The document discusses protein synthesis which involves two main phases - transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves the DNA being used as a template to produce mRNA. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm where translation occurs, involving ribosomes and tRNA to link amino acids together using the mRNA as a template to produce a protein.
RNA is a ribonucleic acid that helps in the synthesis of proteins in our body. This nucleic acid is responsible for the production of new cells in the human body. It is usually obtained from the DNA molecule.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes finalICHHA PURAK
The power point presentation explains about regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes by means of Inducible and repressible operons with the help of Lactose(lac) operon and Tryptophan (trp)
RNA is a ribonucleic acid that helps in the synthesis of proteins in our body. This nucleic acid is responsible for the production of new cells in the human body. It is usually obtained from the DNA molecule.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes finalICHHA PURAK
The power point presentation explains about regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes by means of Inducible and repressible operons with the help of Lactose(lac) operon and Tryptophan (trp)
slide 2 central dogma
slide 3 key molecules used in translation
slide 4,5,6,7 all the key molcules with detail explanation
slide 8 phases of translation
slide 9 initiation and its process
slide 10 explanation initiation
slide 11 elongation and translocation
slide 12 process and steps of elongation and tRNA recharge in detail
slide 13 termination and its stages.
slide 14 diagrammatic representation of all the steps of termination with discrption
slide 15 thank you
It is the process of synthesis of protein by encoding information on mRNA.
Protein synthesis requires mRNA, tRNA, aminoacids, ribosome and enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthase
A plasmid is a small, circular, extrachromosomal double stranded DNA that has the capacity to replicate independently.
Discovered by Laderberg in 1952.
It naturally occur in bacteria, however sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotes.
The genes carried in plasmid benefit the survival of the organism by providing them with genetic advantages like antibiotic resistance etc. under certain situation or particular conditions.
They provide mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and thus provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.
A ribozyme is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyses specific reactions in a similar way to that of protein enzymes; it also known as catalytic RNA, ribozymes are found in the ribosome for protein formation and play a role in other vital mechanisms such as RNA splicing, transfer RNA biosynthesis, and viral replication. Discovery of catalytic RNA contributed to the hypothesis of prebiotic RNA world i.e. how life may have originated from an “RNA World” inhabited by self-replicating ribozymes. The ribosome is indeed a ribozyme underlines the relevance of RNA catalysis in today’s protein-dominated world.
The recent discoveries of RNA interference and micro-RNA associated mechanisms of gene regulation further emphasize the central importance of RNA to understanding gene regulation and leads to design new RNA-based technologies for gene manipulation and silencing.
The discovery that riboswitches and in some cases ribozymes, including a variant of the hammerhead ribozyme are also involved in regulating gene expression explains how intimately RNA structure, function, and catalysis are involved in many aspects of biological control.
Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
Translation involves following steps:-
1)Initiation
2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
slide 2 central dogma
slide 3 key molecules used in translation
slide 4,5,6,7 all the key molcules with detail explanation
slide 8 phases of translation
slide 9 initiation and its process
slide 10 explanation initiation
slide 11 elongation and translocation
slide 12 process and steps of elongation and tRNA recharge in detail
slide 13 termination and its stages.
slide 14 diagrammatic representation of all the steps of termination with discrption
slide 15 thank you
It is the process of synthesis of protein by encoding information on mRNA.
Protein synthesis requires mRNA, tRNA, aminoacids, ribosome and enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthase
A plasmid is a small, circular, extrachromosomal double stranded DNA that has the capacity to replicate independently.
Discovered by Laderberg in 1952.
It naturally occur in bacteria, however sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotes.
The genes carried in plasmid benefit the survival of the organism by providing them with genetic advantages like antibiotic resistance etc. under certain situation or particular conditions.
They provide mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and thus provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.
A ribozyme is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyses specific reactions in a similar way to that of protein enzymes; it also known as catalytic RNA, ribozymes are found in the ribosome for protein formation and play a role in other vital mechanisms such as RNA splicing, transfer RNA biosynthesis, and viral replication. Discovery of catalytic RNA contributed to the hypothesis of prebiotic RNA world i.e. how life may have originated from an “RNA World” inhabited by self-replicating ribozymes. The ribosome is indeed a ribozyme underlines the relevance of RNA catalysis in today’s protein-dominated world.
The recent discoveries of RNA interference and micro-RNA associated mechanisms of gene regulation further emphasize the central importance of RNA to understanding gene regulation and leads to design new RNA-based technologies for gene manipulation and silencing.
