Genetic polymorphisms
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This document discusses genetic polymorphisms and summarizes several research studies. It begins by defining genetic polymorphisms as variations in regulatory DNA. It then summarizes three key points: 1) A study that used a cross-species strategy to identify 6 causal genes for Alzheimer's disease by studying interactions between human genes and neurotoxicity in the fly model. 2) Research confirming the association between a genetic variant in the PLA2R gene and membranous nephropathy through genome-wide association studies and previous Asian studies. 3) The potential medical benefits of these discoveries such as earlier diagnosis, improved treatment, and further genetic research.
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With the knowledge of genetic information, can be provided counseling before and after pregnancy to future parents (Give information about the diseases to which it is susceptible and existing treatments), having always instilled an ethical principle: THE HUMAN LIFE RESPECT.
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Evolution+and+natural+selection pvms[1]
Genetic variations are passed on through reproduction. Natural selection leads to evolution as organisms best adapted to their environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing. Our understanding of evolution has changed over time from pre-Darwin beliefs that species did not change to Darwin's theory that organisms evolve from common ancestors through natural selection and adaptation to their environment. Evidence for evolution includes homologous structures between species, vestigial organs, embryonic development, and the fossil record.
Evolutionary biology
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Biology 16 2 evolution as genetic change[1]
This document discusses different types of natural selection that can lead to evolution, including directional selection which moves the entire distribution curve, stabilizing selection which maintains the center, and disruptive selection which splits a curve into two. It also covers genetic drift in small populations, founder effects, the Hardy-Weinberg principle of allele frequency change, and factors like population size, mating, and selection that can influence genetic equilibrium.
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Gene mapping ppt
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07 evolution without selection
This document discusses genetic drift, which is changes in allele frequencies in a small population due to random chance rather than natural selection. It provides the example of a beetle population that is reduced in size from a catastrophe, changing the ratio of green to brown beetles randomly. Small populations are more susceptible to genetic drift, which reduces genetic diversity over time as alleles are lost. Genetic bottlenecks and founder effects are two reasons populations become small and subject to genetic drift.
Ecology2 Complete
The document discusses genetic and environmental polymorphism, which refers to differences in DNA sequences or phenotypes induced by environmental factors. It provides examples of various types of genetic polymorphism, including phenotypic, biochemical, immunological, chromosomal, and DNA polymorphisms. The manifestation of these polymorphisms can include variations in traits, proteins, antigens, blood groups, length of chromosomes, and DNA sequences. The importance of polymorphism studies is also highlighted for applications like forensics, transplantation, epidemiology, taxonomy, and understanding susceptibility to environmental factors and drugs.
Evolutionary Game Theory
Evolutionary game theory analyzes animal behavior and evolution using game theory. It focuses on how strategy frequencies change over generations based on strategy payoffs. Key concepts include evolutionary stable strategies, where a strategy cannot be invaded by alternatives; sexual selection through mate choice; and cooperation evolving through kin selection. Game theory helps explain behaviors like aggression signaling, mate selection criteria, and how altruism can evolve.
Metapopulation Assumptions
This document outlines the basic assumptions of metapopulation models and compares different types of metapopulation models. It discusses how metapopulation models assume space is discrete with habitat patches that are large enough for local populations to persist for generations. Basic models also assume equal patch size and isolation with migration not affecting dynamics. More complex spatially explicit and realistic models incorporate factors like patch quality and distance between patches.
Community Ecology
Community ecology examines the distribution, abundance, interactions and dynamics of populations within an ecosystem. It studies patterns such as species richness, productivity and food web structure, as well as processes like predator-prey relationships, succession and community assembly across space and time. Some key concepts in community ecology include species richness, productivity, food webs, succession, and predator-prey relationships.
Chap 5 Kin Selection Altruism
This document summarizes key concepts around the evolution of behavior through natural selection and genetic inheritance. It discusses how behaviors are co-adapted through evolution to maximize survival and reproduction. Behaviors can be culturally transmitted between individuals without genetic changes. Kin selection theory explains how behaviors that help reproduce relatives' genes can also be selected for, if the degree of relatedness and benefits are high enough. Examples of genetic studies of behaviors in insects and vertebrates are provided to show the interaction between genes, development and environment in determining behaviors.
