Awareness on Cancer
what are the causes for cancer
Terminology
Classification of Cancers
Signs and Symptoms
Stages of Cancers (TSM)
Types of Cancer Treatments
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy etc
Side effects on treatment
Palliative care
Cancer Awareness - Kaplan University Dept. of Public Healthsmtibor
Cancer awareness, including general definitions, detection, prevention, treatment, and risk factors. Emphasis on skin and prostate cancers and at-risk populations.
Cancer Awareness - Kaplan University Dept. of Public Healthsmtibor
Cancer awareness, including general definitions, detection, prevention, treatment, and risk factors. Emphasis on skin and prostate cancers and at-risk populations.
It is about the cancer initiation, progression, metastasis and angiogenesis. In addition to that viruses responsible for the cancer. oncogenes- protooncogenes, factors responsible for cancer, treatment, cell signaling mechanisms involved.
Cancer Awareness By Ms. Susmita Mitra
This is part of the HELP Talk series at HELP,Health Education Library for People, the worlds largest free patient education library www.healthlibrary.com.
For info log on to www.healthlibrary.com.
Cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. It accounts for 16% of total deaths. Cancer is a silent disease you might not even notice any symptoms initially. But ‘Cancer’ can be detected early by regular health checkup and it can be surely treated better, incurring less physical, mental and financial suffering.
So on 4th February people around the world come together to celebrate world Cancer day to raise awareness of Cancer. This World Cancer Day let’s come together to fight against cancer.
This World Cancer Day Indus Health Plus offering best preventive health checkup packages including cancer screening tests at 50% less than market price with same day reports.
Get avail health checkup packages at https://goo.gl/b8KCvv
Call Us: 800-035-702-975
A brief description on cancer.Cancer – a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells,Some topics are genesis of cancer,types of cancer,causes of cancer like Heredity,Immunity,Chemical,Physical,Viral Bacterial,Lifestyle.
,sign&symptom:*Change in bowel habits or bladder function,*Sores that do not heal,*Unusual bleeding or discharge,*Thickening or lump in breast or other parts of the body,Indigestion or trouble swallowing,*Recent change in a wart or mole,Nagging cough or hoarseness,
diagnosis and staging,treatment:Surgery,Radiation,Chemotherapy,Immunotherapy,Hormone therapy, Gene therapy,side effect of cancer treatment,prevention of cancer
It is about the cancer initiation, progression, metastasis and angiogenesis. In addition to that viruses responsible for the cancer. oncogenes- protooncogenes, factors responsible for cancer, treatment, cell signaling mechanisms involved.
Cancer Awareness By Ms. Susmita Mitra
This is part of the HELP Talk series at HELP,Health Education Library for People, the worlds largest free patient education library www.healthlibrary.com.
For info log on to www.healthlibrary.com.
Cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. It accounts for 16% of total deaths. Cancer is a silent disease you might not even notice any symptoms initially. But ‘Cancer’ can be detected early by regular health checkup and it can be surely treated better, incurring less physical, mental and financial suffering.
So on 4th February people around the world come together to celebrate world Cancer day to raise awareness of Cancer. This World Cancer Day let’s come together to fight against cancer.
This World Cancer Day Indus Health Plus offering best preventive health checkup packages including cancer screening tests at 50% less than market price with same day reports.
Get avail health checkup packages at https://goo.gl/b8KCvv
Call Us: 800-035-702-975
A brief description on cancer.Cancer – a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells,Some topics are genesis of cancer,types of cancer,causes of cancer like Heredity,Immunity,Chemical,Physical,Viral Bacterial,Lifestyle.
