OM VERMA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING ABHANPUR RAIPUR C.G

1. GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING
CANCER GENETICS –FAMILIAL CANCER
PRESENTED BY
OM VERMA
assistant professor

2. CANCER GENETICS
CANCER GENETICS
–FAMILIAL CANCER

4. Definition
Cancer is a disease in
which some of the body's
cells grow uncontrollably
cells grow uncontrollably
and spread to other parts
of the body.

5. Cancer occurs when genetic
mutations in abnormal cells
cause them to divide rapidly.
can inherit mutations or
can inherit mutations or
develop them due to
environmental factors.

7. TYPES
TYPES

8. Benign tumors
Tend to grow slowly and do
not spread Tumors can be
not spread Tumors can be
benign(noncancerous)

9. MALIGNANT (CANCEROUS).
Malignant tumors can grow
rapidly, invade and destroy
rapidly, invade and destroy
nearby normal tissues, and
spread throughout the
body.

10. Certain risk factors may increase your chance of
developing
Cancer. These risk factors can include:
Tobacco use
High alcohol consumption
A lack of physical activity
A lack of physical activity
exposure to air pollution
Exposure to radiation
unprotected exposure to UV light, such as sunlight
Infection by certain viruses including H. pylori, human
papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and
the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes infectious
mononucleosis

11. CAUSES, CALLED CARCINOGENS,
Physical carcinogens like radiation
and ultraviolet (UV) light
chemical carcinogens like cigarette
smoke, asbestos, alcohol, air
smoke, asbestos, alcohol, air
pollution, and contaminated food
and drinking water
biological carcinogens like viruses,
bacteria, and parasites

14. ONCOGENS
The ward ONCO- comes from
greek word onkos- means Bulk and
mass.
mass.
Oncogenes may cause normal cells to become
cancer cells and grow in the body. Mutations
that lead to the conversion of proto-oncogenes
to oncogenes usually occur during a person’s
lifetime and are not inherited from a parent.

15. In acutely transforming viruses, the viral
particles carry a gene that encodes for an
overactive oncogene called viral-
oncogene

17. A gene involved in normal cell growth.
Mutations (changes) in a proto-oncogene may
cause it to become an oncogene, A mutated
(changed) form of a type of gene called
a proto-oncogene, which is involved in normal
PROTO-ONCOGENE
(changed) form of a type of gene called
a proto-oncogene, which is involved in normal
cell growth and division. When a proto-
oncogene is changed so that too many
copies which can cause the growth of cancer
cells are made or it becomes more active than
normal, it is called an oncogene..

21. TYPES OF CANCER:
Carcinoma is a cancer that starts in the
skin or the tissues that line other organs.
Sarcoma is a cancer of connective
tissues such as bones, muscles,
cartilage, and blood vessels.
cartilage, and blood vessels.
Leukemia is a cancer of the bone
marrow, which creates blood cells.
Lymphoma and myeloma are cancers of
the immune system.

22. specific types of cancer with the
resources below.
APPENDIX CANCERLIP CANCER
LIVER CANCER
LUNG CANCER
LYMPHOMA
MYELOMA
ORAL CANCERS
OVARIAN CANCER
PANCREATIC CANCER
PROSTATE CANCER
PROSTATE CANCER
RECTAL CANCER
SKIN CANCER
SMALL INTESTINE CANCER
SPLEEN CANCER
STOMACH OR GASTRIC CANCER
TESTICULAR CANCER
THYROID CANCER
UTERINE CANCER

23. vaginal cancer
vulvar cancer
bladder cancer
bone cancer
brain cancer
breast cancer
cervical cancer
colon cancer
duodenal cancer
ear cancer
ear cancer
endometrial cancer
esophageal cancer
heart cancer
gallbladder cancer
kidney or renal cancer
laryngeal cancer
leukemia

24. Signs and symptoms of cancer can include:
Lumps Or Growths On The Body
Unexplained Weight Loss
Fever
Tiredness And Fatigue
Pain
Pain
Night Sweats
Changes In Digestion
Changes In Skin
Cough

25. LAB TESTS USED TO DIAGNOSE CANCER
History taking
Physical examination
Blood chemistry test. ...
Complete blood count (CBC) ...
Complete blood count (CBC) ...
Cytogenetic analysis. ...
biopsy. ...
Sputum cytology. ...
Urinalysis. ...

26. Immunophenotyping
Is a test in which the cells in a sample of blood
or bone marrow are looked at under a
microscope to find out if malignant
lymphocytes (cancer) began from the B
lymphocytes (cancer) began from the B
lymphocytes or the T lymphocytes. The
process identifies cells based on the types of
antigens or markers on the surface of the cell.

27. Urine cytology.
This test looks at a sample of your urine to
see if it contains abnormal cells. The test is
used to diagnose cancers of the urinary
tract. These include cancers of the kidney,
bladder, ureter, and urethra. A healthcare
bladder, ureter, and urethra. A healthcare
provider called a pathologist looks at the
cells from your urine sample under a
microscope.

28. Treatment
Cancer treatment can include different
options, depending on the type of cancer
and how advanced it is.
Localized treatment. Localized treatment usually
involves using treatments like surgery or local
involves using treatments like surgery or local
radiation therapy at a specific area of the body or
tumor.
Systemic treatment. Systemic drug treatments, such
as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and
immunotherapy, can affect the entire body.

29. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a form of aggressive cancer
treatment that uses medications that are toxic to
cells to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells. It may be
used to shrink the size of a tumor or the number of
cells in your body and lower the likelihood of the
cancer spreading.
cancer spreading.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy uses powerful, focused beams of
radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy done
inside of your body is called brachytherapy, while
radiation therapy done outside of your body is called
external beam radiation.

30. Stem cell (bone marrow) transplant
This treatment repairs diseased bone
marrow with healthy stem cells. Stem cells
are undifferentiated cells that can have a
variety of functions. These transplants allow
doctors to use higher doses of
doctors to use higher doses of
chemotherapy to treat the cancer. A stem
cell transplant is commonly used to treat
leukemia.

31. Immunotherapy (biological therapy)
Immunotherapy uses your body’s own immune
system to attack cancer cells. These therapies help
your antibodies recognize the cancer, so they can use
your body’s natural defenses to destroy cancer cells.
Hormone therapy
Hormone therapy
Hormone therapy removes or blocks hormones that
fuel certain cancers to stop cancer cells from
growing. This therapy is a common treatment for
cancers that may use hormones to grow and spread,
such as certain types of breast cancer and prostate
cancer.

32. Targeted drug therapy
Targeted drug therapy
uses drugs to interfere with certain
molecules that help cancer cells grow and
survive. Genetic testing may reveal if you
are eligible for this type of therapy. It may
are eligible for this type of therapy. It may
depend on the type of cancer you have and
the genetic mutations and molecular
characteristics of tumor.