07 evolution without selection
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This document discusses genetic drift, which is changes in allele frequencies in a small population due to random chance rather than natural selection. It provides the example of a beetle population that is reduced in size from a catastrophe, changing the ratio of green to brown beetles randomly. Small populations are more susceptible to genetic drift, which reduces genetic diversity over time as alleles are lost. Genetic bottlenecks and founder effects are two reasons populations become small and subject to genetic drift.
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Biology 16 2 evolution as genetic change[1]
This document discusses different types of natural selection that can lead to evolution, including directional selection which moves the entire distribution curve, stabilizing selection which maintains the center, and disruptive selection which splits a curve into two. It also covers genetic drift in small populations, founder effects, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of allele frequency change, and factors like population size, mating, and selection that can influence genetic equilibrium.
Drift
The document discusses the concept of genetic drift, which is the change in allele frequencies over time due to random chance rather than natural selection. It provides examples of genetic drift occurring through bottlenecks, founder effects, and stochastic sampling in populations that have experienced reductions in size. The document then simulates genetic drift through a "Haploid Sex with Chocolate" activity, where students exchange M&M "gametes" over multiple generations to model how drift can change allele frequencies randomly over time in a finite population.
anthropology lab reports
The four evolutionary forces are natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutation. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace independently developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others. Mutation introduces new genetic variation, while genetic drift and population bottlenecks can cause changes in allele frequencies in small, isolated populations. The evolutionary force that causes the fastest change in gene frequency is natural selection because it can eliminate entire traits from a population. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene and is maintained in some populations because it provides resistance to malaria.
Changes in gene frequency
Gene frequency refers to the proportion of a particular allele within a population at a given locus. It can change over time due to various factors like mutation, migration, genetic drift, non-random mating, and selection. Genetic drift occurs when allele frequencies change due to chance rather than evolutionary influences, and can be seen through bottle neck effects when population sizes drastically decrease, or founder effects when new populations are established. Migration also impacts gene frequencies as individuals move between populations, carrying alleles with them. Mutation introduces new alleles, while selection influences which alleles increase or decrease in frequency based on their effects on fitness.
Genes within population
The document defines the five agents of evolutionary change as mutation, gene flow, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, and natural selection. Mutation introduces new alleles, while gene flow moves alleles between populations. Nonrandom mating changes genotype frequencies through behaviors like inbreeding. Genetic drift alters allele frequencies through random chance, especially in small populations. Natural selection favors some genotypes over others and is the only agent that produces adaptive evolution.
Evolution
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolutionary theory, including heredity, variation, mechanisms of evolution, and outcomes of evolution. It discusses how evolution occurs through genetic changes in populations over generations, brought about by various mechanisms like natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Mutation, sex, and recombination also introduce genetic variation in organisms that can then be acted upon by evolutionary forces. The document outlines processes like adaptation, coevolution, speciation, and extinction that are results of evolutionary change over time.
Unit 12 Mechanisms For Evolution
The document discusses several concepts related to evolution in populations, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and speciation. It provides examples of how genetic drift can occur through bottlenecks or when founding new populations. Gene flow can increase genetic variation in small populations. Isolated populations can adapt differently and eventually become reproductively isolated, leading to speciation. The Hardy-Weinberg model describes unchanging populations and can predict genotype frequencies.
Evolution and gene frequencies my report
The document discusses several key concepts related to evolution and gene frequencies:
1. Evolution occurs through genetic changes being passed down between generations within a population. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that allele frequencies will remain stable under certain assumptions, such as large population size and no migration, mutation, or selection.
2. Genetic drift, founder and bottleneck effects, and low population size can reduce genetic variation within a population. Gene flow between populations impacts allele frequencies.
3. Mutation introduces new variations and increases genetic diversity over time. Natural selection leads to changes in allele frequencies if some phenotypes are more successful at reproducing. Selection can be directional, disruptive, or stabilizing.
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Biology 16 2 evolution as genetic change[1]
This document discusses different types of natural selection that can lead to evolution, including directional selection which moves the entire distribution curve, stabilizing selection which maintains the center, and disruptive selection which splits a curve into two. It also covers genetic drift in small populations, founder effects, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of allele frequency change, and factors like population size, mating, and selection that can influence genetic equilibrium.
Drift
The document discusses the concept of genetic drift, which is the change in allele frequencies over time due to random chance rather than natural selection. It provides examples of genetic drift occurring through bottlenecks, founder effects, and stochastic sampling in populations that have experienced reductions in size. The document then simulates genetic drift through a "Haploid Sex with Chocolate" activity, where students exchange M&M "gametes" over multiple generations to model how drift can change allele frequencies randomly over time in a finite population.
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The four evolutionary forces are natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutation. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace independently developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others. Mutation introduces new genetic variation, while genetic drift and population bottlenecks can cause changes in allele frequencies in small, isolated populations. The evolutionary force that causes the fastest change in gene frequency is natural selection because it can eliminate entire traits from a population. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene and is maintained in some populations because it provides resistance to malaria.
Changes in gene frequency
Gene frequency refers to the proportion of a particular allele within a population at a given locus. It can change over time due to various factors like mutation, migration, genetic drift, non-random mating, and selection. Genetic drift occurs when allele frequencies change due to chance rather than evolutionary influences, and can be seen through bottle neck effects when population sizes drastically decrease, or founder effects when new populations are established. Migration also impacts gene frequencies as individuals move between populations, carrying alleles with them. Mutation introduces new alleles, while selection influences which alleles increase or decrease in frequency based on their effects on fitness.
