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Cancer is a deadly disease where cells in the body attack and destroy healthy tissue, leading to sickness and death. A tumour forms from cells that multiply uncontrollably due to DNA mutations caused by carcinogens like tobacco smoke and radiation. Common cancer treatments are surgery to remove tumours, chemotherapy using chemicals to kill cancer cells, and radiation therapy employing radiation to damage cancer cell DNA. Preventing cancer involves eating a healthy diet, limiting red meat and sugar, and maintaining an active lifestyle.
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11.20 (dr. yasmeen hashim) apoptosis (mechanism in normal tissues. programmed...
1. Apoptosis and necrosis are two main types of cell death. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that plays an important role in development and maintaining tissue homeostasis, while necrosis is unregulated cell death caused by external factors like injury.
2. Cancer develops due to mutations in genes that regulate cell growth, allowing cells to proliferate uncontrollably. Cancer cells evade apoptosis and are able to metastasize, or spread to other parts of the body. Abnormalities in apoptosis may contribute to diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune disorders.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process of programmed cell death that removes unnecessary or damaged cells. It is mediated by caspases, cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, that cleave key cellular proteins and lead to cell death. Apoptosis occurs through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway or the extrinsic death receptor pathway and plays an important role in development, tissue homeostasis, and defense against infection and cancer. Defects in apoptosis can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer.
Apoptosis ppt.
Dr. Shabnam N Shah presents information on apoptosis or programmed cell death. Apoptosis is a genetically controlled process important for development and tissue homeostasis. It occurs through the extrinsic pathway initiated by death receptors, the intrinsic pathway involving mitochondria, or the granzyme pathway using perforin and granzymes. Apoptosis is essential for physiological processes but pathological disturbances can also induce cell death.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a controlled, programmed cell death process that is essential for normal development and homeostasis. During apoptosis, cells actively trigger intracellular events that lead to cell fragmentation and phagocytosis without causing inflammation. Apoptosis is distinct from necrosis, which is unregulated cell death caused by external cellular injuries. Key aspects of apoptosis include activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, and changes to cell membranes that mark cells for phagocytosis. Apoptosis pathways can be triggered by extracellular signals or internal cell damage and are important in development, tissue homeostasis, and diseases like cancer when the process goes awry.
Cell injuryadaptation 4
This document discusses apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It begins by describing reversible and irreversible cell injury, with apoptosis and necrosis listed as examples of irreversible injury. Apoptosis is then discussed in more detail, noting that it was initially recognized in 1972 and is a mechanism to eliminate unwanted, harmful, or damaged cells. Apoptosis involves planned self-destruction of cells and is important for survival. The document outlines the clinical implications and provides examples of apoptosis in physiological and pathological conditions. It describes the morphology, biochemical features, and mechanisms of apoptosis, including the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Differences between apoptosis and necrosis are also summarized.
Apoptosis vs necrosis
1) The document discusses apoptosis and necrosis, two types of cell death. Apoptosis is programmed cell death where cells shrink and fragment in an orderly process. Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death caused by external injury or damage where cells swell and leak.
2) Apoptosis can be triggered internally through mitochondrial pathways or externally through death receptor pathways and leads to caspase activation and cell fragmentation. Cancer cells develop ways to avoid apoptosis like inhibiting proteins in these pathways.
3) Necrosis occurs when cells are damaged by external factors like toxins and involves cell and organelle swelling without fragmentation. Cancer cells and viruses can interfere with apoptosis to allow cancer progression.
Apoptosis
The document discusses programmed cell death or apoptosis. It begins by defining apoptosis as a regulated process where cells self-degrade to eliminate unwanted or damaged cells. Between 50-70 billion cells die daily in humans through apoptosis. The document then covers the history of apoptosis research and discovery. It discusses the role of caspases as executioners of apoptosis and the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Conditions where apoptosis is increased or decreased are examined, along with potential therapeutic targets like caspase inhibitors.
Apoptosis my ppt
This document summarizes apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Apoptosis occurs through a regulated process that eliminates cells without releasing harmful substances. It is caused by physiologic situations like hormone-dependent tissue involution or pathogenic conditions such as DNA damage. The process involves intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that activate caspase enzymes to execute cell death. Examples where apoptosis is important include growth factor deprivation, DNA damage, misfolded protein accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum, and removal of self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmunity.
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11.20 (dr. yasmeen hashim) apoptosis (mechanism in normal tissues. programmed...
1. Apoptosis and necrosis are two main types of cell death. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that plays an important role in development and maintaining tissue homeostasis, while necrosis is unregulated cell death caused by external factors like injury.
2. Cancer develops due to mutations in genes that regulate cell growth, allowing cells to proliferate uncontrollably. Cancer cells evade apoptosis and are able to metastasize, or spread to other parts of the body. Abnormalities in apoptosis may contribute to diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune disorders.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process of programmed cell death that removes unnecessary or damaged cells. It is mediated by caspases, cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, that cleave key cellular proteins and lead to cell death. Apoptosis occurs through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway or the extrinsic death receptor pathway and plays an important role in development, tissue homeostasis, and defense against infection and cancer. Defects in apoptosis can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer.
Apoptosis ppt.
