sponsor may call for reports
from the Project manager based on the
work content at Level 1, 2 and sometimes
at Level 3,

6. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE
(WBS)
• the Project Manger may call for Reports
from Project Contributors based on work
content at Level 3, 4 and 5,
• the contractor’s Construction Management
Team also may ask for report from Site
Engineers at Level 5 and below Level 5,

7. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE
(WBS)
• Different Levels Breakdown
and Work Package require
different Project Contributors
with different Responsibilities.
• The flow is from Left to Right.

8. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE
(WBS)
• successively at each Level, may be
made to mirror the timing of the work;
• and facilities a Rolling Wave or
Nested Programme;
• from project level down to the lowest
task orientated package level.

9. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE
(WBS)
• each work package can be identified with
a unique cost code;
• and Actual and Planned Cost variances
compared;
• each work package can be fully described,
for example:
• Content;
• what is included and what is excluded in a
package statement.

10. • WBS (Food Process Factory)-Level
1
Project Definition/Scope
Management Site
Procurement
Outline
Design &
State
Approval
Detail
Design &
Costing
Procurement
And
Construction
Commision
&
Handover
Left to right

11. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE (WBS)
Procurement&
Construction
Bill of
Quantity
Tender &
Negotiation
Work on
Site
Management
Fees
LEFT TO RIGHT
WBS (Food Process Factory)-Level 3

12. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE (WBS)
Work on Site
Preliminary
Works
Sub-
structure
Super-
structure
Claddind &
Envelope
External
Work
Internal
Work
WBS (Food Process Factory)-Level 4 and 5

13. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE (WBS)
Work on Site
Total cost £1, 900, 250.00
Preliminary
Works
£105.000.00
Sub-
structure
£270.00
Super-
Structure
£
Claddind &
Envelope
£
External
Work
£
Internal
Work
£
Site
Clearance
£
Piling
£
Foundation
s
£
Drainage
£
Floor slab
£

14. WORK BRAEK DOWN STRUCTURE
(WBS)
Project Mgmt
Prelim Design
1.1.1
Title I Design
1.1.2
Final Design
1.1.3
Design
1.1
Procurement
1.2
Construction
1.3 1.4
ACME Project X
1.0

15. Resource allocation
Project Mgmt
Prelim Design
1.1.1
Title I Design
1.1.2
Final Design
1.1.3
Design
1.1
Procurement
1.2
Construction
1.3 1.4
ACME Project X
1.0
Preliminary Design 1.1.1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May
1.1.1.1 Define Specifications & Req.
1.1.1.2 Develop Preliminary Design
1.1.1.3 Review Preliminary Design
1.1.1.4 Incorporate Comments
1.1.1.5 Preliminary Design Complete

16. Resource allocation
Project Mgmt
Prelim Design
1.1.1
Title I Design
1.1.2
Final Design
1.1.3
Design
1.1
Procurement
1.2
Construction
1.3 1.4
ACME Project X
1.0
Preliminary Design 1.1.1 Hours Jan Feb Mar Apr May
1.1.1.1 Define Specifications & Req. 1,500 1,000
1.1.1.2 Develop Preliminary Design 2,000 2,000
1.1.1.3 Review Preliminary Design 500 500
1.1.1.4 Incorporate Comments 320 320
1.1.1.5 Preliminary Design Complete 1,000

17. Resource allocation for each
activity
Project Mgmt
Prelim Design
1.1.1
Title I Design
1.1.2
Final Design
1.1.3
Design
1.1
Procurement
1.2
Construction
1.3 1.4
ACME Project X
1.0
Preliminary Design 1.1.1 Hours Jan Feb Mar Apr May
1.1.1.1 Define Specifications & Req.
1,500 1,000
1.1.1.2 Develop Preliminary Design
2,000 2,000
1.1.1.3 Review Preliminary Design
500 500
1.1.1.4 Incorporate Comments
320 320
1.1.1.5 Preliminary Design Complete
1,000

18. Resource allocation
ACME Housing Corporation
1
House Building
Project
1.1
Concrete
1.1.1
Framing
1.1.2
Plumbing
1.1.3
Electrical
1.1.4
Interior
1.1.5
Roofing
1.1.6

