The structure of the human brain is extremely complex. It is made up of billions of neurons that are linked together by trillions of connections. Each part of the brain performs a certain set of functions. Damage to a specific area of the brain causes distinct clinical symptoms. Knowledge of neuroanatomy, functioning of different sections of the brain, and clinical manifestations caused by injury to a part of the brain are critical in locating a neurological lesion. The complexity of this knowledge frequently presents a problem to health practitioners. This activity emphasizes the significance of the physical examination in the localization of a neurological lesion. It is intended to provide a concise and easy-to-review summary of the subject.
The structure of the human brain is extremely complex. It is made up of billions of neurons that are linked together by trillions of connections. Each part of the brain performs a certain set of functions. Damage to a specific area of the brain causes distinct clinical symptoms. Knowledge of neuroanatomy, functioning of different sections of the brain, and clinical manifestations caused by injury to a part of the brain are critical in locating a neurological lesion. The complexity of this knowledge frequently presents a problem to health practitioners. This activity emphasizes the significance of the physical examination in the localization of a neurological lesion. It is intended to provide a concise and easy-to-review summary of the subject.
lesions of the spinal cord. differences between upper and lower motor neuron lesions. brownsequard syndrome, poliomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, complete cord lesion,
Anatomical localisation of function is a fundamental principle in the neurosciences. This presentation highlights the basics neuroanatomy and correlate major brain structure with their functions.
lesions of the spinal cord. differences between upper and lower motor neuron lesions. brownsequard syndrome, poliomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, complete cord lesion,
Anatomical localisation of function is a fundamental principle in the neurosciences. This presentation highlights the basics neuroanatomy and correlate major brain structure with their functions.
Designing with Teachers: Participatory Models of Professional DevelopmentErin Brockette Reilly
Edited by Erin Reilly and Ioana Literat, this publication represents the collaboration of a working group composed of “a mixture of researchers, teachers and school administrators from a variety of disciplines, schools, and states,” who wanted to better understand how we might best prepare educators in order to incorporate “participatory learning” models into their classroom practices.
Diving into the Depths: Unraveling the Wonders of the Fish Nervous System
Beneath the sparkling surface of oceans and rivers unfolds a hidden world of silent ballet, electrifying signals, and exquisite sensory perception. Here, where sunlight fades into an emerald gloom, the fish nervous system reigns supreme, an invisible conductor orchestrating the lives of countless aquatic marvels. Unlike the grand orchestration of our own, their symphony plays out in a condensed score, yet resonates with complexity and wonder.
A Streamlined Masterpiece:
While mammals boast a three-part nervous system, the fish world operates on a streamlined architecture. Their central nervous system (CNS), nestled within the skull, combines processing power and communication lines into one streamlined unit. The brain, though smaller than ours, acts as the command center, analyzing sensory information and issuing instructions through a network of nerves that course through their slender bodies. The spinal cord, running along the back like a luminous highway, relays messages between brain and muscle, ensuring their every fin flick and twitch is precisely coordinated.
Sensing the Secrets of the Water:
Unbeholden to the limitations of terrestrial sight and sound, fish have honed their senses to excel in the aquatic realm. Their vision, often keen and adaptable, paints the underwater world in vivid hues, letting them track prey, navigate through coral reefs, and avoid lurking predators. Smell and taste take on amplified roles, with exquisite chemoreceptors detecting dissolved chemicals like a gourmet savoring the finest spices. They can sniff out food, sense danger, and even detect potential mates with a precision that puts our noses to shame.
But the water offers secrets beyond these familiar senses. The lateral line system, a series of sensory cells lining their bodies, acts like an underwater radar. By detecting subtle changes in water pressure, they sense approaching predators, navigate currents, and even communicate with each other in ways we can only dream of understanding. And for some, like the majestic sharks, the world hums with an electric symphony. Electroreception allows them to perceive the faintest electrical fields, aiding in hunting, guiding through murky waters, and even revealing the hidden emotions of their kin.
Masters of Movement:
Fish dance through the water with an effortless grace that belies the intricate calculations powering their every movement. The cerebellum, housed within the brain, acts as a master choreographer, fine-tuning muscle coordination for balance and smooth swimming. The optic tectum, a specialized area dedicated to vision, processes visual information with lightning speed, allowing them to track prey and avoid obstacles in the blink of an eye. Every fin beat, every twist and turn, is orchestrated by the symphony of nerves relaying signals from brain to muscle, translating thought into fluid motion.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
9. 1- CEREBRUM
Two (2) cerebral hemispheres.
