Development of nervous system
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well describes the development of nervous system from basic to advanced concept including neural tube defects. the concepts are presented in graphical form for easy understanding of concepts.
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Embryology of nervous system
- Human embryology involves the study of development in the first 8 weeks after fertilization.
- The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural crest cells form from the neural tube tips and develop into much of the peripheral nervous system.
- The brain and spinal cord develop from the enlarged cranial and caudal parts of the neural tube, respectively. The brain forms three primary vesicles that later develop into the distinct brain regions.
- Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the ectoderm through the thickening, elevation and fusion of the neural folds. This forms the cylindrical neural tube detached from the surface ectoderm.
Cerebellum and its connections
The cerebellum controls posture and voluntary movement through precise coordination of muscle activity. It receives input from the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and vestibular system and influences motor control through output to the cerebral cortex and brainstem. The cerebellum consists of gray matter forming a cortex of three layers and white matter containing nerve fibers that connect its different regions to each other and to other parts of the brain and spinal cord.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum has three main parts - the vermis, two hemispheres, and four lobes. It receives sensory input from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. There are three layers in the cerebellar cortex - molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, and granular layer. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem via three cerebellar peduncles and plays a role in motor coordination and balance.
The brainstem
The brainstem consists of three parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and contains nuclei that control vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It also contains tracts that relay signals between the spinal cord and higher brain centers. The reticular formation is a network of fibers and neurons throughout the brainstem that plays roles in motor control, sensory processing, autonomic functions, and maintaining alertness. Important structures in the brainstem include the cranial nerve nuclei, pyramidal tract, olives, and red nucleus.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired, oval structure located in the diencephalon that serves as a relay center for sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that process different sensory modalities. The thalamus receives input from various areas and projects to specific regions of the cortex. Damage to certain thalamic nuclei can disrupt motor control, sensory processing, and cause syndromes like thalamic pain. Surgical procedures targeting thalamic nuclei have been used to treat chronic pain conditions.
Sensory and motor pathways
This document discusses sensory and motor pathways in the human body. It begins by listing the key learning outcomes, which include describing sensory receptors, pathways in the spinal cord and brain, motor neurons and tracts, and the corticospinal tract. It then discusses myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers, how they conduct impulses, and their roles. The document proceeds to explain sensory pathways from receptors to the brain, motor pathways from the brain to muscles, and provides diagrams of sensory and motor tracts in the spinal cord. It concludes by describing functions of sensory and motor neurons.
CNS Development
The document summarizes key stages of central nervous system development from neurulation through embryonic development of the brain and spinal cord. It discusses:
- Formation of the neural tube from ectoderm and neural crest cells by the 4th week
- Development of the brain into 5 vesicles and their adult structures by the 5th week
- Formation of the ventricular system and spinal cord plates, horns, and central canal
- Development of the meninges and pituitary gland from surrounding tissues
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input from the spinal cord, vestibular system, and cerebral cortex. The cerebellar cortex consists of molecular, purkinje, and granular layers. Purkinje cells are the sole output, projecting to deep cerebellar nuclei which connect to motor and premotor areas. The cerebellum is involved in coordination, precision of movement, and maintaining balance and posture.
Recommended
Embryology of nervous system
- Human embryology involves the study of development in the first 8 weeks after fertilization.
- The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural crest cells form from the neural tube tips and develop into much of the peripheral nervous system.
- The brain and spinal cord develop from the enlarged cranial and caudal parts of the neural tube, respectively. The brain forms three primary vesicles that later develop into the distinct brain regions.
- Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the ectoderm through the thickening, elevation and fusion of the neural folds. This forms the cylindrical neural tube detached from the surface ectoderm.
Cerebellum and its connections
The cerebellum controls posture and voluntary movement through precise coordination of muscle activity. It receives input from the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and vestibular system and influences motor control through output to the cerebral cortex and brainstem. The cerebellum consists of gray matter forming a cortex of three layers and white matter containing nerve fibers that connect its different regions to each other and to other parts of the brain and spinal cord.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum has three main parts - the vermis, two hemispheres, and four lobes. It receives sensory input from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. There are three layers in the cerebellar cortex - molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, and granular layer. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem via three cerebellar peduncles and plays a role in motor coordination and balance.