19. Resource allocation-after WBS
ACME Housing Corporation
1
House Building
Project
1.1
Concrete
1.1.1
Pour Foundation
1.1.1.1
Install Patio
1.1.1.2
Stairway
1.1.1.3
Framing
1.1.2
Frame Exterior
Walls
1.1.2.1
Frame Interior
Walls
1.1.2.2
Install Roofing
Trusses
1.1.2.3
Plumbing
1.1.3
Install Water
Lines
1.1.3.1
Install Gas Lines
1.1.3.2
Install B/K
Fixtures
1.1.3.3
Electrical
1.1.4
Install Wiring
1.1.4.1
Install Outlets/
Switches
1.1.4.2
Install Fixtures
1.1.4.3
Interior
1.1.5
Install Drywall
1.1.5.1
Install Carpets
1.1.5.2
Install Painting
1.1.5.3
Roofing
1.1.6
Install Felt
1.1.6.1
Install Shingles
1.1.6.2
Install Vents
1.1.6.3

20. MILESTONE PROGRAMMING
• The Milestone programmes provide the
‘administrative level’ in the planning
hierarchy.
• The activity programme provides the
detailed ‘technical level’.
• It focused on goals and not on the method of
reaching them.
• The Milestones and Objectives remain
reasonably constant through out the project.
• Methods of reaching goals may change.

21. MILESTONE PROGRAMMING
• Goal Directed Project Management
(GDPM) is a powerful, pragmatic
approach for gaining consensus from
all stakeholders on the overall
objectives of a business program or
project.

22. MILESTONE PROGRAMMING
• The approach is fully compatible with
industry standards such as:
• PRINCE2
• SUMMIT
• V-Model or HERMES
• It provides a single-page, top-level view of
the goals of the project (a milestone plan).

23. DEVELOPING THE MILESTONE PROGRAMME
1-The planning team
• The team responsible for ensuring
that the project objectives are met
should be present to formulate the
Milestone programme.
2-The result paths
• The project Objectives and Scope are
set out in the project definition
Document.

24. MILESTONE PROGRAMMING
• The team considers at each level, the
Primary Objectives such as:
• How will success be judged?
• What are the critical factors to monitor?
• What are Key Performance Indicators for
this project?

25. DEVELOPING THE MILESTONE PROGRAMME
3-Milestones
• The team actively generates ideas for the
like list of Milestones.
• Each Milestone description should:
• form a check point towards the final
objective,
• describe a condition or state that the
project must occupy at various stages in
order to reach it’s final objective,

26. DEVELOPING THE MILESTONE
PROGRAMME
• show a logical sequence towards the final
objective;
• state what to achieve, and not how to
achieve;
• focus on the goal;
• state a specific outcome, such as,
approval of a report and who approve it;

27. DEVELOPING THE MILESTONE
PROGRAMME
• Also Milestone should:
• be natural;
• represent important decisions;
• be controllable, either quantitively or
qualitatively;
• be few in number (10 TO 20);
• be at useful intervals(ie monthly);
4- Drafting the Milestone Plan

28. NESTED PROGRAMMING
• The primary objectives of the project
are provided in the Level 1 Project
Programme.
• Below The Work Breakdown Structure
(WBS) most projects are capable of
being split into a member of Stages or
Phases (Work Packages).

29. NESTED PROGRAMMING
• A milestoneplan may be produced
for each of these phases.
• for example at Level 1-Reported at
20 max controlled Milestones.
• Or at Level-2- let us say 4 Stages –
each Reported at 20 max controlled
Milestones.

30. NESTED PROGRAMMING
• At Level 3 and below, the influence of
detail activities can make it difficult to
develop meaningful Milestone
Programme.
• At this level down on the WBS, it is
normal to revert to activity
programmes.

31. NESTED PROGRAMMING
• At the lowest activity and task levels,
Milestones occur along the path of
networked activities (CPM) and are shown
as ‘Flagging’ up on the network or Gantt
chart.
• Some packages allow them to be fixed
and generate ‘Supper Critical Paths’. (See
Oxford Brookes University-Micro Planner).

32. DEVELOPING THE MILESTONE
PROGRAMME
Conclusion
• The Milestone methods is purely a means of
monitoring and controlling progress towards the
Projects Objectives at the highest level of WBS.
• It is useful where there is insufficient detailed
information to produce meaningful accurate
lower level Activities based programmes.

33. Define Goals
Tchnological Communication
s
Cost
Latest Process
plant
Latest Road Rail Package
Latest Hygiene Finishes
Latest Building Management System
Latest Computer Process System
Latest Robotics
Negociation
And
Completion
of Rdad/Rail
link to EU
To Cmply with Finacial and
Strategic Plans
Example of Level 1- Factory Project