Global positioning system and its mathematical form.
By Mustahsan Khan _ BS(physics-Nanotechnology) (International Islamic University Islamabad) Pakistan.
Global positioning system and its mathematical form.
By Mustahsan Khan _ BS(physics-Nanotechnology) (International Islamic University Islamabad) Pakistan.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force.
It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
This content introduces the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), its example, earth observation orbit types, coordinate systems, GNSS time system, converting height (ellipsoidal, geoid, orthometric heights) and various GNSS applications.
The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System or IRNSS is an ingenuously developed Navigation Satellite System that is used to provide accurate real-time positioning and timing services over India and region extending to 1500 km around India. The fully deployed IRNSS system consists of 3 satellites in GEO orbit and 4 satellites in GSO orbit, approximately 36,000 km altitude above earth surface.However, the full system comprises nine satellites, including two on the ground as stand-by.The requirement of such a navigation system is driven because access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military depending on American GPS during the Kargil War.The IRNSS would provide two services, with the Standard Positioning Service open for civilian use, and the Restricted Service (an encrypted one) for authorized users (including the military).
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force.
It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
This content introduces the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), its example, earth observation orbit types, coordinate systems, GNSS time system, converting height (ellipsoidal, geoid, orthometric heights) and various GNSS applications.
The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System or IRNSS is an ingenuously developed Navigation Satellite System that is used to provide accurate real-time positioning and timing services over India and region extending to 1500 km around India. The fully deployed IRNSS system consists of 3 satellites in GEO orbit and 4 satellites in GSO orbit, approximately 36,000 km altitude above earth surface.However, the full system comprises nine satellites, including two on the ground as stand-by.The requirement of such a navigation system is driven because access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military depending on American GPS during the Kargil War.The IRNSS would provide two services, with the Standard Positioning Service open for civilian use, and the Restricted Service (an encrypted one) for authorized users (including the military).
Aerospace Engineers for Dummies | What You Need To Know In 15 SlidesOwlGuru.com
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GPS helps us identify exact location of a place/feature in the globe. Now-a-days we can carry out survey, enter data and process data. GPS is very helpful in soil survey
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellite Systems • A geostationary orbit is a special type of geosynchronous orbit. • When an object is in geostationary orbit, it is orbiting at the same speed as the Earth rotates, but it orbits around the equator.
This is a introductory notes about Satellite system. It contain details about the history, different type of characteristics & various applications of satellite system. It also include details about four types of orbits- LEO, MEO, HEO, GEO.
Brilliant Lecture delivered to me in Alagappa Engineering college Workshop.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite
based radio navigation system provided by the
United States Department of Defence. It gives
unequaled accuracy and flexibility in positioning
for navigation, surveying and GIS data collection.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
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R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
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It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
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input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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2. 2
CONTENTS
Introduction to GPS
Preface to Satellite
Important features of Satellite
Launching a Satellite
Orbits
Latitude & Longitude
History of GPS
Basic principle
Working
Segments of GPS
Advantages
Applications.
Bibliography
3. What is GPS ?
A very precise positioning system
• Satellite Based Navigation System
Constellation of 24 satellites.
Developed and maintained by the US
Department of Defense (DOD).
To determine location,time & speed.
4. A Preface to SATELLITE
Example- Sputnik 1 :
• the first satellite-launched by Soviet Union in 1957.
• is an artificial satellite which revolved around the Earth in an elliptical
orbit in Low Earth Orbit(LEO).
• used to broadcast radio signals.
Example-Moon :
• Is a natural satellite that revolves around the earth in Lunar orbit.
an object which revolves around
another reference large body placed
in an orbit into space.
5. Some imp. features of Satellite
Weight can vary from 1 kg. to a few thousands of kg.
Can operate at temp. ranges from -150°C to 150°C.
It requires fuel(like Hydrazine-N2H4 or N2O4) to run various
stages and functions performed in satellite :-
For alligning a satellite to point to a specific location.
For maintaining satellite to remain in its orbit.
Amount of fuel contained also determines the lifespan of satellite.
It also requires power to run its electronic equipments obtained
from solar panels or backup batteries.
A minimal fuel is left so as to degrade the satellite to become
space debris or deteriorated.
6. Launching a satellite
The first stage of the launch vehicle contains
the rockets and fuel that are needed to lift the
satellite.
• As satellite is lifted,first stage falls.
The second stage contains smaller rockets that
ignite after the first stage is finished.