The brainstem
The brainstem consists of three parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and contains nuclei that control vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It also contains tracts that relay signals between the spinal cord and higher brain centers. The reticular formation is a network of fibers and neurons throughout the brainstem that plays roles in motor control, sensory processing, autonomic functions, and maintaining alertness. Important structures in the brainstem include the cranial nerve nuclei, pyramidal tract, olives, and red nucleus.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired, oval structure located in the diencephalon that serves as a relay center for sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that process different sensory modalities. The thalamus receives input from various areas and projects to specific regions of the cortex. Damage to certain thalamic nuclei can disrupt motor control, sensory processing, and cause syndromes like thalamic pain. Surgical procedures targeting thalamic nuclei have been used to treat chronic pain conditions.
Sensory and motor pathways
This document discusses sensory and motor pathways in the human body. It begins by listing the key learning outcomes, which include describing sensory receptors, pathways in the spinal cord and brain, motor neurons and tracts, and the corticospinal tract. It then discusses myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers, how they conduct impulses, and their roles. The document proceeds to explain sensory pathways from receptors to the brain, motor pathways from the brain to muscles, and provides diagrams of sensory and motor tracts in the spinal cord. It concludes by describing functions of sensory and motor neurons.
CNS Development
The document summarizes key stages of central nervous system development from neurulation through embryonic development of the brain and spinal cord. It discusses:
- Formation of the neural tube from ectoderm and neural crest cells by the 4th week
- Development of the brain into 5 vesicles and their adult structures by the 5th week
- Formation of the ventricular system and spinal cord plates, horns, and central canal
- Development of the meninges and pituitary gland from surrounding tissues
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input from the spinal cord, vestibular system, and cerebral cortex. The cerebellar cortex consists of molecular, purkinje, and granular layers. Purkinje cells are the sole output, projecting to deep cerebellar nuclei which connect to motor and premotor areas. The cerebellum is involved in coordination, precision of movement, and maintaining balance and posture.
Embryology of brain
The human brain is the most complex organ on Earth. It develops from the neural tube which forms the basic structure of the central nervous system. As the brain develops from early embryonic stages through fetal development, different regions form including the rhombencephalon (medulla and pons), mesencephalon, and prosencephalon (telencephalon and diencephalon). Precisely regulated molecular processes guide the formation, migration and differentiation of neurons and glial cells in each brain region. Malformations can occur if these processes are disrupted, leading to neurological disorders.
Thalamus ppt
The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is the largest component of the diencephalon. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information (except smell) sending signals to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. It is divided into nuclei that each have distinct functions and connections related to motor control, sensory processing and integration, arousal, memory and cognition. Damage to different thalamic nuclei can disrupt various functions and result in sensory deficits, movement problems or changes to consciousness.
Detailed Anatomy of Medulla Oblongata ppt
1.Anatomy of the Medulla
2. Introduction to Brainstem Anatomy of the brainstem includes ( midbrain-pons-medulla ) is very complicated !! •It connects spinal cord to the cerebrum. • The mid brain pons, and medulla are connected to cerebellum posteriorly. •1 - ascending an descending tracts that connect brain to spinal cord. •2 - cranial nerves nuclei and their connections •3 - Reticular formation •4 - others e.g (olivarynucleus in MO tapizusbody in pons and red nucleus in MB )
3. Medulla oblongata •The medulla oblongata is the part of the brainstem between the pons and spinal cord •It extends through the foramen magnum to the level of the atlas. •Medulla is vital for our function, without medulla we die. •Above the foramen magnum it is embraced dorsally by the cerebellar hemispheres. 1.The lower end which contains the upward continuation of the central canal of the spinal cord is the ‘closed part of the medulla’, 2.The upper end, where the canal comes to the surface as the lower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle, is the ‘open part’.