Genes within population
The document defines the five agents of evolutionary change as mutation, gene flow, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, and natural selection. Mutation introduces new alleles, while gene flow moves alleles between populations. Nonrandom mating changes genotype frequencies through behaviors like inbreeding. Genetic drift alters allele frequencies through random chance, especially in small populations. Natural selection favors some genotypes over others and is the only agent that produces adaptive evolution.
Evolution
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolutionary theory, including heredity, variation, mechanisms of evolution, and outcomes of evolution. It discusses how evolution occurs through genetic changes in populations over generations, brought about by various mechanisms like natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Mutation, sex, and recombination also introduce genetic variation in organisms that can then be acted upon by evolutionary forces. The document outlines processes like adaptation, coevolution, speciation, and extinction that are results of evolutionary change over time.
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The document discusses several concepts related to evolution in populations, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and speciation. It provides examples of how genetic drift can occur through bottlenecks or when founding new populations. Gene flow can increase genetic variation in small populations. Isolated populations can adapt differently and eventually become reproductively isolated, leading to speciation. The Hardy-Weinberg model describes unchanging populations and can predict genotype frequencies.
Evolution and gene frequencies my report
The document discusses several key concepts related to evolution and gene frequencies:
1. Evolution occurs through genetic changes being passed down between generations within a population. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that allele frequencies will remain stable under certain assumptions, such as large population size and no migration, mutation, or selection.
2. Genetic drift, founder and bottleneck effects, and low population size can reduce genetic variation within a population. Gene flow between populations impacts allele frequencies.
3. Mutation introduces new variations and increases genetic diversity over time. Natural selection leads to changes in allele frequencies if some phenotypes are more successful at reproducing. Selection can be directional, disruptive, or stabilizing.
Genetic drift
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that causes changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random sampling of organisms. It is common in small populations and can cause some alleles to become more common or disappear entirely over time. There are two main types of genetic drift: the bottleneck effect, which occurs when a disaster reduces population size, and the founder effect, which happens when a group founds a new population. Both types can lead to new populations becoming genetically distinct from the original population and play a role in evolution and speciation.
Hardy – weinberg law
This document provides an overview of the Hardy-Weinberg law in population genetics. It defines the Hardy-Weinberg principle as stating that allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from one generation to the next in a population where no evolutionary influences are present. The history of the law developed from the work of Hardy in 1908 and Weinberg in 1908 is discussed. The key assumptions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium - including random mating, large population size, no natural selection or gene flow - are outlined. Equations for calculating expected genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies are presented along with an example calculation.
Genetic drift
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution responsible for random changes in a gene pool through chance changes in allele frequencies in populations over time. It tends to have a stronger effect in smaller populations and can reduce genetic variation through allele losses. There are two types of genetic drift: bottleneck effect, which occurs after disasters reduce population size, and founder effect, which happens when new colonies are formed through migration.
Genetic drift
Genetic drift refers to changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random fluctuations. Over many generations, genetic drift usually results in the loss or fixation of an allele. The rate of genetic drift depends on population size, with smaller populations experiencing greater drift due to chance fluctuations. Genetic drift can lead to loss of genetic variation and influence how populations diverge genetically over time.
22.4 powerpoint
This document discusses genetic drift, which refers to random changes in allele frequencies between generations independent of natural selection. Genetic drift has a greater impact in small populations and can lead to the loss or fixation of alleles. The bottleneck effect and founder effect are examples where genetic drift in small populations causes allele frequency changes compared to the original larger population. The neutral theory of evolution proposes that most genetic variation arises from the accumulation of neutral mutations through genetic drift rather than natural selection.
Macro evolution-natural-selection-speciation
Populations, rather than individuals, are the units of evolution. A population is a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species living in the same area. Five agents can drive microevolution within a population: mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection. Natural selection leads to differential reproductive success and is the only agent that can result in adaptation to the environment.
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The document provides an overview of genetic drift, which is the random changes in gene frequencies of a population that are not due to adaptive selection. It discusses how genetic drift, especially bottleneck effects and founder effects, can reduce genetic variation in a population through random chance. A bottleneck effect occurs when a large population is drastically reduced in size, such as through a natural disaster. A founder effect happens during colonization of a new habitat by only a few individuals. Both of these effects reduce genetic variation and can lead to changes in a population over time through genetic drift alone rather than adaptive selection. Examples of both effects are provided.
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Five factors drive evolution in populations: mutation, migration, genetic drift, natural selection, and nonrandom mating. Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies that occurs due to random sampling error in small populations. It can cause alleles to be lost or fixed in a population by chance alone, independent of adaptive effects. The rate of genetic drift is influenced by population size, with smaller populations experiencing stronger drift effects due to increased sampling error. Effective population size is often much smaller than actual population size due to factors like unequal sex ratios. Genetic drift reduces genetic diversity over time and can cause maladaptive evolution if drift is stronger than selection.
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This document discusses several evolutionary mechanisms: mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection. Mutation introduces heritable changes in DNA and is the ultimate source of genetic variation. Genetic drift is changes in allele frequencies that occur by chance, especially in small populations. It can reduce genetic variation over time. Natural selection leads to populations becoming locally adapted as individuals better suited to their environment leave more offspring.
Mutation and genetic drift
1. Mutation and genetic drift are mechanisms of evolution that introduce genetic variation. Mutation occurs randomly through errors in DNA replication and creates new variations. Genetic drift is changes in allele frequencies that occur by chance in small populations.