,sign&symptom:*Change in bowel habits or bladder function,*Sores that do not heal,*Unusual bleeding or discharge,*Thickening or lump in breast or other parts of the body,Indigestion or trouble swallowing,*Recent change in a wart or mole,Nagging cough or hoarseness,
diagnosis and staging,treatment:Surgery,Radiation,Chemotherapy,Immunotherapy,Hormone therapy, Gene therapy,side effect of cancer treatment,prevention of cancer
Cancer Cells is quite different from normal cells. When Normal cell Mechanisms of Division, Differentiation failed and undifferentiation cellular division takes place. Thus the formation of tumor cells which are called as Myeloid Tumor cells. Further growth in Myeloid Tumor due to various carcinogenic agents leads to formation of Malignant Tumor cells, here these cells are called as Cancer cells.
define the cancer, types of tumor cells, TNM classification, staging, cancer cells in different area, etiology, carcinogenesis, sign of cancer, diagnosis, prevention - radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgical management
Oncology Nursing:-An oncology nurse is a specialized nurse who cares for cancer patients. These nurses require advanced certifications and clinical experiences in oncology further than the typical baccalaureate nursing program provides. Oncology nursing care can be defined as meeting the various needs of oncology patients during the time of their disease including appropriate screenings and other preventive practices, symptom management, care to retain as much normal functioning as possible, and supportive measures upon the end of life.
What is oncology?
Oncology is the branch of medicine that researches, identifies, and treats cancer. A physician who works in the field of oncology is an oncologist.
Oncologists must first diagnose cancer, which is usually carried out via biopsy, endoscopy, X-ray, CT scanning, MRI, PET scanning, ultrasound, or other radiological methods. Nuclear medicine can also be used to diagnose cancer, as can blood tests or tumor markers. Oncology is often linked with hematology, which is the branch of medicine that deals with blood and blood-related disorders.
Treatment
Once a diagnosis is made, the oncologist discusses the disease stage with the patient. Staging will dictate the treatment of cancer. Chemotherapy — which is defined as the destruction of cancer cells — may be used, as well as radiation therapy. Surgery is used to remove tumors. Hormone therapy is used to treat certain types of cancers, and monoclonal antibody treatments are gaining popularity. Research into cancer vaccines and immunotherapies is ongoing. Palliative care in oncology treats pain and other symptoms of cancer.
Treatment team
Cancer is often treated in a team effort, with at least two or three types of oncologists, including medical, surgical, or radiation. The oncology treatment team may also include a pathologist, a diagnostic radiologist, or an oncology nurse. In the event of a new or a difficult-to-treat case of cancer, the oncology care team may consult a tumor board, made up of various medical experts from all relevant disciplines. The tumor board reviews the case and recommends the best course of cancer treatment for the patient.
Oncology nurse
The oncology nurse has many roles, from helping with cancer screening, detection, and prevention, to the intensive care focus of bone marrow transplantation. Work settings for oncology nurses also vary and include acute care hospitals, ambulatory care clinics, private offices, radiation therapy facilities, and home care agencies. Oncology nurses work with adult and pediatric patients with cancer.
Pediatric Oncology
Pediatric oncology is a medical specialty that focuses on cancer care for children.
The National Cancer Institute estimates that 10,270 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in children in 2017. Of these, 1,190 children will die from the disease.
Pediatric oncology is an important medical field that treats all pediatric cancer types, including acute lymphocytic leukemia,
Similar to Awareness on Cancer Dr. A. Amsavel (20)
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Preclinical research
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We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. An Overview
What is cancers
Terminology
Classification of Cancers
Signs and Symptoms
Signs and Symptoms
Stages of Cancers (TSM)
Types of Cancer Treatments
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy etc
Side effects on treatment
Palliative care
3. Know About Cancer
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, As of 2019,
about 18 million new cases occur annually. Annual death 8.8
million due to Cancer(15.7% of deaths)
The most common cancers are:
Lung (2.09 million cases) (1.76 million deaths)
Breast (2.09 million cases) (627 000 deaths)
Colorectal (1.80 million cases) (862 000 deaths)
Prostate (1.28 million cases)
Skin cancer (1.04 million cases)
Stomach (1.03 million cases) (783 000 deaths)
There are over 200 different types of cancers
Tobacco use is responsible for approx. 22% of cancer deaths
10% is due to behavioral & dietary risks: obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity,
excessive alcohol
5-10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects.
15% of cancers are due to infections / viruses
4. What is Cancer?
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body.
Cancer develops when the body’s normal control mechanism stops
working. Old cells do not die and instead grow out of control, forming
new, abnormal cells.
Immune system normally removes damaged or abnormal cells from
Immune system normally removes damaged or abnormal cells from
the body, some cancer cells are able to “hide” from the immune
system.