4. Medulla contd….. MO is lowest 3 cm of the brainstem •it extend from the ponto- medullary junction until plane below foramina magnum for about 0.5 cm. •Medulla spinalis have a central canal which prolonged into its lower half to open in the fourth ventricle at its upper half. •CSF is encircle the MO from outside ( subarachnoid space ) and inside ( central canal ). •MO is between the two lobes of cerebellum ( anterior cerebellar notch )
5. EXTERNAL FEATURES AND RELATIONS • 3Cm long. • Located at the caudal portion of brainstem • Upper limit is cerebello-pontine angle • Transverse plane that above C1 (suboccipital) intersects upper border of atlas dorsally and centre of dens ventrally marks lower limit
6. VENTRAL SURFACE • Ventral median fissure extends from foramen coecum to caudal end of pyramid decussation • Lateral to median fissure is pyramid • Lat to pyramid is the ventrolateral sulcus (VLS) • Hypoglossal nerve rootlets emerge from VLS • Lat to VLS is olive which contains inf olivary nucleus • Inferior cerebellar peduncle connects medulla with cerebellum and forms side wall of caudal half of fourth ventricle
7. Ventral Surface Pyramid: Swelling on each side of anterior median fissure. • Composed of bundles of nerve fibers, (corticospinal fibers) originate from the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex. • The pyramids taper inferiorly and majority of the descending fibers decussate to the opposite side. Olive: • Olives are the anterolateral oval elevations produced by the underlying inferior olivary nuclei. • From the groove between the pyramid and the olive, the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve emerge
8. LATERAL ASPECT • Roots of glossopharyngeal , vagus and cranial division of accessory nerves are attached to the medulla dorsal to olive.
9. Dorsal surface At dorsal surface of closed part of medulla, gracile and cuneate fasciculi continue from the spinal
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The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It describes the cerebellum's connections to other parts of the brain and its divisions. The cerebellum receives input from various pathways and sends output through several nuclei to control muscle tone, coordinate movement, balance, equilibrium, and speech. It plays an important role in motor learning and planning sequential movements.
Basal ganglia
The document provides an overview of the basal ganglia. It discusses the physiological anatomy and components of the basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It describes the connections and functional neuronal circuits of the basal ganglia. The functions of the basal ganglia in motor control and disorders such as Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and Huntington's disease are summarized.
Spinal cord
The document provides an overview of the anatomy, internal structure, blood supply, and functional organization of the spinal cord. Key points include:
- The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to L1-L2 and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.
- It has a butterfly-shaped gray matter H-shape surrounded by white matter tracts that contain ascending and descending nerve fibers.
- The principal blood supply comes from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries along with segmental radicular arteries like the artery of Adamkiewicz.
- The spinal cord has a segmental organization corresponding to 31 pairs of spinal nerves that mediate motor and sensory functions.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum and basal ganglia play important roles in motor control and coordination. The cerebellum helps control the timing, smoothness, and intensity of muscle movements. It receives sensory feedback and compares actual movements to planned movements, sending corrections back to the motor system. The basal ganglia help plan and control complex patterns of muscle movement. The cerebellum has distinct input and output pathways and its Purkinje cells provide inhibitory signals that help regulate the output of deep nuclear cells and coordinate movement.
Reticular formation
The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that serves important functions. It extends from the spinal cord up through the midbrain. The reticular formation receives input from various areas of the brain and spinal cord and sends output to many regions including the thalamus and cerebral cortex. It is involved in arousal, motor control, sensory processing, sleep-wake cycles and other vital functions through the ascending and descending reticular activating systems. Damage to or disruption of the reticular formation can impact consciousness, muscle tone, learning, and circadian rhythms.
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Cerebellum parts and functions
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and contains half of the brain's neurons. It consists of a central vermis and two lateral lobes. The cerebellum is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input and sends output via three peduncles. The cerebellum coordinates movement, balance, and posture through feedforward processing in its modular circuitry and plays a role in motor learning. Damage impairs coordination, balance, and movement control.
EMBRYOLOGY OF BRAIN,NEW
The document discusses the embryology of the brain, including:
- The formation of the neural tube and its subdivisions into primary brain vesicles.
- The development of the medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, and cerebral hemispheres from the brain vesicles.
- The formation of structures within each brain region like the cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla and pons.
- The timeline of important developmental events from the formation of the neural plate to myelination.