2. The bottleneck effect occurs when a catastrophe reduces population size, leaving only a small, random group of survivors with non-representative genetics. Founder effect happens when a small group establishes a new isolated population, resulting in allele frequency changes through genetic drift.
3. Both genetic drift mechanisms reduce genetic variation over time, making populations vulnerable if environments change. Examples are bearded vultures hunted to near extinction and the Amish founding population with increased Ellis-van Creveld syndrome
Chapter 17.2
This document discusses how natural selection and genetic drift can cause evolution by changing allele frequencies in populations over time. It explains that natural selection may cause some alleles to become more common if they increase an individual's chances of survival and reproduction. Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies that can occur in small populations by chance. The document also describes the conditions required by the Hardy-Weinberg principle for a population to maintain genetic equilibrium and not evolve.
Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow
Mutations and genetic recombination introduce genetic variation within populations. Natural selection acts on this variation, favoring traits that increase reproductive success. Over generations, this leads to adaptation and evolution of populations as allele frequencies change. Genetic drift also causes random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small, isolated populations. Gene flow moves alleles between populations through migration.
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Genetic drift is random changes in gene frequencies that occur by chance in small populations rather than through natural selection. According to Sewall Wright's theory of genetic drift, gene frequencies in small populations can change randomly due to sampling errors, potentially leading one allele to become fixed and another to be lost over time. Evidence from experiments on banded and bandless snail populations supports genetic drift operating in small populations by causing random changes in allele frequencies. Genetic drift plays a role in evolution by causing variations between isolated populations and possibly leading to the emergence of new species.
Notes genetic drift
Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events, and is more likely to occur in small populations. Unlike natural selection, genetic drift is random and can cause changes in traits that are beneficial, detrimental, or neutral. Two types of genetic drift are founder effect, which occurs when a small group colonizes a new area, and population bottleneck, which is caused by a drastic reduction in population size, such as from a natural disaster.
Loss of genetic diversity
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
Mechanism of Evolution
Mutations, which are changes in genes or chromosomes, contribute to evolution by generating genetic variation. The main types of mutations are point mutations, which change single nucleotide bases, and chromosome mutations, which involve changes in chromosome structure or number. Variations also arise through recombination during meiosis. According to Hardy-Weinberg principle, gene frequencies in a population remain constant unless disturbed by evolutionary factors. Adaptive radiation and genetic drift can lead to the formation of new species over time.
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This document provides an overview of a lesson on evolution as genetic change in populations. It discusses how natural selection can affect single-gene and polygenic traits through directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection. Genetic drift is described as random changes in allele frequency in small populations due to chance or events like bottlenecks. The conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium according to Hardy-Weinberg principles are also outlined.
Allelic frequency
The document discusses factors that can alter allelic frequencies in a population. It describes six main factors: 1) Mutation introduces new alleles, 2) Genetic drift like bottle neck effects can change frequencies randomly, 3) Migration through gene flow affects frequencies, 4) Natural selection increases frequencies of beneficial alleles and decreases unfavorable ones, 5) Non-random mating influences which individuals reproduce more, and 6) Inbreeding increases homozygosity. These genetic and evolutionary factors all impact the proportion of alleles in a population over time.
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The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which describes populations where genotype frequencies remain stable between generations because five conditions are met: the population is very large to prevent genetic drift, there is no migration or gene flow, no new mutations, random mating occurs, and no natural selection influences survival. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate evolution is occurring due to factors like natural selection, genetic drift, or gene flow changing allele frequencies across generations.
genetic-drift-mutatn-pressure-gene-flow.ppt
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that causes changes in allele frequencies through random chance events rather than natural selection. It is most prominent in small populations where random fluctuations can have large effects. Two types of genetic drift are the bottleneck effect, which occurs when a population is severely reduced in size, and the founder effect, which occurs when a new population is established by a small number of individuals from a larger population. Both types can result in the loss of genetic variation within populations.
Metapopulations
The document defines key terms related to metapopulation dynamics. It describes metapopulations as populations composed of spatially discrete local populations between which migration is limited. Local populations exist in habitat patches surrounded by unsuitable matrix. Metapopulations are characterized by local extinction and recolonization of vacant patches over time. If extinctions exceed recolonizations, the entire metapopulation may go regionally extinct. The document outlines different types of spatially dynamic populations and models used to study metapopulation dynamics.
Guía formador m2d2
Este documento presenta el Módulo 2 de un diplomado sobre la Reforma Integral de la Educación Básica para maestros de 2o y 5o grados de primaria. El módulo se enfoca en la planeación didáctica y estrategias para las áreas de lenguaje, comunicación y pensamiento matemático. Fue elaborado conjuntamente por la UNAM y la SEP como parte de un esfuerzo para mejorar el desarrollo del pensamiento abstracto y matemático en los estudiantes desde edades tempranas.
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Genetic drift
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that causes changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random sampling of organisms. It is common in small populations and can cause some alleles to become more common or disappear entirely over time. There are two main types of genetic drift: the bottleneck effect, which occurs when a disaster reduces population size, and the founder effect, which happens when a group founds a new population. Both types can lead to new populations becoming genetically distinct from the original population and play a role in evolution and speciation.
Hardy – weinberg law
This document provides an overview of the Hardy-Weinberg law in population genetics. It defines the Hardy-Weinberg principle as stating that allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from one generation to the next in a population where no evolutionary influences are present. The history of the law developed from the work of Hardy in 1908 and Weinberg in 1908 is discussed. The key assumptions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium - including random mating, large population size, no natural selection or gene flow - are outlined. Equations for calculating expected genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies are presented along with an example calculation.