The discovery that riboswitches and in some cases ribozymes, including a variant of the hammerhead ribozyme are also involved in regulating gene expression explains how intimately RNA structure, function, and catalysis are involved in many aspects of biological control.
Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
Translation involves following steps:-
1)Initiation
2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
Search Marketing Summit Australia presentation in Sydney by Sha Menz. Penguin algorithm, how to avoid or recover from a google penalty, link cleanup process, disavow files, how do Author links affect your penalty situation? Free tools, link analysis tools.
10 Criteria to Help You Compare Venture Debt Term SheetsKyle Lacy
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I see a strong correlation between the insular exclusivity of monastic scholarship in the Dark Ages and traditional business practices in "2nd Platform" IT. I also see a connection between the rise of secular humanism and the promise of cloud service providers. In this deck I've tried to show how cloud services can pave the way for a new IT Renaissance. Hope you enjoy!
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Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
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Attacks on counties – USA
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
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Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
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https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
42. Messenger RNA (mRNA) methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stop codon protein A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A A mRNA start codon Primary structure of a protein aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 peptide bonds codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7 codon 1
43.
44. Transfer RNA (tRNA) amino acid attachment site U A C anticodon methionine amino acid
45.
46.
47. Ribosomes P Site A Site Large subunit Small subunit mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G
48.
49.
50. mRNA Codons Join the Ribosome P Site A Site Large subunit Small subunit mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G
51. Initiation mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G A anticodon hydrogen bonds codon 2-tRNA G aa2 A U 1-tRNA U A C aa1
52. mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G 1-tRNA 2-tRNA U A C G aa1 aa2 A U A anticodon hydrogen bonds codon peptide bond Elongation 3-tRNA G A A aa3
53. mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G 1-tRNA 2-tRNA U A C G aa1 aa2 A U A peptide bond Ribosomes move over one codon (leaves) 3-tRNA G A A aa3
54. mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G 2-tRNA G aa1 aa2 A U A peptide bonds 3-tRNA G A A aa3 A C U 4-tRNA G C U aa4
55. mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G 2-tRNA G aa1 aa2 A U A peptide bonds 3-tRNA G A A aa3 A C U (leaves) Ribosomes move over one codon 4-tRNA G C U aa4
56. mRNA G C U A C U U C G aa1 aa2 A peptide bonds 3-tRNA G A A aa3 4-tRNA G C U aa4 A C U U G A 5-tRNA aa5
57. mRNA G C U A C U U C G aa1 aa2 A peptide bonds 3-tRNA G A A aa3 4-tRNA G C U aa4 A C U Ribosomes move over one codon U G A 5-tRNA aa5
58. mRNA A C A U G U aa1 aa2 U primary structure of a protein aa3 200-tRNA aa4 U A G aa5 C U aa200 aa199 terminator or stop codon Termination
Notice that the 3’ and 5’ refer to a numbering system for the carbon atoms that make up the sugar.
On the left is the DNA double helix. When the helix is unwound, a ladder configuration shows that the uprights are composed of sugar and phosphate molecules and the rungs are complementary bases. Notice that the bases in DNA pair in such a way that the phosphate-sugar groups are oriented in different directions. This means that the strands of DNA end up running antiparallel to one another, with the 3’ end of one strand opposite the 5’ end of the other strand.
DNA polymerase is an enzyme.
Replication is called semiconservative because each new double helix is composed of an old (parental) strand and a new (daughter) strand.
Use of the ladder configuration better illustrates how complementary nucleotides available in the cell pair with those of each old strand before they are joined together to form a daughter strand.
Like DNA, RNA is a polymer of nucleotides. In an RNA nucleotide, the sugar ribose is attached to a phosphate molecule and to a base, either G, U, A, or C. Notice that in RNA, the base uracil replaces thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases. RNA is single-stranded, whereas DNA is double-stranded.
The fact that the genetic code is about universal in living things suggests that the code dates back to the first organisms on earth and that all living things are related.
Notice that in this chart, each of the codons (white rectangles) is composed of three letters representing the first base, second base, and third base. For example, find the rectangle where C for the first base and A for the second base intersect. You will see that U, C, A, or G can be the third base. CAU and CAC are codons for histidine; CAA and CAG are codons for glutamine.
Transcription occurs when DNA acts as a template for mRNA synthesis. Translation occurs when the sequence of the mRNA codons determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
During transcription, complementary RNA is made from a DNA template. A portion of DNA unwinds and unzips at the point of attachment of RNA polymerase. A strand of mRNA is produced when complementary bases join in the order dictated by the sequence of bases in DNA. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, and the mRNA passes out of the nucleus to enter the cytoplasm.
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