These extra cells may form a mass of tissue, called a tumor.
Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors.
The cancerous cells can invade and destroy surrounding healthy
tissue, including organs
5. Mutation of Gene
Cancer cells have more genetic changes,
such as mutation in DNA, than normal
cells.
Cancer is a genetic disease- means, it is
Cancer is a genetic disease- means, it is
caused by changes to genes that control
the way our cells function,
Genetic changes that cause cancer can
be inherited from our parents. Also can
arise due to errors that occur as cells
divide or because of damage to DNA
7. How Normal Cells Become Cancer Cells.
Before cancer cells form in tissues of the body, the normal cells go through
abnormal changes called Hyperplasia and Dysplasia.
In hyperplasia, there is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or
tissue that appear normal under a microscope. In dysplasia, the cells look
abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. Some of the Hyperplasia
and dysplasia may become cancer.
and dysplasia may become cancer.
8. How Cancer Cells Helps to Grow Tumor
Cancer cells can induce nearby normal cells to form
blood vessels that to supply oxygen & nutrients to
Tumors to grow.
9. Know the Terminology
Metastasis: Process that Cancer (primary tumor) begins in one part of
the body before spreading to other areas. Metastases are a major
cause of death from cancer.
Oncology: The branch of medicine dedicated to diagnosing, treating
and researching cancer is known as oncology
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped collections of immune cells
Biopsy,: removes a tumor or pieces of a tumor to test in pathology lab
to test for type of cell / cancer .
Neoplasms (not cancer) may grow large (tumor) but do not spread
into, or invade, nearby tissues or other parts of the body.
Malignant ( cancer tumor ) can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues.
10. Most Common Types of Cancers
The most common types of cancer in males are;
Lung Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Colorectal Cancer &
Stomach Cancers, skin cancers etc.
the most common types cancers in females are
the most common types cancers in females are
Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and cervical
cancer , skin cancers etc
Common in childrens,
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia & Brain Cancer, non-
Hodgkin Lymphoma, etc
11. Classification of Cancer
There are five main categories of cancer based on types of
cancer cell;:
1. Carcinomas begin in the skin or tissues that line the internal
organs.
2. Sarcomas develop in the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle or other
connective tissues.
3. Leukemia begins in the blood and bone marrow.
4. Lymphomas start in the immune system.
5. Central nervous system cancers develop in the brain and
spinal cord.
12. Signs and Symptom of Cancer
Changes to your body's normal processes or unusual, unexplained
Symptoms can sometimes be an early sign of cancer.
Person has to Check with doctor, in case of below symptoms..
Unexplained weight loss, persistent fever
Blood in your poo, urine, vomit, prolonged cough
A lump that suddenly appears on your body / breast
A lump that suddenly appears on your body / breast
Unexplained bleeding / bleeding between periods
Changes to your bowel habits
Diarrhea or constipation for no obvious reason
A feeling of not having fully emptied your bowels
Pain in your stomach or back passage (anus)
Changes shape or looks uneven mole(s)
Changes colour, gets darker or has more than 2 colours of mole(s)
14. What causes cancer?
Normal cells transforms into tumour (cancer)
cells in a multistage
Cause for Cancer could be due
Genetic factors (~ 5%) eg. Colon, uterus,
breast & ovarian cancers are most probable
Three categories of external factors (90-95%)
Three categories of external factors (90-95%)
Physical carcinogens,: Excessive exposure
of ultraviolet and ionizing radiation;
Chemical carcinogens: Exposure such as
asbestos, tobacco smoke, aflatoxin (a food
contaminant), Benzene, and arsenic
Biological carcinogens, such as infections
from certain viruses, bacteria, or parasites.
15. Aware the Risk Factors and Reduce
Modifying or avoiding key risk factors can significantly reduce the burden of cancer.
Tobacco use including cigarettes and smokeless tobacco
Overweight or obese
Unhealthy diet with low fruit and vegetable intake or use of red, processed meats
Lack of physical activity
Alcohol use
Infection by hepatitis or other carcinogenic infections
Ionizing and excessive exposure ultraviolet radiation
Urban air pollution
Indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels.