Dr. Shabnam N Shah presents information on apoptosis or programmed cell death. Apoptosis is a genetically controlled process important for development and tissue homeostasis. It occurs through the extrinsic pathway initiated by death receptors, the intrinsic pathway involving mitochondria, or the granzyme pathway using perforin and granzymes. Apoptosis is essential for physiological processes but pathological disturbances can also induce cell death.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a controlled, programmed cell death process that is essential for normal development and homeostasis. During apoptosis, cells actively trigger intracellular events that lead to cell fragmentation and phagocytosis without causing inflammation. Apoptosis is distinct from necrosis, which is unregulated cell death caused by external cellular injuries. Key aspects of apoptosis include activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, and changes to cell membranes that mark cells for phagocytosis. Apoptosis pathways can be triggered by extracellular signals or internal cell damage and are important in development, tissue homeostasis, and diseases like cancer when the process goes awry.
Cell injuryadaptation 4
This document discusses apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It begins by describing reversible and irreversible cell injury, with apoptosis and necrosis listed as examples of irreversible injury. Apoptosis is then discussed in more detail, noting that it was initially recognized in 1972 and is a mechanism to eliminate unwanted, harmful, or damaged cells. Apoptosis involves planned self-destruction of cells and is important for survival. The document outlines the clinical implications and provides examples of apoptosis in physiological and pathological conditions. It describes the morphology, biochemical features, and mechanisms of apoptosis, including the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Differences between apoptosis and necrosis are also summarized.
Apoptosis vs necrosis
1) The document discusses apoptosis and necrosis, two types of cell death. Apoptosis is programmed cell death where cells shrink and fragment in an orderly process. Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death caused by external injury or damage where cells swell and leak.
2) Apoptosis can be triggered internally through mitochondrial pathways or externally through death receptor pathways and leads to caspase activation and cell fragmentation. Cancer cells develop ways to avoid apoptosis like inhibiting proteins in these pathways.
3) Necrosis occurs when cells are damaged by external factors like toxins and involves cell and organelle swelling without fragmentation. Cancer cells and viruses can interfere with apoptosis to allow cancer progression.
Apoptosis
The document discusses programmed cell death or apoptosis. It begins by defining apoptosis as a regulated process where cells self-degrade to eliminate unwanted or damaged cells. Between 50-70 billion cells die daily in humans through apoptosis. The document then covers the history of apoptosis research and discovery. It discusses the role of caspases as executioners of apoptosis and the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Conditions where apoptosis is increased or decreased are examined, along with potential therapeutic targets like caspase inhibitors.
Apoptosis my ppt
This document summarizes apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Apoptosis occurs through a regulated process that eliminates cells without releasing harmful substances. It is caused by physiologic situations like hormone-dependent tissue involution or pathogenic conditions such as DNA damage. The process involves intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that activate caspase enzymes to execute cell death. Examples where apoptosis is important include growth factor deprivation, DNA damage, misfolded protein accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum, and removal of self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmunity.
Cell apoptosis '' CELL DEATH''
Introduction to CELL APOPTOSIS
Including Definition
Micro-organism which cause CELL APOPTOSIS
Mechanism by which some bacteria lead to CELL APOPTOSIS
Some factors which facilitate microbes to present CELL APOPTOSIS
Sequence effects of Cell-Apoptisis
Apoptosis (presentation)
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a natural process by which cells self-destruct in response to internal or external signals. It is distinct from necrosis in that it involves chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, and preservation of organelles, allowing for rapid engulfment by neighboring cells without inflammation. Apoptosis is initiated through either the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway or the extrinsic death receptor pathway and is executed by caspases, a family of cysteine proteases. It plays an essential role in development and homeostasis by removing damaged or unneeded cells.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is mediated by activation of caspases. It plays an important role in both physiological processes like development and pathological conditions like DNA damage. The key features of apoptosis include cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies, and phagocytosis of cell fragments without eliciting inflammation. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways initiate apoptosis through an imbalance of survival and death signals within cells.
Apoptosis and the response to chemotherapy
1) Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism that is important for normal development and tissue homeostasis, but is often inhibited in cancer cells to allow uncontrolled growth.
2) There are three main apoptotic pathways - extrinsic, intrinsic, and granzyme-mediated - that involve initiator and executioner caspases.
3) Cancer therapies like chemotherapy and radiation can induce apoptosis in tumor cells, but tumors evolve mechanisms to evade apoptosis like downregulating death receptors or overexpressing anti-apoptotic proteins.
4) New targeted therapies are being developed to manipulate the apoptotic pathway in cancer cells by inhibiting anti-apoptotic proteins or activating death receptors to selectively kill tumor cells.
Cellular cannibalism ,Apoptosis and Autoimmunity
Cellular cannibalism, also known as cell cannibalism, is the process where a living cell engulfs and digests another living cell, ultimately leading to the death of the engulfed cell. It is observed in several types of tumors and is considered a survival mechanism for malignant cells in unfavorable microenvironments. The process involves the weakening and release of cells, interaction and engulfment by cannibalistic cells, and digestion within a vacuole. Key regulators include caveolin-1, cathepsin B, and the actin cytoskeleton. Cellular cannibalism differs from other cell-in-cell phenomena such as entosis, emperipolesis, and effer
Apoptosis
Avhijit Roy, a 3rd year B.Pharm student, is researching apoptosis for his project. Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that was first introduced in 1972 and plays a role in many physiologic and pathologic processes. It involves biochemical changes like proteolysis and appearance of glycoproteins, as well as molecular mechanisms including initiators that are transmembranous, intracellular or extracellular, activation of caspases and cell death receptors, and growth controlling genes leading to phagocytosis without inflammation.