Genetic drift
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution responsible for random changes in a gene pool through chance changes in allele frequencies in populations over time. It tends to have a stronger effect in smaller populations and can reduce genetic variation through allele losses. There are two types of genetic drift: bottleneck effect, which occurs after disasters reduce population size, and founder effect, which happens when new colonies are formed through migration.
Genetic drift
Genetic drift refers to changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random fluctuations. Over many generations, genetic drift usually results in the loss or fixation of an allele. The rate of genetic drift depends on population size, with smaller populations experiencing greater drift due to chance fluctuations. Genetic drift can lead to loss of genetic variation and influence how populations diverge genetically over time.
22.4 powerpoint
This document discusses genetic drift, which refers to random changes in allele frequencies between generations independent of natural selection. Genetic drift has a greater impact in small populations and can lead to the loss or fixation of alleles. The bottleneck effect and founder effect are examples where genetic drift in small populations causes allele frequency changes compared to the original larger population. The neutral theory of evolution proposes that most genetic variation arises from the accumulation of neutral mutations through genetic drift rather than natural selection.
Macro evolution-natural-selection-speciation
Populations, rather than individuals, are the units of evolution. A population is a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species living in the same area. Five agents can drive microevolution within a population: mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection. Natural selection leads to differential reproductive success and is the only agent that can result in adaptation to the environment.
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The document provides an overview of genetic drift, which is the random changes in gene frequencies of a population that are not due to adaptive selection. It discusses how genetic drift, especially bottleneck effects and founder effects, can reduce genetic variation in a population through random chance. A bottleneck effect occurs when a large population is drastically reduced in size, such as through a natural disaster. A founder effect happens during colonization of a new habitat by only a few individuals. Both of these effects reduce genetic variation and can lead to changes in a population over time through genetic drift alone rather than adaptive selection. Examples of both effects are provided.
06 random drift
Five factors drive evolution in populations: mutation, migration, genetic drift, natural selection, and nonrandom mating. Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies that occurs due to random sampling error in small populations. It can cause alleles to be lost or fixed in a population by chance alone, independent of adaptive effects. The rate of genetic drift is influenced by population size, with smaller populations experiencing stronger drift effects due to increased sampling error. Effective population size is often much smaller than actual population size due to factors like unequal sex ratios. Genetic drift reduces genetic diversity over time and can cause maladaptive evolution if drift is stronger than selection.
Mutation & genetic drift
This document discusses several evolutionary mechanisms: mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection. Mutation introduces heritable changes in DNA and is the ultimate source of genetic variation. Genetic drift is changes in allele frequencies that occur by chance, especially in small populations. It can reduce genetic variation over time. Natural selection leads to populations becoming locally adapted as individuals better suited to their environment leave more offspring.
Mutation and genetic drift
1. Mutation and genetic drift are mechanisms of evolution that introduce genetic variation. Mutation occurs randomly through errors in DNA replication and creates new variations. Genetic drift is changes in allele frequencies that occur by chance in small populations.
2. The bottleneck effect occurs when a catastrophe reduces population size, leaving only a small, random group of survivors with non-representative genetics. Founder effect happens when a small group establishes a new isolated population, resulting in allele frequency changes through genetic drift.
3. Both genetic drift mechanisms reduce genetic variation over time, making populations vulnerable if environments change. Examples are bearded vultures hunted to near extinction and the Amish founding population with increased Ellis-van Creveld syndrome
Chapter 17.2
This document discusses how natural selection and genetic drift can cause evolution by changing allele frequencies in populations over time. It explains that natural selection may cause some alleles to become more common if they increase an individual's chances of survival and reproduction. Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies that can occur in small populations by chance. The document also describes the conditions required by the Hardy-Weinberg principle for a population to maintain genetic equilibrium and not evolve.
Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow
Mutations and genetic recombination introduce genetic variation within populations. Natural selection acts on this variation, favoring traits that increase reproductive success. Over generations, this leads to adaptation and evolution of populations as allele frequencies change. Genetic drift also causes random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small, isolated populations. Gene flow moves alleles between populations through migration.
Bhavya vashisht -_genetic_drfit_presentation
Genetic drift is random changes in gene frequencies that occur by chance in small populations rather than through natural selection. According to Sewall Wright's theory of genetic drift, gene frequencies in small populations can change randomly due to sampling errors, potentially leading one allele to become fixed and another to be lost over time. Evidence from experiments on banded and bandless snail populations supports genetic drift operating in small populations by causing random changes in allele frequencies. Genetic drift plays a role in evolution by causing variations between isolated populations and possibly leading to the emergence of new species.
Notes genetic drift
Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events, and is more likely to occur in small populations. Unlike natural selection, genetic drift is random and can cause changes in traits that are beneficial, detrimental, or neutral. Two types of genetic drift are founder effect, which occurs when a small group colonizes a new area, and population bottleneck, which is caused by a drastic reduction in population size, such as from a natural disaster.
Loss of genetic diversity
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
Mechanism of Evolution
Mutations, which are changes in genes or chromosomes, contribute to evolution by generating genetic variation. The main types of mutations are point mutations, which change single nucleotide bases, and chromosome mutations, which involve changes in chromosome structure or number. Variations also arise through recombination during meiosis. According to Hardy-Weinberg principle, gene frequencies in a population remain constant unless disturbed by evolutionary factors. Adaptive radiation and genetic drift can lead to the formation of new species over time.