Development of brain
1. The brain develops from three primary vesicles and their outgrowths that appear during the 4th and 5th weeks of development. Brain flexures form and influence the shape and organization of brain regions.
2. Specific cell groups in the basal and alar plates of the hindbrain, midbrain, and developing brainstem give rise to various nuclei and nerve fibers that contribute to different functional components involved in motor and sensory functions.
3. Histogenesis occurs in the developing cerebellum, with neuronal and glial cells migrating and differentiating into the distinct layers that characterize the adult cerebellar cortex.
Anatomy of pons
The pons lies between the medulla oblongata and midbrain, connecting them. It contains motor and sensory nuclei for cranial nerves 5-8 and helps transmit signals between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. The pons has anterior and posterior surfaces and contains fibers, nuclei, and tracts that process sensory information and coordinate motor functions. Damage to different areas can cause deficits like hemiplegia, hearing loss, or facial paralysis.
Corpus callosum with disconnection syndromes
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the corpus callosum. It describes the corpus callosum as the wide bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It summarizes that the corpus callosum is divided into five regions - the splenium, body, genu, rostrum, and isthmus. It also briefly discusses the blood supply, development, and functions of the different regions of the corpus callosum.
ASCENDING TRACTS
The document discusses the ascending tracts and posterior column pathway in the spinal cord. It provides details on:
1) The medial lemniscus system carries sensations for fine touch, pressure, and vibration from receptors through the dorsal roots and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts in the spinal cord.
2) Fibers from the tracts synapse in the medulla and cross over before ascending to the thalamus and primary sensory cortex.
3) The posterior column pathway conveys proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch, weight discrimination and stereognosis signals up the spinal cord within the posterior column tracts.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are large masses of gray matter located in the cerebral hemispheres. They are comprised of the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus), amygdaloid nuclear complex, and claustrum. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and output mainly to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. They are involved in motor control and planning through direct and indirect pathways that facilitate or inhibit motor activity. Disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from disruptions to these circuits.
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This is the first lecture in neuroanatomy presented and taught by Ahmed Eljack to second level medical students at Alneelain University.
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Anatomy of spinal cord
The document describes the anatomy and structure of the spinal cord. It details the external structure including its cylindrical shape and location within the vertebral canal surrounded by meninges. Internally, it describes the gray and white matter, including the ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory and motor signals. It also discusses the blood supply, clinical correlations, and applications related to injuries and diseases of the spinal cord.
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- Differences in behaviors between species arise from quantitative differences in the activity of these shared neuromolecular systems, influenced by ecology and other factors, giving rise to diversity in mating systems and other social decisions.
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Embryology of brain
The human brain is the most complex organ on Earth. It develops from the neural tube which forms the basic structure of the central nervous system. As the brain develops from early embryonic stages through fetal development, different regions form including the rhombencephalon (medulla and pons), mesencephalon, and prosencephalon (telencephalon and diencephalon). Precisely regulated molecular processes guide the formation, migration and differentiation of neurons and glial cells in each brain region. Malformations can occur if these processes are disrupted, leading to neurological disorders.
Thalamus ppt
The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is the largest component of the diencephalon. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information (except smell) sending signals to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. It is divided into nuclei that each have distinct functions and connections related to motor control, sensory processing and integration, arousal, memory and cognition. Damage to different thalamic nuclei can disrupt various functions and result in sensory deficits, movement problems or changes to consciousness.
Detailed Anatomy of Medulla Oblongata ppt
1.Anatomy of the Medulla
2. Introduction to Brainstem Anatomy of the brainstem includes ( midbrain-pons-medulla ) is very complicated !! •It connects spinal cord to the cerebrum. • The mid brain pons, and medulla are connected to cerebellum posteriorly. •1 - ascending an descending tracts that connect brain to spinal cord. •2 - cranial nerves nuclei and their connections •3 - Reticular formation •4 - others e.g (olivarynucleus in MO tapizusbody in pons and red nucleus in MB )
3. Medulla oblongata •The medulla oblongata is the part of the brainstem between the pons and spinal cord •It extends through the foramen magnum to the level of the atlas. •Medulla is vital for our function, without medulla we die. •Above the foramen magnum it is embraced dorsally by the cerebellar hemispheres. 1.The lower end which contains the upward continuation of the central canal of the spinal cord is the ‘closed part of the medulla’, 2.The upper end, where the canal comes to the surface as the lower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle, is the ‘open part’.