Apoptosis, program cell death
Introduction
Definition
History
Evolution and origin of apoptosis
Significance
Purpose of apoptosis
Steps /process
Morphological and biochemical changes
Mechanism of apoptosis
Caspases
Regulation of apoptosis
Disorders of apoptosis
Application
Conclusion
Referances
Apoptosis
Every cell has a natural life cycle involving birth and death. There are two main types of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis is accidental cell death due to external injury, while apoptosis is a carefully regulated process in which cells play an active role in their own death. During apoptosis, cells shrink, break into fragments, and are phagocytosed without causing inflammation. Precisely regulated apoptosis is important for normal development, immune function, and homeostasis, while defects can lead to diseases. Many cancer therapies aim to trigger the apoptosis pathway in tumor cells.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process of programmed cell death where cells activate enzymes to degrade their own DNA and proteins. The plasma membrane remains intact but becomes a target for phagocytes. The dead cell and fragments are rapidly consumed before contents can leak out, preventing inflammation. Apoptosis eliminates damaged, unneeded, or harmful cells and occurs during development, tissue remodeling, and to limit damage from infections or DNA damage. It is characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated form of programmed cell death that is controlled by specific genes. During apoptosis, cells fragment their DNA and nuclei and form apoptotic bodies that are phagocytosed by other cells without causing inflammation. This process removes damaged or unnecessary cells in a controlled manner. Apoptosis can be triggered by physiologic processes like development or pathologic conditions like radiation, viral infections, or accumulation of misfolded proteins. It occurs through either the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway involving cytochrome c release or the extrinsic death receptor pathway. Precise genetic control of apoptosis is important for tissue homeostasis and manipulation of these pathways may help treat diseases like cancer.
Bs963 apoptosis 09-10
The document provides an overview of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, discussing its molecular mechanisms and role in development and disease. It summarizes that apoptosis occurs through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins like Bax and Bcl-2, and involves caspase activation leading to DNA fragmentation and phagocytosis of cell fragments. The document also discusses the importance of apoptosis in immune system development and its relevance to cancer.
Apoptosis
A unit that was created for a lesson that would correspond with the caps learning document but what is not in the document
Apoptosis
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an important physiological process that eliminates unwanted or damaged cells. There are two main pathways that trigger apoptosis - the extrinsic or death receptor pathway, and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. The extrinsic pathway involves death receptors and ligands that activate caspase enzymes. The intrinsic pathway occurs in response to cellular stress and involves mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and the release of proteins like cytochrome c. This forms the apoptosome complex and activates caspase-9 and caspase-3, leading to apoptosis. Apoptosis is a highly regulated process involving Bcl-2 family proteins, caspase enzymes, and characteristic morphological changes including cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and membrane blebbing. Assays to detect
Apoptosis & Necrosis
The document discusses the differences between apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is a highly regulated and programmed process where cells undergo controlled death without inflammatory consequences. It occurs through mitochondrial changes, DNA fragmentation, cellular shrinkage, and formation of membrane-bound apoptotic bodies that are phagocytosed. In contrast, necrosis is unregulated cell death caused by external factors that results in cell swelling and rupture, releasing intracellular contents and triggering inflammation. The document outlines the multi-step process of apoptosis and provides examples of where it is important, such as in development and elimination of damaged cells.
Apoptosis
The document discusses apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It defines apoptosis as a process where cells undergo changes like nuclear fragmentation, cell shrinkage, and blebbing of the plasma membrane. This results in the formation of apoptotic bodies containing nuclear and cytoplasmic material. The document notes that apoptosis is initiated by caspase activation and mitochondrial changes, and that it involves DNA fragmentation and membrane alterations during cell death.
Apoptosis
This document discusses apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It describes how apoptosis is important in physiological and pathological processes. Physiologically, apoptosis helps sculpt tissues during embryo development and replaces intestinal epithelium cells. Pathologically, apoptosis causes cell death in tumors exposed to chemotherapy, viral infections, and organ atrophy from stimulus withdrawal. Biochemically, apoptosis involves proteolysis, protein cross-linkages, nuclear pyknosis, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Initiation can occur via transmembrane, intracellular, or extracellular signals. The process involves caspase activation, death receptor activation, and growth gene regulation, ultimately leading to cell death and non-inflammatory phagocytosis.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that occurs in multicellular organisms. During apoptosis, cells undergo changes such as blebbing, shrinkage, and nuclear fragmentation. Between 50-70 billion cells die per day in the human body through apoptosis. Defects in apoptotic processes can lead to diseases such as cancer by allowing non-functional cells to continue proliferating. Apoptosis involves signaling pathways, regulation of mitochondria, caspase activation, and removal of dead cells.
Apoptosis
1. Programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis, is essential for proper development and for destroying harmful cells.