Exposure of carcinogenic chemicals such as Pesticides
Hormonal drugs &Immune-suppressing drugs
16. Diagnosis & Tests
Different types of exams and tests can be used to find out a cancer’s stage.
Physical exam may give some idea as to where & how much cancer is there.
Imaging tests like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasound, and PET scans may also
give information about how much and where cancer is in the body.
Endoscopy may be used to look for cancer. A thin, lighted tube (usually with a small
video camera on the end) is put inside the body to look for cancer.
video camera on the end) is put inside the body to look for cancer.
Colonscopy: Exam to detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon)
and rectum, by inserting tiny video camera
Biopsy is also needed to find out the spread of cancer. Remove a tumor or pieces of
a tumor and test the specimen. cells or tissues for examination under a microscope.
Lab tests: test for cancer cells and blood tests can also be used to help stage some
types of cancer.
17. What are the Types of Cancer Curable ?
Potential for cure among early detectable cancers
Some of the cancer types, such as breast cancer,
cervical cancer, oral cancer, and colorectal cancer have
high cure rates when detected early and treated
high cure rates when detected early and treated
appropriately.
Potential for cure of some other cancers
Some cancer types, even when cancerous cells have
traveled to other areas of the body, such as testicular
seminoma and leukaemias and lymphomas in children,
can have high cure rates if treated appropriately.
18. Stages of Cancer
Stage What it means
Stage 0
Abnormal cells are present but have not
spread to nearby tissue. Also called carcinoma
in situ, or CIS.
CIS is not cancer, but it may become cancer.
CIS is not cancer, but it may become cancer.
Stage I,
Stage II, &
Stage III
Cancer is present. The higher the number, the
larger the cancer tumor and the more it has
spread into nearby tissues.
Stage IV
The cancer has spread to distant parts of the
body.
19. What are the stages of Cancer?
Stages: The TNM system
In the TNM system, the overall stage is determined after
the cancer is assigned a letter or number to describe the
Tumor (T), Node (N), and Metastasis (M) categories.
Tumor (T), Node (N), and Metastasis (M) categories.
T describes the original (primary) tumor.
N tells whether the cancer has spread to the nearby
lymph nodes.
M tells whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to
distant parts of the body
20. Stage: Primary Tumor (T)
The primary tumor (T category)
TX means there’s no information about the primary tumor, or it can’t
be measured.
T0 means there is no evidence of a primary tumor (can’t be found).
Tis means that the cancer cells are only growing in the layer of cells
where they started, without growing into deeper layers. This may
also be called in situ cancer or pre-cancer.
T1, T2, T3, or T4 might describe the tumor size and/or amount of
spread into nearby structures. T4 -the larger the tumor and/or the
more it has grown into nearby tissues.
T's may be further divided to provide more detail, such as T3a and T3b.
21. Stage: Lymph Nodes (N)
The lymph nodes (N category)
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped collections of immune cells.
Many types of cancer often spread to nearby lymph nodes before
they reach other parts of the body.
NX means there’s no information about the nearby lymph
NX means there’s no information about the nearby lymph
nodes, or they can’t be assessed.
N0 means nearby lymph nodes do not contain cancer.
N1, N2, or N3- describe the size, location, and/or the
number of nearby lymph nodes affected by cancer.
N3 is greater the cancer spread to nearby lymph nodes.
22. Stage: Metastasis (M)
Metastasis (M category)
Cancer spread to parts of the
body far from the primary
tumor is known as metastasis.
tumor is known as metastasis.
M0 means that no distant
cancer spread has been found.
M1 means that the cancer has
been found to have spread
to distant organs or tissues.
23. Stages and Survival Rates
Pognosis (projection) is often expressed as a survival rate for
many types of cancer.
This is the percentage of people with a certain type and stage
of cancer who are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5
years) after being diagnosed.
years) after being diagnosed.
For example, if the 5-year survival rate for a certain stage of a
type of cancer is 80%, it means that 80 out of 100 people who
have that type and stage of cancer will still be expected to be
alive after 5 years.
Survival rates can’t tell for sure what will happen with any
particular person, because many other factors can also affect
prognosis
24. Cancer Treatments
Treatment options for Cancer.