B10vrv5172
This document provides an overview of a lesson on evolution as genetic change in populations. It discusses how natural selection can affect single-gene and polygenic traits through directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection. Genetic drift is described as random changes in allele frequency in small populations due to chance or events like bottlenecks. The conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium according to Hardy-Weinberg principles are also outlined.
Allelic frequency
The document discusses factors that can alter allelic frequencies in a population. It describes six main factors: 1) Mutation introduces new alleles, 2) Genetic drift like bottle neck effects can change frequencies randomly, 3) Migration through gene flow affects frequencies, 4) Natural selection increases frequencies of beneficial alleles and decreases unfavorable ones, 5) Non-random mating influences which individuals reproduce more, and 6) Inbreeding increases homozygosity. These genetic and evolutionary factors all impact the proportion of alleles in a population over time.
Genetic drift & hardy weinberg equilibrium
The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which describes populations where genotype frequencies remain stable between generations because five conditions are met: the population is very large to prevent genetic drift, there is no migration or gene flow, no new mutations, random mating occurs, and no natural selection influences survival. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate evolution is occurring due to factors like natural selection, genetic drift, or gene flow changing allele frequencies across generations.
genetic-drift-mutatn-pressure-gene-flow.ppt
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that causes changes in allele frequencies through random chance events rather than natural selection. It is most prominent in small populations where random fluctuations can have large effects. Two types of genetic drift are the bottleneck effect, which occurs when a population is severely reduced in size, and the founder effect, which occurs when a new population is established by a small number of individuals from a larger population. Both types can result in the loss of genetic variation within populations.
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The document defines key terms related to metapopulation dynamics. It describes metapopulations as populations composed of spatially discrete local populations between which migration is limited. Local populations exist in habitat patches surrounded by unsuitable matrix. Metapopulations are characterized by local extinction and recolonization of vacant patches over time. If extinctions exceed recolonizations, the entire metapopulation may go regionally extinct. The document outlines different types of spatially dynamic populations and models used to study metapopulation dynamics.
Guía formador m2d2
Este documento presenta el Módulo 2 de un diplomado sobre la Reforma Integral de la Educación Básica para maestros de 2o y 5o grados de primaria. El módulo se enfoca en la planeación didáctica y estrategias para las áreas de lenguaje, comunicación y pensamiento matemático. Fue elaborado conjuntamente por la UNAM y la SEP como parte de un esfuerzo para mejorar el desarrollo del pensamiento abstracto y matemático en los estudiantes desde edades tempranas.
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Evolutionary game theory analyzes animal behavior and evolution using game theory. It focuses on how strategy frequencies change over generations based on strategy payoffs. Key concepts include evolutionary stable strategies, where a strategy cannot be invaded by alternatives; sexual selection through mate choice; and cooperation evolving through kin selection. Game theory helps explain behaviors like aggression signaling, mate selection criteria, and how altruism can evolve.
Metapopulation Assumptions
This document outlines the basic assumptions of metapopulation models and compares different types of metapopulation models. It discusses how metapopulation models assume space is discrete with habitat patches that are large enough for local populations to persist for generations. Basic models also assume equal patch size and isolation with migration not affecting dynamics. More complex spatially explicit and realistic models incorporate factors like patch quality and distance between patches.
Community Ecology
Community ecology examines the distribution, abundance, interactions and dynamics of populations within an ecosystem. It studies patterns such as species richness, productivity and food web structure, as well as processes like predator-prey relationships, succession and community assembly across space and time. Some key concepts in community ecology include species richness, productivity, food webs, succession, and predator-prey relationships.
Chap 5 Kin Selection Altruism
This document summarizes key concepts around the evolution of behavior through natural selection and genetic inheritance. It discusses how behaviors are co-adapted through evolution to maximize survival and reproduction. Behaviors can be culturally transmitted between individuals without genetic changes. Kin selection theory explains how behaviors that help reproduce relatives' genes can also be selected for, if the degree of relatedness and benefits are high enough. Examples of genetic studies of behaviors in insects and vertebrates are provided to show the interaction between genes, development and environment in determining behaviors.
06 speciation
This document discusses biological species and speciation. It defines a biological species as members of a population that can breed and produce fertile offspring. It describes reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between species, including prezygotic mechanisms like behavioral, temporal, ecological, mechanical, and gametic isolation and postzygotic mechanisms like zygotic mortality, hybrid inviability, and hybrid infertility. Speciation occurs through allopatric speciation by physical separation of populations or sympatric speciation within a single population through disruptive selection on extreme traits.
Tilman's Model of Competition For Two Resources
Coexistence is not possible. Species A would drive species B to extinction since it can reduce both resources below species B's zero net growth isocline.
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Evolution as a Tool for Understanding and Designing Collaborative Systems
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Similar to 07 evolution without selection
11u bio 10
Genetic drift occurs when random chance alone causes changes in allele frequencies in a small population without selective pressures. A catastrophe reduced a beetle population to 25% green and 75% brown alleles randomly. If the last few green beetles fail to pass on the green allele, it may be lost forever through genetic drift. Genetic drift can reduce genetic diversity and occurs through genetic bottlenecks, where a population is drastically reduced, or the founder effect, where a small group from a population establishes a new population with low genetic variation.
Mechanisms of Evolution.ppt
There are five main mechanisms of evolution: natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutations, and non-random mating. Natural selection occurs as individuals with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others. Gene flow introduces new alleles as individuals migrate and breed with other populations. Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations. Mutations provide genetic variation for natural selection to act upon. Non-random mating, like sexual selection and inbreeding, can also change allele frequencies in a population over time.