2. Apoptosis is regulated by caspases, which are cysteine-dependent aspartate specific proteases. Caspases activate a proteolytic cascade that leads to cell death.
3. There are three main apoptotic pathways: the extrinsic pathway which involves death receptors, the intrinsic pathway which involves the mitochondria, and the granzyme pathway which uses granzymes from cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells.
Apoptosis
This document summarizes different types of cell death including apoptosis and necrosis. It describes the morphology and causes of apoptosis and discusses examples of apoptosis occurring in physiological and pathological situations. It also discusses various mechanisms of intracellular accumulations including lipids, proteins, glycogen, and pigments. Finally, it outlines the morphology and patterns of cell injury and necrosis.
Apoptosis
1. Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process of programmed cell death that removes unwanted or damaged cells. It involves activation of caspases and degradation of nuclear DNA and proteins.
2. There are two main pathways that initiate apoptosis - the extrinsic pathway which involves death receptors, and the intrinsic pathway which involves the mitochondria. Both pathways activate caspases that execute the cell death program.
3. Disorders of apoptosis can result in disease states like cancer if cells fail to undergo apoptosis in response to damage, or neurodegeneration if excessive apoptosis occurs. A delicate balance of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins regulates apoptosis.
Macro Economics - Sub Prime Crisis
An assignment from my second semester (in MBA) for the Macro Economics course.
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Cell apoptosis '' CELL DEATH''
Introduction to CELL APOPTOSIS
Including Definition
Micro-organism which cause CELL APOPTOSIS
Mechanism by which some bacteria lead to CELL APOPTOSIS
Some factors which facilitate microbes to present CELL APOPTOSIS
Sequence effects of Cell-Apoptisis
Apoptosis (presentation)
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a natural process by which cells self-destruct in response to internal or external signals. It is distinct from necrosis in that it involves chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, and preservation of organelles, allowing for rapid engulfment by neighboring cells without inflammation. Apoptosis is initiated through either the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway or the extrinsic death receptor pathway and is executed by caspases, a family of cysteine proteases. It plays an essential role in development and homeostasis by removing damaged or unneeded cells.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is mediated by activation of caspases. It plays an important role in both physiological processes like development and pathological conditions like DNA damage. The key features of apoptosis include cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies, and phagocytosis of cell fragments without eliciting inflammation. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways initiate apoptosis through an imbalance of survival and death signals within cells.
Apoptosis and the response to chemotherapy
1) Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism that is important for normal development and tissue homeostasis, but is often inhibited in cancer cells to allow uncontrolled growth.
2) There are three main apoptotic pathways - extrinsic, intrinsic, and granzyme-mediated - that involve initiator and executioner caspases.
3) Cancer therapies like chemotherapy and radiation can induce apoptosis in tumor cells, but tumors evolve mechanisms to evade apoptosis like downregulating death receptors or overexpressing anti-apoptotic proteins.
4) New targeted therapies are being developed to manipulate the apoptotic pathway in cancer cells by inhibiting anti-apoptotic proteins or activating death receptors to selectively kill tumor cells.
Cellular cannibalism ,Apoptosis and Autoimmunity
Cellular cannibalism, also known as cell cannibalism, is the process where a living cell engulfs and digests another living cell, ultimately leading to the death of the engulfed cell. It is observed in several types of tumors and is considered a survival mechanism for malignant cells in unfavorable microenvironments. The process involves the weakening and release of cells, interaction and engulfment by cannibalistic cells, and digestion within a vacuole. Key regulators include caveolin-1, cathepsin B, and the actin cytoskeleton. Cellular cannibalism differs from other cell-in-cell phenomena such as entosis, emperipolesis, and effer
Apoptosis
Avhijit Roy, a 3rd year B.Pharm student, is researching apoptosis for his project. Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that was first introduced in 1972 and plays a role in many physiologic and pathologic processes. It involves biochemical changes like proteolysis and appearance of glycoproteins, as well as molecular mechanisms including initiators that are transmembranous, intracellular or extracellular, activation of caspases and cell death receptors, and growth controlling genes leading to phagocytosis without inflammation.
Apoptosis, program cell death
Introduction
Definition
History
Evolution and origin of apoptosis
Significance
Purpose of apoptosis
Steps /process
Morphological and biochemical changes
Mechanism of apoptosis
Caspases
Regulation of apoptosis
Disorders of apoptosis
Application
Conclusion
Referances
Apoptosis
Every cell has a natural life cycle involving birth and death. There are two main types of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis is accidental cell death due to external injury, while apoptosis is a carefully regulated process in which cells play an active role in their own death. During apoptosis, cells shrink, break into fragments, and are phagocytosed without causing inflammation. Precisely regulated apoptosis is important for normal development, immune function, and homeostasis, while defects can lead to diseases. Many cancer therapies aim to trigger the apoptosis pathway in tumor cells.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process of programmed cell death where cells activate enzymes to degrade their own DNA and proteins. The plasma membrane remains intact but becomes a target for phagocytes. The dead cell and fragments are rapidly consumed before contents can leak out, preventing inflammation. Apoptosis eliminates damaged, unneeded, or harmful cells and occurs during development, tissue remodeling, and to limit damage from infections or DNA damage. It is characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated form of programmed cell death that is controlled by specific genes. During apoptosis, cells fragment their DNA and nuclei and form apoptotic bodies that are phagocytosed by other cells without causing inflammation. This process removes damaged or unnecessary cells in a controlled manner. Apoptosis can be triggered by physiologic processes like development or pathologic conditions like radiation, viral infections, or accumulation of misfolded proteins. It occurs through either the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway involving cytochrome c release or the extrinsic death receptor pathway. Precise genetic control of apoptosis is important for tissue homeostasis and manipulation of these pathways may help treat diseases like cancer.
