11.20 (dr. yasmeen hashim) apoptosis (mechanism in normal tissues. programmed cell death) necrosis cancer cell growth
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1. Apoptosis and necrosis are two main types of cell death. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that plays an important role in development and maintaining tissue homeostasis, while necrosis is unregulated cell death caused by external factors like injury. 2. Cancer develops due to mutations in genes that regulate cell growth, allowing cells to proliferate uncontrollably. Cancer cells evade apoptosis and are able to metastasize, or spread to other parts of the body. Abnormalities in apoptosis may contribute to diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune disorders.
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Apoptosis ppt.
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1. Background
2. Introduction
3. Difference between apoptosis and necrosis
4. Apoptosis in biologic processes
5. Apoptosis in pathologic processes
6. Morphologic features
7. Techniques to identify and count apoptotic cells
8. Biochemical changes
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10. Recent advancement and emerging trends in apoptosis
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APOPTOSIS AND NECROSIS.pptx
CONTENTS,
Introduction
Necrosis
Fates of necrotic cells
Patterns of tissue necrosis
Causes of cell injury
The biomechanism of cell injury
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Apoptosis
Causes of apoptosis
Apoptosis in physiologic conditions
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3. Difference between apoptosis and necrosis
4. Apoptosis in biologic processes
5. Apoptosis in pathologic processes
6. Morphologic features
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8. Biochemical changes
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APOPTOSIS AND NECROSIS.pptx
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Introduction
Necrosis
Fates of necrotic cells
Patterns of tissue necrosis
Causes of cell injury
The biomechanism of cell injury
Clinicopathological correlations; examples of cell injury and necrosis
Apoptosis
Causes of apoptosis
Apoptosis in physiologic conditions
Apoptosis in pathologic conditions
Mechanism of Apoptosis
The Mitochondrial pathway of Apoptosis
The Death receptor pathway of Apoptosis
Clearance of Apoptotic cells
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- The molecular mechanisms including caspase signaling pathways like the intrinsic pathway involving mitochondria and the extrinsic pathway involving death receptors.
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- Dysregulation of apoptosis can lead to diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and HIV infection.
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1) Cell death occurs through two main mechanisms: necrosis and apoptosis.
2) Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death where the cell degrades its own DNA and proteins, keeping the plasma membrane intact. Apoptotic bodies are then cleared by phagocytes without causing inflammation.
3) Apoptosis is triggered through either the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, involving cytochrome c release from mitochondria, or the extrinsic death receptor pathway, involving death ligands binding to cell surface receptors. Both pathways activate caspases to degrade the cell.
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Apoptosis is a tightly regulated form of programmed cell death that plays an important role in tissue homeostasis, development, and the immune system. It is characterized by fragmentation of DNA and the nucleus. There are two main pathways that trigger apoptosis - the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and the extrinsic death receptor pathway - which both activate caspases and lead to dismantling of the cell. Apoptosis is important for removing damaged, unneeded, or infected cells, and balancing it with cell proliferation is critical for health.
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The complement system is an important part of the innate immune system that activates through three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative. Activation leads to the formation of C3 and C5 convertases that generate inflammatory molecules like C3a and C5a, and opsonins like C3b that promote phagocytosis. It ultimately forms the membrane attack complex that lyses target cells. Complement is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells and excessive inflammation. Deficiencies in complement components can increase risk of certain infections.
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1. Programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis, is essential for proper development and for destroying harmful cells.
2. Apoptosis is regulated by caspases, which are cysteine-dependent aspartate specific proteases. Caspases activate a proteolytic cascade that leads to cell death.
3. There are three main apoptotic pathways: the extrinsic pathway which involves death receptors, the intrinsic pathway which involves the mitochondria, and the granzyme pathway which uses granzymes from cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells.
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- The origins and definition of the term apoptosis from Greek meaning "falling leaves".
- The significance of apoptosis in development and maintenance of tissues by removing excess or damaged cells.
- The morphological features of apoptosis including membrane blebbing, nuclear fragmentation, and formation of apoptotic bodies.
- The molecular mechanisms including caspase signaling pathways like the intrinsic pathway involving mitochondria and the extrinsic pathway involving death receptors.
- Regulatory mechanisms involving proteins like Bcl-2 that balance survival and death signals.
- Dysregulation of apoptosis can lead to diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and HIV infection.
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necrosis that is a programmed cell deathn apoptosis that is uncontrolled cell death are all necessary evil for both growth n development of the living organisms
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apoptosis cell injuryapoptosis cell injuryapoptosis cell injuryapoptosis cell injuryapoptosis cell injury
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cell death by rasheed.pptx
Cell death occurs through two main forms: apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is programmed cell death where cells undergo changes like DNA fragmentation and shrinkage in a way that avoids damaging nearby cells. Necrosis is unprogrammed cell death due to external factors like injury or internal issues. During necrosis, cells lose metabolic function and membrane integrity, organelles swell, and cell contents may leak out. Necrosis can occur through several types including coagulative, liquefactive, and gangrenous necrosis. Autophagy is a process where cells digest damaged organelles through the formation and fusion of vesicles to maintain cellular homeostasis.