1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature tha.pdf
1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature that you want to conserve for
future generations. If there are only 25 surviving pandas in your care:
a) How much heterozygosity will be lost in the next generation? (Hint: use the formula given
in lecture).
b) What might the long-term consequences be of this loss of genetic diversity, and why?
c) What if anything can you do to prevent this decrease in heterozygosity?
formula given: Hg+1 = Hg (1 - (1/2N)) where N = population size
2. You are a zookeeper (no, I checked; you are). One day, you discover that a baby endangered
black rhino born in your zoo carries a new mutant allele that gives it 20% higher fitness than
normal (wild-type) rhinos. Since these animals are highly endangered in the wild, you consider
releasing this lucky mutant into a natural population in Africa, hopefully to increase the average
fitness of the surviving rhinos there. Would it make more sense to release this mutant, and the
new allele it carries, into a population of 20 rhinos, or a population of 1,000 rhinos – in which
population would the mutant allele likely do the most good? Explain your reasoning.
3. Islands often show extremely modified organisms, compared to their mainland counterparts --
examples include miniature hippos and rhinos, or gigantic birds, lizards and tortoises. (A) Give
two reasons islands are likely to be strongly affected by genetic drift, and why this might lead to
extreme modifications. (B) Explain why natural selection might change the organisms on an
island from the ancestral mainland forms.
[note: this question is basically asking you to think critically about the differences between
selection and drift, and to recognize the ways each can affect a population that colonizes a new
environment like an empty island.]
Solution
a) Calculation of Heterozygosity lost in the next generation need heterozygosity or allele freq in
parent generation.
b). Loss of genetic diversity would lead to inbreeding depression and may lead to extinctions
under any selection pressure.
c).Random mating between the individuals can be done to prevent the decrease in
heterozygosity..
Genes And Variation
This document discusses key concepts relating to genes, variation, and evolution. It defines evolution as any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population's gene pool over time. Allele frequencies can change due to mutations, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection. For a population to maintain genetic equilibrium without evolving, it must meet five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: random mating, large population size, no gene flow, no mutations, and no natural selection. Isolation through geographic or behavioral means can lead to the formation of new species through speciation over long periods of time.
Microevolution Changing Allele Frequencies
This document discusses microevolution and the processes that can cause changes in allele frequencies within a population over time, leading to evolution. It specifically discusses:
- Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural and artificial selection as the four processes that can cause changes in allele frequencies.
- Examples of how immigration or emigration of a few individuals can impact allele frequencies more in a small population compared to a large population.
- Genetic drift occurring more dramatically in small populations through bottlenecks or founder effects, impacting genetic diversity.
- Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium when allele frequencies remain stable without evolution occurring.
Common Bottle neck.pptx
The bottleneck effect occurs when a population undergoes a severe reduction in size, such as from an environmental disaster. This leaves the population with reduced genetic variation compared to the original population. Non-selective bottlenecks cause random changes to allele frequencies by chance alone, which can lead to loss of variation and fixation of harmful alleles. Selective bottlenecks may also occur if certain alleles confer a survival advantage when passing through the bottleneck. Both types of bottlenecks increase the effects of genetic drift in small populations.
Microevolution
This document discusses microevolution and the processes that cause evolution at the population level, including mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, non-random mating, and natural selection. It provides examples of each, such as Darwin's finches to illustrate natural selection and cheetahs to demonstrate the bottleneck effect of genetic drift. The document seeks to explain how populations evolve over time through changes in allele frequencies from these various evolutionary forces.
BCORchapter23.ppt
This document provides an outline and lecture notes on the evolution of populations from a biology class. It discusses key concepts in population genetics including gene pools, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genetic drift, founder effects, natural selection, and the mechanisms of microevolution. Examples are given of genetic variation in populations and how natural selection can act in different ways like directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection.
Ch. 13 Population genetics
A population is a group of the same species living in a geographical area at a given time. Variation exists between members of a population in structural, biochemical, physiological, developmental, and behavioral traits. This variation is caused by genetic and environmental factors and is maintained in a population at equilibrium by a balance of evolutionary forces. Over time, agents of change like natural selection, genetic drift, migration, and artificial selection can act on populations to change allele frequencies and potentially lead to the formation of new species.
Chapter 19 presentation
This document discusses evolution at the population level. It begins by introducing key concepts in population genetics like allele frequencies, genetic variation, and the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium. The document then examines evolutionary forces that can act on populations and cause them to evolve, such as genetic drift, natural selection in its various forms (directional, stabilizing, disruptive), and sexual selection. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts and forces.
natural selection tutorial general Biology 2
This document provides an overview of evolution and natural selection. It discusses how Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism for evolution, with genetic variation within populations and environmental pressures resulting in some individuals being better able to survive and reproduce. Over generations, this leads to adaptation and potentially speciation. The document also notes other factors like genetic drift, mutation, and migration that can influence gene frequencies randomly or non-randomly. It provides examples like genetic bottlenecks and founder effects to illustrate these concepts. An interactive quiz is included to help reinforce the key points.
How population evolve
1) Biologists study how allele frequencies change in populations over time. In 1908, Hardy and Weinberg demonstrated that allele frequencies remain stable unless acted upon by evolutionary forces.
2) Their discovery, called the Hardy-Weinberg principle, states that allele frequencies will remain constant in a population as long as it is large, randomly mating, and not experiencing evolutionary pressures like mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, or natural selection.