Bs963 apoptosis 09-10
The document provides an overview of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, discussing its molecular mechanisms and role in development and disease. It summarizes that apoptosis occurs through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins like Bax and Bcl-2, and involves caspase activation leading to DNA fragmentation and phagocytosis of cell fragments. The document also discusses the importance of apoptosis in immune system development and its relevance to cancer.
Apoptosis
A unit that was created for a lesson that would correspond with the caps learning document but what is not in the document
Apoptosis
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an important physiological process that eliminates unwanted or damaged cells. There are two main pathways that trigger apoptosis - the extrinsic or death receptor pathway, and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. The extrinsic pathway involves death receptors and ligands that activate caspase enzymes. The intrinsic pathway occurs in response to cellular stress and involves mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and the release of proteins like cytochrome c. This forms the apoptosome complex and activates caspase-9 and caspase-3, leading to apoptosis. Apoptosis is a highly regulated process involving Bcl-2 family proteins, caspase enzymes, and characteristic morphological changes including cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and membrane blebbing. Assays to detect
Apoptosis & Necrosis
The document discusses the differences between apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is a highly regulated and programmed process where cells undergo controlled death without inflammatory consequences. It occurs through mitochondrial changes, DNA fragmentation, cellular shrinkage, and formation of membrane-bound apoptotic bodies that are phagocytosed. In contrast, necrosis is unregulated cell death caused by external factors that results in cell swelling and rupture, releasing intracellular contents and triggering inflammation. The document outlines the multi-step process of apoptosis and provides examples of where it is important, such as in development and elimination of damaged cells.
Apoptosis
The document discusses apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It defines apoptosis as a process where cells undergo changes like nuclear fragmentation, cell shrinkage, and blebbing of the plasma membrane. This results in the formation of apoptotic bodies containing nuclear and cytoplasmic material. The document notes that apoptosis is initiated by caspase activation and mitochondrial changes, and that it involves DNA fragmentation and membrane alterations during cell death.
Apoptosis
This document discusses apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It describes how apoptosis is important in physiological and pathological processes. Physiologically, apoptosis helps sculpt tissues during embryo development and replaces intestinal epithelium cells. Pathologically, apoptosis causes cell death in tumors exposed to chemotherapy, viral infections, and organ atrophy from stimulus withdrawal. Biochemically, apoptosis involves proteolysis, protein cross-linkages, nuclear pyknosis, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Initiation can occur via transmembrane, intracellular, or extracellular signals. The process involves caspase activation, death receptor activation, and growth gene regulation, ultimately leading to cell death and non-inflammatory phagocytosis.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that occurs in multicellular organisms. During apoptosis, cells undergo changes such as blebbing, shrinkage, and nuclear fragmentation. Between 50-70 billion cells die per day in the human body through apoptosis. Defects in apoptotic processes can lead to diseases such as cancer by allowing non-functional cells to continue proliferating. Apoptosis involves signaling pathways, regulation of mitochondria, caspase activation, and removal of dead cells.
Apoptosis
1. Programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis, is essential for proper development and for destroying harmful cells.
2. Apoptosis is regulated by caspases, which are cysteine-dependent aspartate specific proteases. Caspases activate a proteolytic cascade that leads to cell death.
3. There are three main apoptotic pathways: the extrinsic pathway which involves death receptors, the intrinsic pathway which involves the mitochondria, and the granzyme pathway which uses granzymes from cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells.
Apoptosis
This document summarizes different types of cell death including apoptosis and necrosis. It describes the morphology and causes of apoptosis and discusses examples of apoptosis occurring in physiological and pathological situations. It also discusses various mechanisms of intracellular accumulations including lipids, proteins, glycogen, and pigments. Finally, it outlines the morphology and patterns of cell injury and necrosis.
Apoptosis
1. Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process of programmed cell death that removes unwanted or damaged cells. It involves activation of caspases and degradation of nuclear DNA and proteins.
2. There are two main pathways that initiate apoptosis - the extrinsic pathway which involves death receptors, and the intrinsic pathway which involves the mitochondria. Both pathways activate caspases that execute the cell death program.
3. Disorders of apoptosis can result in disease states like cancer if cells fail to undergo apoptosis in response to damage, or neurodegeneration if excessive apoptosis occurs. A delicate balance of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins regulates apoptosis.
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04 cancer
Cancer is a deadly disease where cells divide uncontrollably and can spread throughout the body. There are several types of cancer that originate from different cell types. Cancer is caused by mutations in DNA and can be influenced by factors like tobacco, radiation, viruses, and diet. Doctors use tests like biopsies, mammograms, and prostate exams to detect cancer early. The main treatment options are surgery to remove tumors, chemotherapy to poison cancer cells, and radiation therapy to damage cancer cell DNA.