The best Possible treatment for an early-stage cancer
may be Surgery or Radiation
Advanced-stage cancer may need treatments that reach
Advanced-stage cancer may need treatments that reach
all parts of the body, such as Chemotherapy (chemo),
Targeted therapy, Immunotherapy or Hormone therapy
Surgery : Directly removing the tumor
Chemotherapy: using Drugs to kill cancer cells
Radiation Therapy: using X-rays to kill cancer cells
25. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatment options for many
cancers. These anti-cancer drugs work by targeting rapidly growing cancer
cells either throughout the body or in a specific area of the body.
When chemotherapy drugs travel through the bloodstream to reach cancer
cells, it's known as systemic chemotherapy. When the drugs are directed
to a specific area of the body, it's called regional chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy may be used:
As a primary treatment to destroy cancer cells
Before another treatment to shrink a tumor
After another treatment to destroy remaining cancer cells
To relieve symptoms of advanced cancer
Drugs :
26. Chemotherapy Treatment
Chemotherapy drugs administered as below;
Oral: In pill or liquid form are taken by mouth
Infusion: Delivered directly into a vein through an intravenous
drip, may take several hours.
drip, may take several hours.
Injection: Delivered through a needle injected into a vein,
muscle or under the skin
Topically: In cream form and are spread on the skin
Intrathecal: Delivered directly into the central nervous system
Intraperitoneal: Given directly into the abdominal cavity
27. Side Effects of Chemotherapy
Vomiting, diarrhea and or hair loss are common
side effects of chemotherapy.
Also other Side effects
Fever
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Mucositis, or mouth sores
Anemia
Constipation
Neuropathy
Memory loss, or difficulty concentrating
28. Radiation Therapy
There are three types of radiation therapies
1) External beam radiation therapy
External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) directs a beam of radiation
from outside the body at cancerous tissues inside the body.
Uses doses of radiation to destroy cancerous cells and shrink
tumors.
Side effects of radiation therapy :
Skin reactions,
Fatigue,
Lymphedema
29. Radiation Therapy
2) Internal radiation therapy (also referred as brachytherapy),
Radioactive material is placed into a catheter or another implantable
device, which carries the radiation directly into or near a tumor.
Implanting the device is generally painless, and the implants may be
temporary or permanent.
IRT treatment for prostate Cancer, Cervical Cancer, Head&neck
Cancer and Gynecological cancers.
3) Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT)
Delivers a concentrated dose of radiation to the site of a tumor during
surgery.
IORT may help reduce side effects and the need for additional
radiation treatments.
30. Systemic Radiation Therapy
Used to treat certain cancers such as Thyroid, bone and
prostate.
It is delivered via radioactive drugs, or radiopharmaceuticals,
orally or through an injection.
Radioactive iodine is used to treat thyroid cancers, absorbs
most of the iodine, and is often given after Thyroid surgery to
destroy remaining cancerous tissues.
Excess radioactive materials leave the body through urine,
saliva and other fluids, special precautions are taken, it may
affect the people around the patient.
31. Other Types of Cancer Treatments
Immunotherapy: Also known as biological therapy, stimulating or helping
the immune system to fight cancer. Antibodies ( cloning unique white blood
cells). Adoptive cell transfer from others
Hormone therapy: Some types of cancer are fueled by your body's
hormones. Examples breast cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those
hormones from the body or blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells
to stop growing.
Targeted drug therapy: Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific
abnormalities within cancer cells that allow them to survive.
Bone marrow transplant: Your bone marrow (inside bones) that makes
blood cells from blood stem cells. A bone marrow transplant, also knowns as
a stem cell transplant, can use of ones own bone marrow stem cells or those
from a donor.
32. Is cancer treatment effective
Each persons cancer has unique combination of genetic changes. Specific
genetic changes may make persons cancer more or less likely to respond to
treatments
33. Palliative care
Palliative care is specialized medical care
Aims is to focuses on providing patients relief from pain
and improve the quality of life for both patients and their
families.
It is treatment that attempts to help the patient feel better
and may be combined with treatment of cancer.
It includes action to reduce physical, emotional, spiritual
and psycho-social distress.
Attempts to help the patient cope with their immediate
needs and to increase comfort.