Tilman's Model of Competition For Two Resources
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26 ASBMB TODAY FEBRUARY 2021Discovering an old DoGs’ ne
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Heterotrimeric G proteins regulate
a variety of signaling pathways that
control cell development and influ-
ence cell morphology via actin/cyto-
skeleton remodeling. There are four
main families of G proteins: Gi/Go,
Gq, Gs and G12/13. Researchers long
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In a new study published in the
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Alejandro Castillo–Kauil of the
Center for Research and Advanced
Studies of the National Polytechnic
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molecular biological and chemo-
genetic approaches, the researchers
demonstrated that the Gαs subfamily
of G proteins can regulate the activity
of Rho GTPases such as Rho guanine
nucleotide exchange factor, or Rho-
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group activates the small G protein
Cdc42 by Gs-coupled GPCRs, stimu-
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fingerlike protrusions called filopodia.
These results provide new insight
into G protein activity and define a
new role for RhoGEF coupling in G
protein function.
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.AC120.015204
A pathogen’s proteins target
mitochondria
The tick-borne pathogen Coxiella
burnetii causes Q fever, or query fever,
a rare flulike disease that can spread
to humans who inhale dust particles
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CONTINUED FROM PAGE 25
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Genetic polymorphisms
- 1. Genetic polymorphisms CindyZuluaga Ramírez Medicine student Molecular Biology Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
- 2. FOLDING
- 3. FOLDING
- 4. INTRODUCTION Variotion in regulatory DNA iswhatwecallPolymorphism. Thisisone of theways in wichwe can detect Polymorphisms.
- 5. Cross-Species Strategy Might Be a Powerful Tool for Studying Human DiseaseScienceDaily (Feb. 4, 2011)
- 6. Cross –speciesstrategy Specifically, the researchers evaluated 19 genes from 15 distinct genomic regions identified in a human GWAS designed to identify genes that influence Alzheimer´s disease pathology.
- 7. FINDINGS IN THE TECHNIQUE In six out of these 15 genomic regions, a causal gene was subsequently identified in the fly disease model on the basis of interactions with the neurotoxicity of Tau protein, a well-known constituent of AD pathology.
- 8. OBSERVATIONS I think that this technique is a huge improvement for genetic studies, since scientists are taking information from some other species in wich we could find some genetic similarities in some diseases and making new finds of the genetic basis of the disorder and get some new treatments .
- 9. Genes That Link Nephritis to Autoantibodies and Innate ImmunityTHE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (FEBRUARY 17,2011)
- 10. FINDINGS
- 11. The annual incidence of membranous nephropathy is approximately 1 case per 100,000 population. The results reported by Stanescu et al. confirm the findings of two recent studies from Asia (Taiwan and Korea) that used a candidate gene approach. Both those studies examined only SNPs in the PLA2R gene that resulted in amino acid changes, and a significant association was found for one SNP.
- 12. Although a relation between the HLA system and membranous nephropathy has been recognized for some time, the knowledge of an association between this disease and PLA2R is recent. In 2009, Beck and colleagues reported autoantibodies with specificity for PLA2R that were present in 70% of their patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy but not in controls or patients with secondary membranous nephropathy. These results are now confirmed and extended in a letter by Debiec and Ronco in this issue of the Journal.
- 13. The SNP in the PLA2R gene with the strongest association does not alter the amino acid sequence Twopossibletheories Thers4664308 might be a marker for a rare variation in the protein sequence, below the threshold required to be considered a SNP. This putative variant would then confer a very high risk of disease for its carriers. the true association might not be with rs4664308 but rather with rs3749117, which is a nonsynonymous SNP reported to be in linkage disequilibrium with rs4664308. If so, the higher odds ratios in all three cohorts would have occurred at random.
- 14. CONCLUSSION In summary, this new genomewide association study highlights the interaction between the HLA system and the receptor for sPLA2 and provides substantial credence for a pathogenic role for the recently discovered autoantibodies in membranous nephropathy. It may redirect research toward finding a remedy for this troublesome disease.
- 15. OBSERVATIONS I think this new discovery will make easier the diagnosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy making karyotype and searching changes among the alleles implicated in this disorder that encode HLA-DQA1 and the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor.
- 16. MEDICAL UTILITY
- 17. MEDICAL UTILITY Early diagnosis Improvement in thelifequality of thepatients Easy identification of the patients in risk Early and quickbegining of treatment Forthedevelopment and thesustentation of geneticstudies .
- 18. BIBLIOGRAPHY N Engl J Med 2011; 364:679-680; http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1014144 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110203124712.htm STRACHAN, Tom. Human molecular genetics , 2004. 3.ed. Garland science
- 19. THANK YOU