Cancer.pptx
This document summarizes key facts about cancer:
- Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. The most common cancers are breast, lung, colon, rectum and prostate.
- Cancer occurs due to genetic and environmental factors like tobacco use, diet, physical activity levels, and some infections. Many cancers can be cured if detected early and treated.
- Cancers are classified as benign or malignant tumors. Benign tumors are not cancerous while malignant tumors are and can spread to other parts of the body through metastasis.
Cancer cell
The document provides information about cancer presented by a group of five students. It defines cancer and tumor, discusses the classification, properties, causes and symptoms of cancer. It also covers cell death mechanisms, different types of cancer that can affect various organs, and common cancer treatments.
Cancer cell growth
The document provides information about cancer presented by a group of five students. It defines cancer and tumor, discusses the classification, properties, causes and symptoms of cancer. It also covers cell death mechanisms, different types of cancer that can affect various organs, and common cancer treatments.
Cancer
Cancer is one of the most common diseases worldwide and arises due to mutations in genes. There are over 100 types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body. Cancerous cells divide uncontrollably and crowd out normal cells. Factors that can cause mutations include carcinogens like tobacco, certain viruses, radiation, and genetic predisposition. Early diagnosis improves survival rates and treatments are improving, seeking to remove less healthy tissue and combine therapies.
P Pt On Cancer Cells 1
Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth that can form tumors. Cancer cells may spread, or metastasize, to other parts of the body. Cancer Cell is a journal focused on cancer research from basic to clinical studies, with an emphasis on translational research. Cancer cells are formed through genetic mutations in normal cells over many years. Cancer cells have properties like unlimited growth, lack of apoptosis and telomere shortening, angiogenesis, and metastasis that make them different from normal cells. Research on cancer prevention and control focuses on altering risky behaviors, increasing cancer screening, and improving diagnosis and survivorship.
Awareness on Cancer Dr. A. Amsavel
Awareness on Cancer
what are the causes for cancer
Terminology
Classification of Cancers
Signs and Symptoms
Stages of Cancers (TSM)
Types of Cancer Treatments
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy etc
Side effects on treatment
Palliative care
Cancer
Within five years, cancer is projected to surpass heart disease as the leading cause of death according to the American Hospital Association. Cancer occurs when cells grow abnormally and spread uncontrollably, destroying healthy tissue. Carcinogens such as chemicals, heavy metals, radiation, and some viruses can cause cancer by damaging cells' DNA during cell division. Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the US, with melanoma being the deadliest form but basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas being more treatable. Lung cancer has a close link to smoking and accounts for many cancer deaths annually. Treatment for cancer depends on the type and stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.
Cancer nazar 2016
Cancer arises from genetic changes in cells that cause uncontrolled growth and spread. The document discusses cancer pathogenesis, classification, stages, risk factors like carcinogens, and prevention strategies. It notes that in 2012 there were estimated 14 million new cancer cases worldwide resulting in 7.6 million deaths, with lung, breast, colorectal, and stomach cancer being most common. Prevention involves controlling risk factors like tobacco, promoting hygiene, vaccinations, and treating precancerous lesions.
Taniya slide share
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth that can invade other tissues and spread to other parts of the body. It is the second leading cause of death globally. Risk factors include tobacco use, infections, diet, obesity, alcohol, radiation, and environmental pollutants. Cancer develops due to mutations in genes that regulate cell growth. Diagnosis methods include imaging tests, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and precision medicine. Prevention strategies focus on lifestyle factors like a healthy diet and exercise as well as limiting exposure to risk factors.
lech. introduction — копия 3.ppt
Oncology is the study of cancer, which is characterized by abnormal cell growth and spread. There are several types of cancer defined by the tissue of origin, with carcinomas being the most common. Cancer symptoms vary depending on the location but may include lumps, pain, weight loss, and spread of cancer cells from the original tumor site via the lymphatic system or bloodstream.
Cancer Ppt 2008
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and can affect many parts of the body. In New Zealand, cancer is a leading cause of death, with the most common cancers being lung, prostate, colorectal, breast and lung cancers. Maori have higher mortality rates from cancer compared to non-Maori. Cancers are caused by defects in cellular proliferation and differentiation as well as environmental and genetic factors. Cancer cells spread via metastasis which can occur early for some cancers or later for others. The immune system plays a role in detecting cancer cells but cancers can evade immune response.
biology project cancer.docx
This document is a student project on the biology of cancer. It begins with acknowledgements and certificates confirming the project. The main content discusses how cancer is caused by mutations in genes regulating cell division. Many environmental and genetic factors can cause these mutations. Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors, which can be benign or malignant. The document also covers cancer classification, treatment strategies like surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and their potential side effects.
cancer genetics familial cancer.pdf
This document discusses cancer genetics and familial cancer. It defines cancer and the types of tumors. It describes oncogenes and proto-oncogenes and their role in cancer development. The document outlines common types of cancer and lists signs and symptoms. It discusses various lab tests used to diagnose cancer including immunophenotyping and urine cytology. The summary concludes by mentioning several treatment options for cancer such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted drug therapy.
