The document provides information about cancer presented by a group of five students. It defines cancer and tumor, discusses the classification, properties, causes and symptoms of cancer. It also covers cell death mechanisms, different types of cancer that can affect various organs, and common cancer treatments.
These treatments includes surgeries, radiations, chemical agents, or biological therapies
A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific type of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells
These treatments includes surgeries, radiations, chemical agents, or biological therapies
A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific type of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells
define the cancer, types of tumor cells, TNM classification, staging, cancer cells in different area, etiology, carcinogenesis, sign of cancer, diagnosis, prevention - radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgical management
Awareness on Cancer
what are the causes for cancer
Terminology
Classification of Cancers
Signs and Symptoms
Stages of Cancers (TSM)
Types of Cancer Treatments
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy etc
Side effects on treatment
Palliative care
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
4. Objectives
Definition of Cancer and Tumor
Classification of cancer and tumor
Properties of cancer cell
Cancer cell VS normal cell
Causes of cancer
Signs and symptoms of cancer
Cell death (Apoptosis and necrosis)
Cancer in different organs
Cancer treatments
6. CANCER
An uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of
the body is called cancer.
When good cells go bed.
Loss of Cell-cycle Control.
Before a cell divides, the DNA is checked to make sure
it has replicated correctly. (If DNA does not copy itself
correctly, a gene mutation occurs.
7. TUMAR
Tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue resulting from
uncontrolled division (cancer).
Tumor is of two types;
(1) Malignant tumor (cancerous)
(2) Benign tumor (non-cancerous)
8. (1) Malignant Tumor
Invade or spread to other parts of the body.
High rate of division.
Spread by forming Metastasis.
Cells travel through circulation.
Very difficult to treat.
9. Cancer Metastasis
Metastasis is the spread of cancer to other location in
the body.
The new tumors are called metastatic tumors, while
the original site is called primary tumor.
Basal lamina of epithelium normally provides barrier.
Malignant tumor cells break, free of attachments to
adjoining cells.
Attach to basal lamina.
Secrete enzymes that digest extracellular proteins.
Migrate into circulatory system.
12. (2) Benign Tumor
Do not spread to other part of the body.
Generally localized and of small size
Slow rate of division.
Cells that closely resemble, and may function, like
normal cells.
Do not break out of originating organ.
Easily to removed by surgery.
13. Classification of Cancer
Cancers are classified by the type of cell.
(1) Carcinoma
(2) Sarcoma
(3) Lymphoma and Leukemia
(4) Germ Cell Tumor
(5) Blastoma
14. Classification (Cont…)
(1) Carcinoma:
Cancers derived from epithelial cells.
(2) Sarcoma:
Cancers arising from connective tissue (i.e. bone,
cartilage, blood etc).
(3) Lymphoma and Leukemia:
These two classes of cancer arise from hematopoietic
(blood forming) cells.
15. Classification (Cont…)
(4) Germ Cell Tumor:
Cancers derived from pluripotent cells, most often
presenting in the testicles and ovary (seminoma and
dysgerminoma respectively).
(5) Blastoma:
Cancers derived from immature “precursor” cells or
embryonic tissue.
16. Properties of Cancer Cells
Cancer cells show uncontrolled mitotic divisions causing unorganised
growth.
Due to uncontrolled growth and division of cells, a tumor (also called
Neoplasm is generally formed).
They are far less adhesive than the normal cells.
They exhibit a number of alterations on cell surface, in the cytoplasm
and in their genes.
They do not undergo differentiation.
They lose the ability to communicate with other cells through chemical
signals.
They also lose sensitivity to anti-growth signals from surrounding cells.
They lose the adhesion molecules that keep them bonded to
neighboring cells.
Cancer arises from a loss of normal growth control.
17. Cont….
Cancer is a genetic disease:
–Inherited cancer
–Sporadic cancer
Cancer typically involves a change in gene expression/function:
–Qualitative change
–Quantitative change
lack of contact inhibition
Loss of limitations on the number of cell divisions
Ability to grow in culture (medium) – normal cells do not grow well in
culture.
In laboratory cultures, normal cells divide only when attached to a
surface.
Angiogenesis – secrete substances that cause blood vessels to grow
towards tumor.
23. Normal Cell VS Cancer Cell
.
Cells anchor to dish surface and
divide (anchorage dependent).
When cells have formed a
complete single layer, they stop
dividing (density-dependent
inhibition).
If some cells are scraped away,
the remaining cells divide to fill
the dish with a single layer and
then stop (density-dependent
inhibition).
25. Normal Cell VS Cancer Cell
Cells in culture and in vivo exhibit
contact-inhibition
Cancer cells lack contact inhibition
feedback mechanisms. Clumps or
foci develop.
26. Causes of Cancer
The great majority of cancers 90-95% cases, are due to
environmental factors.
The remaining 5-10% are due to inherited genetics.