3) Natural selection directly influences allele frequencies by increasing the chances of survival and reproduction of individuals with certain phenotypes, thus changing the distribution of traits in a population over multiple generations.
Evoluton in small populatin
Evolution in small population
by HAIDER ALI
In biology evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection,
The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change.
Evolutionary Biology of BS-BIOLOGY.ppttt
The document defines evolution as a change in the genetic composition of a population over time, resulting in changes to the frequency of certain alleles. It provides examples to illustrate the difference between environmental influences, which are not evolution, and genetic changes that can occur through mutation, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection, all of which can change the frequency of genes in a population over multiple generations and constitute evolution. The key points are that evolution requires a heritable genetic change over time that is passed on to subsequent generations through reproduction.
Natural selection
Darwin explored ideas about evolution through natural selection. His observations of finches in the Galapagos led him to predict that one species can evolve into another through natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on those favorable traits. Darwin proposed that small, inherited variations combined with differential reproductive success could result in the emergence of new species over generations.
The Population Problem
The document discusses the large human population and its negative impacts on the environment and other species. It notes that the human population has grown exponentially to over 6.8 billion currently and may double in size within 63 years if growth continues unchecked. This rapid population growth threatens wildlife through habitat loss and pollution, and has already driven some species like the Tasmanian Tiger to extinction. To address these problems, the document advocates for solutions like increasing education, family planning, limiting family sizes, and promoting adoption.
Extinction of biodiversity
The document discusses extinction and biodiversity loss. It defines extinction as occurring when the last member of a species dies. The passenger pigeon is provided as an example, with the last one dying alone in a zoo in 1914 after the species was already functionally extinct in the wild. Major causes of extinction discussed include habitat degradation and destruction from human activities like pollution, climate change, and overpopulation. Statistics are given on current extinction rates from human impacts being 1500 times the natural rate, with many species projected to be lost in the coming centuries if trends continue. The major impacts of biodiversity loss on human concerns like medicine, agriculture, ecosystem services, and moral obligations are also briefly touched on.
Biol102 chp23-spr10-100207141135-phpapp01
The document discusses the evolution of populations through various mechanisms of microevolution including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and sexual reproduction. It explains how natural selection can lead to adaptive evolution as populations become better suited to their environments over generations. Genetic drift, founder effects, and bottlenecks are described as random processes that can reduce genetic variation within populations. The interaction between these microevolutionary forces and gene flow between populations influences evolutionary change.
Biol102 chp23-spr10-100207141135-phpapp01
The document discusses the evolution of populations through various mechanisms of microevolution including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and sexual reproduction. It explains how natural selection can lead to adaptive evolution as populations become better suited to their environments over generations. Genetic drift, founder effects, and bottlenecks are described as random processes that can reduce genetic variation within populations. The interaction between these microevolutionary forces and gene flow between populations influences evolutionary change.
Similar to 07 evolution without selection (20)
1. Screaming Pandas are a highly endangered if annoying creature tha.pdf
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17 stoichiometry
64 batteries will allow you to make 64 iPhones. The batteries are the limiting reagent.
Tang 04 periodic trends
1) Atomic radius generally increases down a group and decreases across a period due to shielding effects of additional electron shells and increasing nuclear charge, respectively.
2) Ionization energy generally increases down a group and across a period as it becomes increasingly difficult to remove an electron due to greater nuclear attraction from less shielding and more protons. Exceptions occur when removing an electron would destabilize a full shell.
3) Electronegativity generally increases across a period as the effective nuclear charge felt by valence electrons increases with fewer shielding shells and more protons.
Tang 02 wave quantum mechanic model
This document provides information on wave quantum mechanics and electron configurations. It discusses:
- Erwin Schrodinger's contributions to developing quantum mechanics and proposing the wave-like nature of electrons.
- How electrons occupy distinct energy levels and orbitals around the nucleus, rather than defined circular orbits. Electrons have wave-like properties.
- The shapes of s, p, d and f orbitals and how electrons fill these orbitals according to various principles like Aufbau and Hund's rule.
- Exceptions to the Aufbau principle seen in some elements.
- How to represent electron configurations using both energy level diagrams and shorthand notation.
23 gases
- Gases have negligible volume and molecules are far apart with mostly empty space between them. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically.
- The kinetic molecular theory describes gas properties including high translational energy of gas molecules that move randomly in all directions.
- Pressure, volume, temperature of gases are directly or inversely related as described by Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws and the combined gas law.
04 periodic trends v2
- Elements in the same group have similar properties due to having the same number of valence electrons. Atoms get smaller from left to right in a period as protons are added, and larger from top to bottom in a group as energy levels are added.
- Electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity all generally increase from left to right across a period as the effective nuclear charge increases. Electronegativity also increases up a group as the distance from valence electrons to the nucleus decreases.
- Ionization energy increases from top to bottom within a group as it is easier to remove an electron from an atom with fewer energy levels. Electron affinity generally increases from left to right across a period and decreases
22 acids + bases
This document discusses acids and bases. It defines their key properties including reacting with metals, carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing each other. It explains the theories of Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis on acids and bases. It also covers acid-base reactions, indicators, pH, titrations, strong/weak acids and bases, and acid-base stoichiometry.
23 gases
Gases are composed of molecules that are far apart from each other and occupy the entire volume of their container. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically with each other and the container walls. The kinetic molecular theory describes gases as having negligible intermolecular forces and volume. Pressure, volume, temperature of a gas are related by the combined gas law and ideal gas law. Gas calculations involve using stoichiometry, the ideal gas law, and gas laws like Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's to determine volume, pressure, amount, or temperature changes.