4. Medulla contd….. MO is lowest 3 cm of the brainstem •it extend from the ponto- medullary junction until plane below foramina magnum for about 0.5 cm. •Medulla spinalis have a central canal which prolonged into its lower half to open in the fourth ventricle at its upper half. •CSF is encircle the MO from outside ( subarachnoid space ) and inside ( central canal ). •MO is between the two lobes of cerebellum ( anterior cerebellar notch )
5. EXTERNAL FEATURES AND RELATIONS • 3Cm long. • Located at the caudal portion of brainstem • Upper limit is cerebello-pontine angle • Transverse plane that above C1 (suboccipital) intersects upper border of atlas dorsally and centre of dens ventrally marks lower limit
6. VENTRAL SURFACE • Ventral median fissure extends from foramen coecum to caudal end of pyramid decussation • Lateral to median fissure is pyramid • Lat to pyramid is the ventrolateral sulcus (VLS) • Hypoglossal nerve rootlets emerge from VLS • Lat to VLS is olive which contains inf olivary nucleus • Inferior cerebellar peduncle connects medulla with cerebellum and forms side wall of caudal half of fourth ventricle
7. Ventral Surface Pyramid: Swelling on each side of anterior median fissure. • Composed of bundles of nerve fibers, (corticospinal fibers) originate from the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex. • The pyramids taper inferiorly and majority of the descending fibers decussate to the opposite side. Olive: • Olives are the anterolateral oval elevations produced by the underlying inferior olivary nuclei. • From the groove between the pyramid and the olive, the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve emerge
8. LATERAL ASPECT • Roots of glossopharyngeal , vagus and cranial division of accessory nerves are attached to the medulla dorsal to olive.
9. Dorsal surface At dorsal surface of closed part of medulla, gracile and cuneate fasciculi continue from the spinal
Basal ganglia physiology
The basal ganglia consist of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They are located within the cerebral hemispheres and are involved in motor control and cognition. Two main circuits exist - the putamen circuit for executing movements and the caudate circuit for cognitive motor control. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from dysfunction of neurotransmitter pathways and can cause both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Common treatments involve replacing dopamine or modifying basal ganglia circuitry.
Cerebellum-Connections and Functions
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It describes the cerebellum's connections to other parts of the brain and its divisions. The cerebellum receives input from various pathways and sends output through several nuclei to control muscle tone, coordinate movement, balance, equilibrium, and speech. It plays an important role in motor learning and planning sequential movements.
Basal ganglia
The document provides an overview of the basal ganglia. It discusses the physiological anatomy and components of the basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It describes the connections and functional neuronal circuits of the basal ganglia. The functions of the basal ganglia in motor control and disorders such as Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and Huntington's disease are summarized.
Spinal cord
The document provides an overview of the anatomy, internal structure, blood supply, and functional organization of the spinal cord. Key points include:
- The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to L1-L2 and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.
- It has a butterfly-shaped gray matter H-shape surrounded by white matter tracts that contain ascending and descending nerve fibers.
- The principal blood supply comes from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries along with segmental radicular arteries like the artery of Adamkiewicz.
- The spinal cord has a segmental organization corresponding to 31 pairs of spinal nerves that mediate motor and sensory functions.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum and basal ganglia play important roles in motor control and coordination. The cerebellum helps control the timing, smoothness, and intensity of muscle movements. It receives sensory feedback and compares actual movements to planned movements, sending corrections back to the motor system. The basal ganglia help plan and control complex patterns of muscle movement. The cerebellum has distinct input and output pathways and its Purkinje cells provide inhibitory signals that help regulate the output of deep nuclear cells and coordinate movement.
Reticular formation
The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that serves important functions. It extends from the spinal cord up through the midbrain. The reticular formation receives input from various areas of the brain and spinal cord and sends output to many regions including the thalamus and cerebral cortex. It is involved in arousal, motor control, sensory processing, sleep-wake cycles and other vital functions through the ascending and descending reticular activating systems. Damage to or disruption of the reticular formation can impact consciousness, muscle tone, learning, and circadian rhythms.