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The document discusses the skeletal system, including:
1. The functions of bone such as protection, movement, and blood production.
2. Methods of classifying bones by shape (long, short, flat), structure (compact, spongy), and location (axial, appendicular).
3. The structure of long bones including the diaphysis, epiphysis, and growth plates.
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The document contains questions and answers related to anatomy and physiology. It discusses topics like muscle actions, bone structure, cartilage, fetal development, and more. The incorrect statements in the questions generally relate to minor details like examples or terminology.
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The document discusses male reproductive anatomy and physiology. It describes the role of structures like the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, and prostate in sperm production and ejaculation. It explains spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm develop and mature in the testes and epididymis. A semen analysis is described as the gold standard test for evaluating semen volume, sperm count, morphology, and motility to assess male fertility.
11.20 (dr. nand lal) terminologies anatomical positions anatomical planes ter...
1. The document discusses various anatomical terminology used to describe the positioning and planes of the human body.
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The document discusses microscopy and the microscope. It defines microscopy as observing small objects using a microscope that are invisible to the naked eye. It provides a brief history of microscopy from the 17th century to recent developments. It describes the basic parts and types of microscopes, including light microscopes, polarizing microscopes, and electron microscopes. It explains that the usefulness of a microscope depends on its ability to magnify and resolve detail, with the resolution of light microscopes being about 0.2 micrometers.
11.16 (dr. surriya sheikh) cell signalling 1 1 neurotransmitter
The document summarizes key aspects of cell signaling and communication. It discusses:
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2. Cells can communicate over short or long distances through direct contact, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, or hormones.
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11.16 (dr. sadaf) meiosis + comparison with mitosis
Meiosis and mitosis are compared. Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes, while mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis allows for genetic diversity and chromosomal assortment during gamete formation, and has steps of prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, etc. leading to four haploid cells. Mitosis is for growth and tissue repair resulting in two identical diploid cells through the steps of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
11.15 (dr. husun bano) cell signalling mechanisms 1st & 2nd
Cell-to-cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms. Cells communicate through signal molecules binding to receptor proteins, triggering signal transduction pathways that produce cellular responses. Key communication methods include local regulators, hormones, direct contact, and synaptic signaling in neurons. Major receptor types are G-protein-linked receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, and ion channels. Signaling pathways involve reception, transduction, and response stages to amplify small signals into large cellular outputs.
11.13 (dr. hemant kumar) cell surface modifications
Microvilli, cilia, and flagella are cell surface projections that serve important functions.
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Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane. The inner membrane contains enzymes involved in respiration and ATP synthesis through the respiratory chain, which includes enzymes like succinate dehydrogenase. The matrix inside mitochondria contains dissolved enzymes, DNA, and RNA. Mitochondria are responsible for energy production through ATP synthesis and are essential for processes like protein synthesis, muscle contraction, and ion transport. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and function to digest foreign bodies and damaged parts of cells. They are formed when lysosomal enzymes produced on ribosomes enter the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes and function in processes like detoxification and the breakdown of excess fatty acids.
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The document discusses cellular respiration and how energy is generated and stored in living systems. It states that energy from the breakdown of nutrients like glucose and fats is captured through chemical reactions in the form of ATP, which serves as the main energy storing molecule in cells. The process of oxidative phosphorylation during biological oxidation in the mitochondria generates the majority of ATP through the electron transport chain, utilizing energy released from NADH and FADH2.
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The document discusses the resting membrane potential of excitable cells. It defines resting membrane potential as the potential difference across the cell membrane in its resting condition. The resting membrane potential ranges from -60mV to -90mV in different excitable cells and is generated and maintained by ion gradients and fluxes across the membrane. Specifically, the sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions out of and potassium ions into the cell, while chloride ions passively diffuse out of the cell, all of which combine to produce the negative resting membrane potential.
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The document discusses the resting membrane potential of excitable cells. It defines resting membrane potential as the potential difference across the cell membrane in its resting condition. The resting membrane potential ranges from -60mV to -90mV in different excitable cells and is generated and maintained by ion gradients and fluxes across the membrane. Specifically, the sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions out of and potassium ions into the cell, while chloride ions passively diffuse out of the cell, all of which combine to produce the negative resting membrane potential.
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11.10 (dr. husun bano)transport of substances across cell membrane
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11.13 (dr. hemant kumar) cell surface modifications
Microvilli, cilia, and flagella are cell surface projections that serve important functions.
Microvilli increase cell surface area and aid in absorption. They cover the intestinal surface and form the brush border. Cilia are shorter projections that beat in a coordinated way to move substances over cell surfaces, such as mucus in the respiratory tract.
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
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Bob Boule
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