Quo Vadis GNSS?
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This document summarizes a lecture on the past, present, and future of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) such as GPS. It discusses how GNSS provides positioning everywhere through satellites and receivers. While current systems allow positioning to within a few meters, challenges include aging satellite constellations, interference, and privacy concerns. However, the growing use of GNSS in applications like intelligent transport and more powerful and integrated receivers in phones and vehicles suggest its role will continue expanding to enable more location-based services.
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- GLONASS is Russia's system with 24 operational satellites. It provides improved precision and reliability when integrated with GPS.
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- BeiDou is China's system with 5 geostationary and 30 non-geostationary satellites. It began covering Asia-Pacific in 2012 and will cover the world by 2020.
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- Years, days, and months are based on the motions of the Earth, sun, and moon. A day is one rotation of the Earth, a year is one revolution around the sun, and a month was originally one revolution of the moon.
- Solar days vary slightly in length due to the elliptical orbits of planets and Earth's axial tilt. Local mean time uses longitude to account for time differences between locations.
- Astronomy uses precise time measurements like Greenwich Hour Angle and Local Hour Angle to determine positions of celestial bodies based on their movement relative to meridians. The Local Hour Angle
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-Updated Geoid Model EGM-96,
-Due to doubling of the number of satellites, the corrections needed for precise GNSS, have also doubled so a new correction format is explained.
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Time diagram
The document presents a time diagram showing the relative positions of meridians and hour circles used to visualize time and date problems. The diagram shows the observer's local meridian, Greenwich meridian, local hour angle measured from the local meridian, Greenwich hour angle measured from Greenwich meridian, and sidereal hour angle measured from the first point of Aries. It also shows meridian angle measured from the local meridian and right ascension measured from the vertical equinox eastward through 24 hours. The time diagram is useful for visualizing any time and date problem.
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GPS uses a constellation of 24 satellites orbiting Earth to enable GPS receivers to determine their precise location. The system works by using triangulation based on distance measurements from at least three satellites. The GPS segments include the space segment (satellites), control segment (ground stations that monitor satellites), and user segment (GPS receivers). GPS has both military and civilian applications including navigation, mapping, vehicle tracking, and monitoring fishing fleets.
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A satellite navigation system uses a network of satellites to provide geo-spatial positioning by calculating the location of a receiver on Earth from signals from multiple satellites. There are currently two global satellite navigation systems, GPS and GLONASS, as well as two more in development, Compass and Galileo. Satellite phones connect to communications satellites instead of terrestrial cell towers to provide mobile service anywhere. They have both military and civilian applications including precision weapons guidance, aircraft passenger information, and personal satellite communications.
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The document discusses the history and development of time zones. It explains how prior to the 19th century, time was a local phenomenon and each town set its clocks based on solar noon. The development of railroads created a need for standardized timekeeping, as schedules based on local times were confusing. In 1878, Sir Sanford Fleming proposed the system of standardized time zones that is still used today, with zones that are 15 degrees wide. The document also covers rules and examples related to time zone calculations and the International Date Line.
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The document discusses various global and regional satellite navigation systems:
- GLONASS is Russia's system with 24 operational satellites. It provides improved precision and reliability when integrated with GPS.
- EGNOS and Galileo are Europe's systems to enhance GPS. EGNOS went live in 2004 as a precursor to Galileo, which launched its first satellites in 2016.
- BeiDou is China's system with 5 geostationary and 30 non-geostationary satellites. It began covering Asia-Pacific in 2012 and will cover the world by 2020.
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This document discusses the origins and definitions of various units of time measurement. It provides the following key points:
- Years, days, and months are based on the motions of the Earth, sun, and moon. A day is one rotation of the Earth, a year is one revolution around the sun, and a month was originally one revolution of the moon.
- Solar days vary slightly in length due to the elliptical orbits of planets and Earth's axial tilt. Local mean time uses longitude to account for time differences between locations.