Functional Anatomy & physiology of the Basal nuclei
Provides a good description of the functional anatomy & physiology of the basal nuclei/ basal ganglia for undergraduate medical students. It also describes disorders of the basal ganglia like parkinsonism & chorea.
Cerebellum parts and functions
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and contains half of the brain's neurons. It consists of a central vermis and two lateral lobes. The cerebellum is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input and sends output via three peduncles. The cerebellum coordinates movement, balance, and posture through feedforward processing in its modular circuitry and plays a role in motor learning. Damage impairs coordination, balance, and movement control.
EMBRYOLOGY OF BRAIN,NEW
The document discusses the embryology of the brain, including:
- The formation of the neural tube and its subdivisions into primary brain vesicles.
- The development of the medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, and cerebral hemispheres from the brain vesicles.
- The formation of structures within each brain region like the cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla and pons.
- The timeline of important developmental events from the formation of the neural plate to myelination.
Development of brain
1. The brain develops from three primary vesicles and their outgrowths that appear during the 4th and 5th weeks of development. Brain flexures form and influence the shape and organization of brain regions.
2. Specific cell groups in the basal and alar plates of the hindbrain, midbrain, and developing brainstem give rise to various nuclei and nerve fibers that contribute to different functional components involved in motor and sensory functions.
3. Histogenesis occurs in the developing cerebellum, with neuronal and glial cells migrating and differentiating into the distinct layers that characterize the adult cerebellar cortex.
Anatomy of pons
The pons lies between the medulla oblongata and midbrain, connecting them. It contains motor and sensory nuclei for cranial nerves 5-8 and helps transmit signals between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. The pons has anterior and posterior surfaces and contains fibers, nuclei, and tracts that process sensory information and coordinate motor functions. Damage to different areas can cause deficits like hemiplegia, hearing loss, or facial paralysis.
Corpus callosum with disconnection syndromes
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the corpus callosum. It describes the corpus callosum as the wide bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It summarizes that the corpus callosum is divided into five regions - the splenium, body, genu, rostrum, and isthmus. It also briefly discusses the blood supply, development, and functions of the different regions of the corpus callosum.
ASCENDING TRACTS
The document discusses the ascending tracts and posterior column pathway in the spinal cord. It provides details on:
1) The medial lemniscus system carries sensations for fine touch, pressure, and vibration from receptors through the dorsal roots and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts in the spinal cord.
2) Fibers from the tracts synapse in the medulla and cross over before ascending to the thalamus and primary sensory cortex.
3) The posterior column pathway conveys proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch, weight discrimination and stereognosis signals up the spinal cord within the posterior column tracts.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are large masses of gray matter located in the cerebral hemispheres. They are comprised of the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus), amygdaloid nuclear complex, and claustrum. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and output mainly to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. They are involved in motor control and planning through direct and indirect pathways that facilitate or inhibit motor activity. Disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from disruptions to these circuits.
Neuroanatomy | 1. Introduction to Neuroanatomy
This is the first lecture in neuroanatomy presented and taught by Ahmed Eljack to second level medical students at Alneelain University.
This lecture discussed the basics of neuroanatomy regarding anatomical terms, planes of section, anatomical divisions of the nervous system, and cells of the nervous system and their major functions.
Anatomy of spinal cord
The document describes the anatomy and structure of the spinal cord. It details the external structure including its cylindrical shape and location within the vertebral canal surrounded by meninges. Internally, it describes the gray and white matter, including the ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory and motor signals. It also discusses the blood supply, clinical correlations, and applications related to injuries and diseases of the spinal cord.
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This document discusses brain development from infancy through adolescence. It notes that connections in the brain are strengthened through use and pruned away if not used. The brain grows rapidly in the first few years of life as connections are formed and then pruned away. Environmental influences shape brain development, with the earliest years seeing the most change as experiences bombard the developing brain. Brain growth continues through childhood and adolescence as different areas mature at different rates.