22 acids + bases
The document discusses the key properties and reactions of acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids react with metals, carbonates, conduct electricity, turn litmus paper red, and neutralize bases. Bases conduct electricity, turn litmus paper blue, and neutralize acids. Theories of acids and bases including Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis are explained. Strong and weak acids/bases, monoprotic/diprotic/triprotic acids, pH, titrations, and acid-base indicators are also covered.
22 solution stoichiometry new
This document provides an overview of solution stoichiometry and includes 3 sample problems demonstrating how to use a balanced chemical equation to solve for unknown quantities. The general steps are: 1) Write the balanced equation, 2) Convert given amounts to moles, 3) Use the mole ratio to calculate moles of the unknown, 4) Convert moles to the required unit. Sample Problem 1 calculates molar concentration of sulfuric acid. Sample Problem 2 determines the minimum volume of sodium carbonate needed. Sample Problem 3 calculates the mass of silver chromate precipitate formed.
21 water treatment
This document discusses water treatment processes including water softening. Water softening is a treatment process that uses chemicals to remove minerals like calcium and magnesium from hard water to make it softer. Acceptable concentrations of chemicals used in water treatment processes are also mentioned.
20 concentration of solutions
- Concentration can be expressed in several ways including mass/volume percent, mass/mass percent, volume/volume percent, parts per million (ppm), and molar concentration (mol/L).
- Mass/volume percent is the mass of solute divided by the volume of solution. Volume/volume percent is the volume of solute divided by the volume of solution.
- Mass/mass percent is the mass of solute divided by the mass of solution. Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) express very small concentrations.
- Molar concentration expresses the number of moles of solute per liter of solution and is the standard unit for expressing concentration in chemistry
22 acids + bases
This document discusses acids and bases according to several theories. It begins by describing the properties of acids, including reacting with metals and carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing bases. It then discusses the properties of bases. The Arrhenius theory defines acids as substances that produce H+ ions in water and bases as those that produce OH- ions. However, this theory has limitations and does not account for all acids and bases. The Brønsted-Lowry theory broadens the definition to any substance that can donate or accept protons. Strong acids fully dissociate in water while weak acids only partially dissociate. The pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions on a
19 solutions and solubility
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- Solub
18 percentage yield
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14 the mole!!!
The document discusses the mole concept in chemistry. It defines the mole as 6.022x10^23 particles, which is known as Avogadro's number. The mole can refer to individual atoms, molecules, ions or other particles. The document provides examples of how to calculate the number of particles or moles of a substance using the formula N=n×NA. It also discusses molar mass and how to calculate the mass of a substance using the formula m=n×M.
01 significant digits
This document discusses the rules for determining significant digits in measurements and calculations. It defines four main rules:
1. All non-zero digits are significant, as are zeros between non-zero digits.
2. Leading zeros are not significant.
3. Trailing zeros may or may not be significant, depending on whether a decimal is present.
4. In calculations, the answer should match the least number of significant digits in the input values.
It provides examples like 0.08006 having 4 significant digits, and 1000mL having 1 significant digit. The document also covers rounding rules and calculating volumes and perimeters based on measurements to the correct number of significant digits.
13 nuclear reactions
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13 isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element can have different mass numbers depending on their number of neutrons. The atomic mass listed on the periodic table is an average that takes into account the relative abundances of each isotope of that element. Atomic mass calculations involve multiplying the mass and abundance percentage of each isotope and adding them together.
12 types of chemical reactions
This document defines and provides examples of different types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, neutralization, and combustion reactions. Key aspects that determine the reaction type are whether reactants are elements, compounds, or if oxygen is involved. The position of elements in the periodic table also provides clues about reactivity in displacement reactions.
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07 evolution without selection
- 2. Evolution Without Selection Genetic Drift: Occurs when a population is so small that allele frequencies may be altered by random chance with no selective pressures. Imagine a beetle population where 40% are green and 60% are brown
- 3. Evolution Without Selection A random catastrophe has reduced the beetle population's size. Now 25% are green and 75% are brown.
- 4. Evolution Without Selection If the last few green beetles fail to pass on their green allele, the allele may be lost forever.
- 5. Genetic Drift A certain allele may become extremely common or disappear entirely. (by chance – recall Punnett squares and probabilities of passing down traits)
- 6. Genetic Drift This results in reduced genetic diversity in the population. The low worldwide population of white-collared lemurs has reduced their genetic diversity.
- 7. Genetic Drift There are 2 major reasons for population reduction leading to genetic drift: 1) Genetic Bottleneck 2) Founder Effect
- 8. Think. Pair. Share. Under what circumstances would a small group of organisms become the foundation of a new population? Where did this small group of organisms come from? Consider the terms below. 1) Genetic Bottleneck 2) Founder Effect
- 9. Genetic Bottleneck 1) A genetic bottleneck occurs when a species' population is drastically reduced.
- 10. Genetic Bottleneck The survivors must reestablish the population using a very limited gene pool.
- 11. Genetic Bottleneck The members of this new population exhibit little genetic variation. This is usually what happens in many endangered species such as the Iberian lynx.
- 12. The Founder Effect 2) The founder effect occurs when small group from a population moves to a new location.
- 13. The Founder Effect That small group will reproduce to populate the new location. Genetic variation will be low.
- 14. The Founder Effect Original population 3 random animals with this combination of alleles wanders away Alleles of original population
- 15. The Founder Effect Animals that moved create a new population in a new location