- Astronomy uses precise time measurements like Greenwich Hour Angle and Local Hour Angle to determine positions of celestial bodies based on their movement relative to meridians. The Local Hour Angle
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) allows mappers and resource managers to locate features using satellite positioning. GNSS receivers determine position by measuring distances to at least 4 satellites via signal travel time. Accuracy is typically 10-20 meters but can be improved to 1-5 meters using real-time differential corrections which account for errors. GNSS data can be incorporated into a GIS by converting point, line and polygon features collected using GNSS receivers.
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The document discusses time zones and how they were established. It explains that in 1884, the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich Observatory in London was adopted as the international standard meridian. The world was divided into 24 time zones, each corresponding to 15 degrees of longitude and 1 hour. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was established as the universal day beginning at midnight on the Prime Meridian. This system allows different regions of the world to use coordinated time zones despite varying sunrise/sunset times due to the Earth's rotation.
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Quo Vadis GNSS?
- 2. ©Google 2
- 4. Quo Vadis GNSS? Dr. Lukasz Bonenberg 10th December 2016 2016 Christmas Lecture 4
- 5. The road ahead 1 Guiding light 2 The magician 3 The sage 4 Threats and Challenges 5 More phones than people 6 Summary 5
- 6. Standing on the shoulders of giants • Prof. Terry Moore • Dr. Richard Bingley • Prof Gethin Roberts • Dr. Xiaolin Meng • Dr. Simon Roberts • Steve Fuller • ... 6
- 9. GPS Figure courtesy of Prof T Moore 9
- 10. Psueudorange Pseudorange = Travel Time * Speed of light Figure courtesy of Prof T Moore 10
- 11. GPS Navigation Concept Figure courtesy of Prof T Moore 11
- 12. Figure courtesy of Prof T Moore 12
- 13. Carrier phase Figure courtesy of Prof T Moore 13
- 14. CORS networks 14
- 15. Civil Engineering Figure courtesy of Prof Gethin Roberts and Dr Xiaolin Meng 15
- 16. The magician
- 17. Let’s consider time Figure courtesy of Prof T Moore 17
- 18. Light travel in one second... 186 000 miles 300 000 km 18
- 19. Your own nanosecond 29.98 cm 19
- 21. GNSS -Four is better than one ©2010 The Kellogg Report 21
- 22. The sage
- 24. Global network Figure courtesy of Dr R Bingley 24
- 25. Tectonic plates Figure courtesy of Dr R Bingley 25
- 27. Weather prediction Figure courtesy of Dr R Bingley 27
- 29. Space Weather 29
- 30. Ageing constellation Figure courtesy of Prof T Moore 30
- 34. Time dependent reference frames Figure courtesy of Dr R Bingley 34
- 35. More phones than people
- 40. GNSS miniaturisation Simon Taylor/CC BY-SA 2.5 40
- 41. ©NAVTEQ 41
- 42. dm everywhere? Figure courtesy of Prof T Moore 42
- 43. Multi-frequency chipsets ©Subirana et al, 2011 43
- 44. Open Standards and APIs Figure courtesy of Prof T Moore/ ©Google 44
- 45. Privacy concerns ©Ed Parsons 45
- 46. Summary
- 47. What we covered today 1 Guiding light 2 The magician 3 The sage 4 Threats and Challenges 5 More phones than people 6 Summary 47
- 48. Take away • GPS (GNSS) provide position everywhere • You carry equivalent of atomic clock in your pocket • GNSS - 4 is better than one • We are still to see technology full potential • Everything takes time. Cooperation and communication make things easier. 48
- 49. Useful links • Nottingham Geospatial Institute - http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/ngi/ • GSA market report - https://www.gsa.europa.eu/market/market-report • 17 Nov take off - http://bit.ly/GAL_2016 • RAE GNSS Vulnerability - http://bit.ly/RAE_GNSS • RAE Space Weather - http://bit.ly/RAE_weather 49