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Development of nervous system
- 1. To MBBS 2nd year Dr Laxman Khanal Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy BPKIHS, Dharan, Nepal 12-02-2017 Development of nervous system
- 2. Cranial nerves 1. Motor parts 2. Sensory parts 3. Autonomic parts Parasympathetic Spinal nerves 1. Motor parts 2. Sensory parts 3. Autonomic parts A. Sympathetic (thoracic and lumbar segment) B. Parasympathetic (sacral segment) Parts of nervous system 1. CNS- brain and spinal cord 2. PNS- cranial and spinal nerve 3. ANS- contributed by both CNS and PNS ANS -cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.
- 3. Notochord acts as an inducer for development of nervous system. BMP • Ectoderm • Neuroectoderm • Neural plate • Neural fold • Neural groove • Neural tube Neuroectoderm Neural tube Edge of Neuroectoderm and embryonic ectoderm Neural crest cells Embryonic ectoderm Ectodermal derivatives
- 4. Development of neural crest cells Epithelial Mesenchymal E- Cadherin
- 5. Pharyngeal arch derivatives • Skeletal component • Nerves and ganglia of each arch • Dermis overlying each arch • Blood vessels of face. Migration of neural crest cells
- 6. Cranial neuropore Closure at 25th day Caudal neuropore Closure at 27th day Brain SC Alpha feto protein (AFP) increases in maternal AF if neuropores fail to close (neural tube defects).
- 7. Anencephaly Craniorachischisis Neural tube defects of cranial part of neural tube
- 8. Neural tube defects of caudal part of neural tube Rachischisis Myelomeningocele Spina bifida occulta
- 9. Prevented by maternal use of folic acid prior to and during pregnancy. Spina bifida occulta Meningocele Myelomeningocele Rachischisis
- 10. Anterior portion of neural tube forms three primary brain vesicles. 1. Prosencephalon: Telencephalon + Diencephalon 2. Mesencephalon: 3. Rhombencephalon: Metencephalon + Mylencephalon I & II CN III & IV CN V- XII CN
- 11. Development of ventricular system 4th
- 12. Development of spinal cord L TS neural tube Neuroepithelial cells L Neuroblast cell L Mantle cell layer Marginal cell layer L A B A B R F Anterior horn Posterior horn intermediate horn Sensory Motor Autonomic
- 13. Neuroblast Glioblast Microglial cells Ependymal cells Origin of various types of cells
- 14. Brain stem Arrangement of alar and basal plate is intact but the arrangement is different. Higher center Basal plate regress and alar plate accentuate. A B
- 15. G S E S V E G V E Development of functional columns in brain stem Basal plate – motor components Skeletal muscle 1. Somatic muscles - GSE 2. Pharyngeal arch muscles- SVE Smooth muscle- GVE (autonomic) CN supplying somatic skeletal muscles Motor nerve of pharyngeal arch CN with parasympathetic actions
- 16. G S E S V E G V E G S A S V A G V A S S A Development of functional columns in brain stem Alar plate- sensory column Senses • General senses • Special sense- taste • Senses from viscera • Special sense-hearing & Eqb Pain, touch, temperature, pressure Taste Sense of distension of viscera Hearing & equilibrium
- 17. Mesencephalic flexure Cervical flexure Pontine flexure Rhombic lip • Postero-lateral extension of alar plate of metencephalon. • Give rise to cerebellum. Rhombic lip
- 18. TS of caudal part of Pons Rhombic lip Cerebellar plate TS Mesencephalon Alar plate Basal plate Alar plate Sup colliculus Inf colliculus Basal plate Nuclei of 3rd CN Nucleus of 4th CN
- 19. Development of Prosencephalon Diencephalon 3rd ventricle Telencephalon 2 lateral ventricles 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Epithalamus 4. Subthalamus 5. Metathalamus 6. Neurohypophysis
- 20. Summary • The CNS develops from a dorsal thickening of ectoderm-the neural plate, which appears around the middle of the third week. • The neural plate is induced by the underlying notochord and paraxial mesoderm to form neural tube. • The cranial end of the neural tube forms the brain and the remainder forms the spinal cord. • The neural canal, the lumen of the neural tube, becomes the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. • Defects in the closure of the neural tube (NTDs) account for most severe anomalies of nervous system.