• Used to send satellite to the space and burst
up in earth’s atmosphere.
Launched with the help of rockets which go under different
stages to make the satellite suspended to its orbit.
♦ The upper stage is enclosed in a metal shield, called “fairing”.
• The satellite separates from the upper stage & moves to “transfer orbit”.
♦ Once the satellite reaches its desired orbital height,it unfurls its solar
panels and communication antennas.
7. Launched by ISRO On 4th April 2014 from the Satish Dhawan
Space Center,about 50 miles north of Chennai.
Weighed 1,432 kg at an altitude of 20,610 km. Geosynchronous
orbit.
Designed for a 10-year lifetime.
Five more Indian navigation spacecraft are scheduled for launch by
mid-2015.
8. Orbits
An orbit is the
gravitationally curved path
of an object around a point
in space.
Orbits of planets are
typically elliptical.
Types of ORBITS -:
LEO
MEO
GEO/GSO
HEO
9. LEO(LOWER EARTH ORBIT)
Closest to earth.
Extends upto an altitude of 160-2000 Km.
Orbiting period is 90 min.
Orbital speed is about 28,000-30,000 Km./h
Have less lifespan-approx. 5 yrs.
Advantages-
Access to visit Hubble Space Telescope & International Space Station.
Only way to go up and do experiments,testing & repairing of satellites.
High resolution pictures.
Ozone layer & other atmospheric disturbances monitoring.
Disadvantages-
Atmospheric Drag.
Less Dwell Time.
10. Extends upto an altitude of 2000-35,786 Km.(optimum
value-20,000 km.)
Orbiting period is12 hrs.
Orbital speed is about 18,000Km./h
Have an average lifespan-approx. 10 yrs.
GPS satellites mostly orbits in MEO.
Advantages-
♦ Used for navigation, communication and space
environment science.
♦ Signal time delay is less.
MEO(MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT)
11. Geosynchronous means orbiting its path in synchronization with
Earth.
Also includes GSO(Geostationary Earth orbit).
Extends upto an altitude of 35,786 Km and above.
Orbiting period is 24 hrs.
Orbital speed is about 14,000Km./h
Have a good lifespan-approx. 15-18 yrs.
Advantages -:
Weather and TV Broadcasting.
Natural Calamities alert and warning.
Disadvantages -:
Introduces large time delays in broadcasting.
GEO(GEOSYNCHRONOUS EARTH ORBIT)
12. Extends upto an altitude of 50,000 km. to some
lakhs of km.
Above this orbit is the-’graveyard Orbit’.
Orbiting period is some days.
Orbital speed is about 3,000-5000 Km/h
Example :-
Moon-have an altitude of 3,85,000 km.
Orbital speed is 3,600 km/h and takes 25 days
to complete its orbit around the Earth.
HEO(HIGH EARTH ORBIT)
13. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
Latitude - is the angular distance, in degrees,
minutes, and seconds of a point north or south
of the Equator. Lines of latitude are often
referred to as parallels.
Longitude - is the angular distance, in degrees,
minutes, and seconds, of a point east or west of
the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian. Lines of
longitude are often referred to as meridians.
Altitude - is the distance of an object
measured w.r.t ground or sea level usually in
vertical direction.
14. History of GPS
Ivan A. Getting Roger L. Easton Bradford Parkinson
GPS was initially created for the United States Air Force by the Raytheon Company.
In 1967, the U.S. Navy launched TRANSIT, the first satellite navigational system,
which was used to help guide the Navy’s submarines-missiles.
1974, the first atomic clocks were put into orbit.
By 1978, the U.S. military had launched the first four GPS satellites.
Until 1983, GPS technology was available for U.S. military use only.
In 1983,due to a tragedy with Korean Air Lines Flight 007 accident, President
Ronald Reagan (U.S)issued a directive that when GPS technology was operational, it
would be free and available to the world.
On Feb. 14, 1989, the first modern satellite,” USA-35” was launched.
By July 17, 1995, the global positioning system was complete.
15. Principle of GPS
TRILATERATION :-
Process to determine your position on a map knowing the
precise distance from three different landmarks using a pair of
compasses. Where the three circles centered on each of the
landmarks overlap,gives you,your location.
In GPS, the calculations are carried out in three-
dimensions with an imaginary set of 3D compasses so that
your location is where three spheres of radius given by the
distance to each of three satellites overlap.