28. (2) Inherited Genetics
Cancer is fundamentally a disease of tissue growth
regulation failure.
In order for a normal cell to transform into a cancer
cell, the genes that regulate cell growth and
differentiation must be altered.
The affected genes are divided into two broad
categories;
(i) Oncogenes
(ii) Tumor Suppressor Genes
29. (Cont…)
(i) Oncogenes:
Oncogenes are genes that promote cell growth and
reproduction.
(ii) Tumor Suppressor Genes:
Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit cell
division and survivals.
30.
31.
32. Signs and Symptoms
When cancer begins, it invariably produces no
symptoms.
Signs and symptoms only appear as the mass continues
to grow (tumor).
34. Cell Death
There are two types of cell death;
(1) Apoptosis
(2) Necrosis
35. Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated form of cell death, also
called the programmed cell death. Morphologically, it is
characterized by chromatin condensation and cell
shrinkage in the early stage. Then the nucleus and
cytoplasm fragment, forming membrane-bound apoptotic
bodies which can be engulfed by phagocytes.
Initiated by signal transduction process.
Does not cause inflammation.
Ends with fragmentation of cell into smaller bodies.
36. Necrosis (Lethal Injury)
In contrast, cells undergo another form of cell death,
necrosis, swell and rupture. The released intracellular
contents can damage surrounding cells and often cause
inflammation.
Un-programmed cell death and living tissues. (opposite to
apoptosis).
Initiated by direct cell damage mostly physically.
Cause inflammation.
Ends with total cell lysis.
40. Lung Cancer
In 2013, 174,470 people died from lung cancer
Since 1987, more women have died from lung
cancer that breast cancer
Symptoms: persistent cough, blood-streaked sputum,
chest pain
42. Breast Cancer
1 out of 8 women will develop breast cancer
(lifetime risk)
1 in 227: birth to age 39
1 in 25: ages 40-59
1 in 15: ages 60-79
Detection: mammograms, regular breast self-exams
Symptoms: lump in the breast, thickening, dimpling,
skin irritation, distortion or tenderness
43. (Cont…)
Risk factors: family history, hyperplasia, long menstrual
history, obesity after menopause, oral contraceptives
Treatment: lumpectomy, radical mastectomy, radiation,
chemotherapy
Prevention: exercise
44. Colon And Rectal Cancers
Third most common cancer in men and women with over
148,610 new cases diagnosed in 2013
Risk factors: over 50 years old, obese, family history of
colon or rectum cancer or polyps, diets high in fats, low in
fiber, smoking, high alcohol consumption, lack of exercise
90% of colorectal cancers are preventable
45. (Cont…)
Treatment: radiation, surgery, and possible
chemotherapy
Prevention: regular exercise, a diet heavy in fruits and
plant-origin foods, a health weight, and moderation in
alcohol consumption
46. Prostate Cancer
Most common cancer in American men, excluding skin
cancer
In 2013, 234,460 new cases diagnosed
1 in 3 men will be diagnosed in their lifetime
Prostate is a muscular, walnut-sized gland the surrounds
part of the urethra. Its primary function is to produce
seminal fluid.
47. (Cont…)
Symptoms: nonspecific, weak or interrupted urine flow,
difficulty starting or stopping urination
Risk factors: age, race, nationality, family history, diet,
lifestyle, and vasectomy
Prevention: diet high in lycopenes, vitamin E
48. Skin Cancer
Long term effects of sun exposure can result in skin cancer
Malignant melanoma, deadliest form of skin cancer
Sun give off 3 types of harmful rays:
UVA
UVB
UVC
Prevention: limit exposure to harmful UV rays, drink
more fluids than usual, apply cool compresses to skin,
moisturize skin
49. (Cont…)
What to look for – The ABCD rule
Asymmetry – half of mole does not look like the other half
Border irregularity – the edges are uneven
Color – pigmentation is not uniform
Diameter – greater than 6mm
50. Testicular Cancer
Affects nearly 8,250 young men in 2013
Men between the ages 15-35 are at the greatest risk
Important to practice regular testicular self exams
Lance Armstrong Foundation “LiveStrong” campaign
to raise awareness
51. Ovarian Cancer
Fifth leading cause of cancer death for women, 20,180 new
cases diagnosed reported in 2012
Most common symptom is enlargement of the abdomen
Risk factors include: family history, age, childbearing,
cancer history, fertility drugs, talc use in genital area,
genetic predisposition
52. Cont….
Prevention: diet high in vegetables and low in fat,
exercise, sleep, stress management, and weight control
53. Cervical and Endometrial (Uterine)
Cancer
9,710 new cases of cervical cancer, 41,200 cases of
endometrial cancer in 2010
Pap test – cells are taken from the cervical region
Risk factors:
Cervical cancer: early age at first intercourse, multiple
sex partners, cigarette smoking, and certain STIs
Endometrial cancer: age, endometrial hyperplasia,
overweight, diabetes, and high blood pressure