Cancer.pptx
The global cancer burden rose to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018 according to statistics. One in 5 men and one in 6 women will develop cancer in their lifetime. The increasing burden is due to factors like population growth, aging, and changes to lifestyles and risk factors linked to social and economic development. Cancer is caused by changes to genes that control cell growth and can arise from errors during cell division or DNA damage from environmental exposures. Common signs of cancer include unexplained weight loss, fatigue, pain, skin changes, coughing, and thickening of parts of the body. Cancer treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy depending on the cancer type and stage
Biology investigatory project
Cancer is a disease caused by abnormal cell growth and can start anywhere in the body. Cancer cells differ from normal cells in that they grow uncontrollably, invade other tissues, and are often immortal. Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide, with over 10 million new cases and 9.5 million cancer deaths annually. The number of new cancer cases is projected to increase significantly in the coming decades. Some key causes of cancer include tobacco use, poor diet and lack of exercise, certain infections, and genetic factors. Prevention strategies focus on avoiding risk factors and promoting healthy behaviors.
Cancer PPT (From Mrs. Brenda Lee)
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that spreads locally and metastasizes throughout the body, with over 100 types of cancer that can develop. The four most common cancers are breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer, which together account for around half of all new cancer cases diagnosed in the United States each year. The document discusses the causes of cancer from genetic mutations and carcinogens like tobacco, as well as types of treatment including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and efforts toward prevention through lifestyle changes and cancer screening.
Literature on Cancer and anti-cancer drugs.pptx
This document provides an overview of cancer and anticancer drugs. It defines cancer, compares cancer cells to normal cells, and lists key facts about causes, symptoms, growth and spread, types, diagnosis, stages, and treatments of cancer. The main topics covered are the definition of cancer, differences between cancer and normal cells, causes of cancer, signs and symptoms, how cancer grows and spreads, types of cancer, diagnosis methods, cancer stages, common treatment approaches like surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and the development process of anticancer drugs.
Cancer and anti-cancer drugs and drug molecules.pptx
This document provides an overview of cancer and anticancer drugs. It defines cancer, describes how cancer cells differ from normal cells, and lists some key facts about cancer incidence. The document then discusses what causes cancer and outlines some common signs and symptoms. It explains how cancer grows and spreads and lists some major cancer types. The stages of cancer diagnosis and treatment are summarized, including approaches like surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted drugs. The document outlines the process of anticancer drug research from pre-clinical testing through clinical trials. It notes some challenges in cancer treatment and lists several references for further information.
Cancer
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and can affect many parts of the body. The document discusses the characteristics and stages of cancer as well as the four most common types: breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. It also summarizes several other specific cancers like leukemia, lymphoma, and cancers of the stomach, liver, and others. Risk factors, symptoms, and common treatment methods like chemotherapy and radiation therapy are briefly covered.
Similar to 04 cancer (20)
Cancer and anti-cancer drugs and drug molecules.pptx
Cancer and anti-cancer drugs and drug molecules.pptx
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64 batteries will allow you to make 64 iPhones. The batteries are the limiting reagent.
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1) Atomic radius generally increases down a group and decreases across a period due to shielding effects of additional electron shells and increasing nuclear charge, respectively.
2) Ionization energy generally increases down a group and across a period as it becomes increasingly difficult to remove an electron due to greater nuclear attraction from less shielding and more protons. Exceptions occur when removing an electron would destabilize a full shell.
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This document provides information on wave quantum mechanics and electron configurations. It discusses:
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23 gases
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04 periodic trends v2
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- Electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity all generally increase from left to right across a period as the effective nuclear charge increases. Electronegativity also increases up a group as the distance from valence electrons to the nucleus decreases.
- Ionization energy increases from top to bottom within a group as it is easier to remove an electron from an atom with fewer energy levels. Electron affinity generally increases from left to right across a period and decreases
22 acids + bases
This document discusses acids and bases. It defines their key properties including reacting with metals, carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing each other. It explains the theories of Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis on acids and bases. It also covers acid-base reactions, indicators, pH, titrations, strong/weak acids and bases, and acid-base stoichiometry.
23 gases
Gases are composed of molecules that are far apart from each other and occupy the entire volume of their container. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically with each other and the container walls. The kinetic molecular theory describes gases as having negligible intermolecular forces and volume. Pressure, volume, temperature of a gas are related by the combined gas law and ideal gas law. Gas calculations involve using stoichiometry, the ideal gas law, and gas laws like Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's to determine volume, pressure, amount, or temperature changes.
22 acids + bases
The document discusses the key properties and reactions of acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids react with metals, carbonates, conduct electricity, turn litmus paper red, and neutralize bases. Bases conduct electricity, turn litmus paper blue, and neutralize acids. Theories of acids and bases including Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis are explained. Strong and weak acids/bases, monoprotic/diprotic/triprotic acids, pH, titrations, and acid-base indicators are also covered.
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This document discusses water treatment processes including water softening. Water softening is a treatment process that uses chemicals to remove minerals like calcium and magnesium from hard water to make it softer. Acceptable concentrations of chemicals used in water treatment processes are also mentioned.