4 satellites gives accuracy.
16. How GPS Works ………
Uses measurements from 4+ satellites
Distance = travel time x speed of light
Source:Trimble
17. Each satellite knows its
position and its distance
from the center of the earth.
Each satellite constantly
broadcasts this information.
With this information and
the calculated distance, the
receiver calculates its
position.
Just knowing the distance
to one satellite doesn’t
provide enough
information.
18. When the receiver
knows its distance from
only one satellite, its
location could be
anywhere on the earth’s
surface that is an equal
distance from the
satellite.
Represented by the
circle in the illustration.
The receiver must have
additional information.
19. With signals from two
satellites, the receiver can
narrow down its location to
just two points on the earths
surface.
Where the two circles
intersect.
20. Knowing its distance
from three satellites, the
receiver can determine its
location because there is
only two possible
combinations and one of
them is out in space.
In this example, the
receiver is located at b.
The more satellite that are
used, the greater the
potential accuracy of the
position location.
21. Segments of GPS
1. Space Segment
A constellation of 24 satellites
2. Control Segment
A network of earth-based facilities
Source:Trimble
1. Users Segment
Ground, Sky and Marine.
22. 1.Space Segment
The current GPS configuration consists of
a constellation of 24 satellites(with 6
spares)in high orbits around the Earth.
Extends at an altitude of about 20,000 km.
Has an orbital speed of about 14,000 km/hr
& orbital period is roughly 12 hrs.
The orbits are designed so that there are
always 6 satellites in view,from most
places on the earth.
♦ Powered by solar cells, the satellites continuously
orient themselves to point their solar panels toward
the sun and their antenna toward the earth.
23. 2.Control Segment
The CS consists of 3 entities:
Master Control Station
Monitor Stations
Ground Antennas
1. Master Control Station
• The master control station, located at Falcon Air Force Base in
Colorado Springs, Colorado, is responsible for overall management of
the remote monitoring and transmission sites.
• Provide commands and control of the GPS constellation.
• It generates and uploads navigation messages and ensures the health
and accuracy of the satellite constellation.
• It receives navigation information from the monitor stations, utilizes
this information to compute the precise locations of the GPS satellites in
space, and then uploads this data to the satellites.
24. 2. Monitor Stations
Monitor stations track the GPS satellites as they pass overhead and
channel their observations back to the master control station.
Monitor stations collect atmospheric data, range/carrier
measurements, and navigation signals.
The sites utilize sophisticated GPS receivers and are operated by
the MCS.
There are 16 monitoring stations located throughout the world,
including six from the Air Force and 10 from the National
Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).
3. Ground Antennas
Ground antennas monitor and track the satellites from horizon to
horizon.
They also transmit correction information to individual satellites.
25. 3.User Segment
GPS receivers are generally composed of an antenna, tuned to
the frequencies transmitted by the satellites.
They can also include a display for showing location and
speed information to the user.
A receiver is often described by its number of channels this
signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously.
Some Common Receiver’s are -:
27. Advantages of GPS
Free of cost
Easy to use
Reliable to much extent
Unlimited Users Capacity
Operates in all Weather conditions
Complete coverage of Globe
Updated regularly
Compact-Mobile phones/Watches
Full time access
Determination of exact location,distance & speed.
Gives you inf. About Latitude & Longitude.
Allows to search for nearby Ammenities.
Determination of traffic,weather conditions.
Keep track of your friend’s or target’s location.
28. Applications of GPS
ROAD APPLICATIONS
Used to determine location,speed,traffic and distance to destination.
Used to search nearby Ammenities like malls,restaurants,theatres etc.
Sources include-Mobiles,Laptos,GPS mount for automobiles.
SPACE APPLICATIONS
Weather monitoring, Launch Vehicle tracking, Disaster Alerts,Space Shuttle nav.
Keep track of other space elements like space debris,asteroids,etc.
RAIL APPLICATIONS
To maintain smooth flow of traffic.
Prevent collisions by precise knowledge of other trains locations.
MILITARY: GPS systems are installed with fighters, bombers, tankers, helicopters,
ships, submarines, tanks, jeeps and soldiers to combat various attacks.
AVIATION APPLICATIONS: GPS provides position determination for all phases
of flight from departure, en route, and arrival, to airport surface navigation.
AGRICULTURE: farm planning, field mapping, soil sampling, tractor guidance,
crop scouting, variable rate applications, and yield mapping.