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22 acids + bases
This document discusses acids and bases according to several theories. It begins by describing the properties of acids, including reacting with metals and carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing bases. It then discusses the properties of bases. The Arrhenius theory defines acids as substances that produce H+ ions in water and bases as those that produce OH- ions. However, this theory has limitations and does not account for all acids and bases. The Brønsted-Lowry theory broadens the definition to any substance that can donate or accept protons. Strong acids fully dissociate in water while weak acids only partially dissociate. The pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions on a
19 solutions and solubility
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18 percentage yield
The document discusses percentage yield and percentage purity calculations for chemical reactions. It provides an example calculation for percentage yield where 1.72g of ammonia is obtained from a reaction using 7.5g of nitrogen. The percentage yield is calculated to be 18.9%. An example is also given for calculating percentage purity of an impure iron pyrite sample where the purity is found to be 86.3%. Formulae for percentage yield and percentage purity are defined. Key steps like using stoichiometry and unit conversions are highlighted.
14 the mole!!!
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13 isotopes
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04 cancer
- 1. Cancer
- 2. Cancer Cancer is a deadly disease where your own cells attack your body, destroying the body from the inside, leading to severe sickness and death. Cancer can kill a person in months or years.
- 3. Cancer A tumour is a mass of cells that continue to divide with no function in the body. The very first cell to start a tumour is created by a DNA mutation caused by a carcinogen. The mutated cell begins dividing uncontrollably.
- 4. Cancer Normally the immune system can kill cancer cells by inducing a) apoptosis – programmed cell death b) necrosis – cell injury that results in premature death of cell, often linked to inflammation of surrounding tissues
- 5. Cancer Apoptosis can occur for “normal” cells when it is time for them to die. It can also occur as “cell suicide” if they are infected with a virus or have damaged DNA.
- 6. Cancer Metastasis – spreading around the body, invading other organs and impairing their function. Malignant – an aggressive cancer that metastasizes, resulting in sickness and death. Benign – a tumor that is not malignant.
- 7. Cancer A person with skin cancer may later get the cancer in their lungs because the skin cancer may have been malignant. That means the cancer has metastasized from the skin to the lungs.
- 9. Types of Cancer Carcinoma: Cancers derived from epithelial cells; includes the most common cancers (especially of old age), and nearly all developing in the breast, prostate, lung, pancreas, and colon. Sarcoma: Cancers arising from connective tissue (i.e. bone, cartilage, fat, nerve), each of which develop from cells originating outside the bone marrow. Lymphoma and leukemia: Cancers arising from blood-forming cells that leave the marrow and tend to mature in the lymph nodes and blood. Leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children accounting for about 30%. Germ cell tumor: Cancers derived from pluripotent cells, most often presenting in the testicle (seminoma) or the ovary (dysgerminoma). Blastoma: Cancers derived from immature "precursor" cells or embryonic tissue.
- 10. Causes of Cancer Cancer starts with a mutation in the DNA. Mutation – A change to the DNA sequence. Not all mutations are harmful. Some mutations do not affect an organism, while some cause health problems like cancer.
- 11. Causes of Cancer Types of mutations:
- 12. Causes of Cancer A carcinogen is a factor in the environment that can cause cancer. Three known carcinogens are tobacco smoke, x-rays, and environmental pollution. Other carcinogens are UV radiation (sunlight or tanning beds), viruses, organic solvents, and certain chemicals in plastics.
- 13. Causes of Cancer
- 14. Causes of Cancer
- 15. Cancer Prevention Cancer is linked to diet because eating more “super foods” such as tomatoes, carrots, red grapes, and broccoli can help prevent cancer.
- 16. Cancer Prevention Eating less red meat, processed meat, saturated fat, and refined sugar may also reduce the risk of cancer.
- 17. Cancer Prevention A healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of cancer. This includes being active.
- 18. Detecting Cancer Moles are a very common cause of skin cancer, usually caused UV radiation (tanning beds and sun exposure)
- 19. Detecting Cancer
- 20. Detecting Cancer Cancer Type Estimated New Cases Estimated Deaths Bladder 72,570 15,210 Breast (Female : Male) 232,340 : 2,240 39,620 : 410 Colon and Rectal (Combined) 142,820 50,830 Endometrial 49,560 8,190 Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer 59,938 12,586 Leukemia (All Types) 48,610 23,720 Lung (Including Bronchus) 228,190 159,480 Melanoma 76,690 9,480 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 69,740 19,020 Pancreatic 45,220 38,460 Prostate 238,590 29,720 Thyroid 60,220 1,850
- 23. Detecting Cancer When a doctor thinks that you might have cancer, they may perform a biopsy. This means that they cut a piece of the tumor out of you and analyze it.
- 24. Treating Cancer There are 3 common cancer treatments: 1) Surgery 2) Chemotherapy 3) Radiation Therapy
- 25. Treating Cancer There are 3 common cancer treatments: 1) Surgery – the tumor is cut out
- 26. Treating Cancer There are 3 common cancer treatments: 2) Chemotherapy – chemicals are injected in the person to poison and kill the tumor cells.
- 27. Treating Cancer There are 3 common cancer treatments: 3) Radiation Therapy – radioactive energy is used to damage the DNA of cancer cells to the point of cell death.
Editor's Notes
- http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/commoncancers