Connected to:
1. Each other by CORPUS CALLOSUM.
2. Brain stem by CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES.
- Outer gray matter (cerebral cortex) contains certain
areas with specific functions.
- Inner white matter composed of nerve fibers
conducting impulses TO & FROM cerebral cortex
10. EACH cerebral hemisphere divided into :
FOUR ( 4 )
LOBES:
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Occipital
11. 2- Brain stem
Formed of :
1- Midbrain
2- Pons
3- Medulla
Connected to:
1. Cerebral hemisphere
by cerebral peduncles
2. Cerbellum by cerebellar
peduncles
12. BRAIN STEM contains motor nuclei of cranial
nerves:
• 3 & 4 in MIDBRAIN
• 5, 6 &7 in PONS
• 9, 10, 11 & 12 in MEDULLA
N.B. 1, 2 & 8
are sensory nerves have no
motor nuclei
14. CLASSIFICATION OF CRANIAL NERVES
• SENSORY : contain only sensory fibers
1- Olfactory
2- Optic
8- Vestibulocochlear
• MOTOR : contain only motor fibers
3- Oculomotor
4- Trochlear
6- Abducent
11- Accessory
12- Hypoglossal
• MIXED : contain both sensory and motor fibers
5- Trigeminal
7- Facial
9- Glossopharyngeal
10- Vagus
15. Sensory cranial nerves
N. Name Function Assessment
1 Olfactory Smell Examination of
smell
2 Optic Vision Acuity, field &
fundus
8 Vestibular Equilibrium Caloric and
part rotational chair
Cochlear Hearing Watch test,
part Weber test
16. Motor cranial nerves
N. Name Function Assessment
3 Oculomotor Motor to superior, inferior and Ptosis, pupil, eye
medial recti; inferior oblique & movements &
levator palpebrae superioris squint
Parasympathetic to sphincter
papillae and ciliary muscle
4 Trochlear Motor to superior oblique Look to opposite
shoulder
6 Abducent Motor to lateral rectus Lateral eye
movement
11 Accessory Motor to sternocleidomastoid Elevaton of
and trapezius shoulders and
neck rotation
12 Hypoglossal Motor to muscles of tongue Tongue
movements
17. Mixed cranial nerves
N. Name Function Assessment
5 Trigeminal Muscles of Face sensations &
mastication & power of muscles of
sensations of face mastication
7 Facial Muscles of facial Muscles of facial
expression & taste expression & taste
sensation in ant. 1/3 sensation in ant. 1/3 of
of tongue tongue
10 Vagus Sensation and Palatal and pharyngeal
movements of reflexes & movements of
Larynx, pharynx, uvula
thoracic and
abdominal organs
9 Glossopharyngeal Taste in post 2/3 of Taste & general
tongue & gen. sensation and
sensation pharyngeal reflex
18. 3- CEREBELLUM
• Behind the brain stem
• Formed of : * Medline vermis
* Two cerebellar
hemispheres
• Composed of :
Outer grey matter and inner
white matter
19. CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
MB
Pons C
MO
Superior peduncle connects cerebellum with MIDBRAIN.
Middle peduncle connects cerebellum with PONS.
Inferior peduncle connects cerebellum with MEDULLA
OBLONGATA
20. CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERES AND VERMIS
Left right
Hemisphere hemisphere
VERMIS
Cerebellar Hemispheres are the two bilateral structures.
Vermis is the unpaired midline structure between
the two hemispheres.
28. UPPER MOTOR NEURON
(pyramidal system)
* Originates in motor area 4 & premotor area 6
* Terminates at the anterior horn cells (AHCs)
of the different levels of the spinal cord.
* It supplies the opposite side of the body.
29. LOWER MOTOR NEURON
• Formed of AHCs & Peripheral motor nerves
(which transmit the motor impulses to the
voluntry muscles).
30. EXTRA PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
• Originates from centers at various levels of CNS
mainly the BASAL GANGLIA.
• It controls the opposite side of the body.
CEREBELLAR SYSTEM
• Composed of Neo, Archi & Paleo- cerebellum.
• It co-ordinates the movements of the same side of
the body.
31. UMNL LMNL
Tone Increased, with Decreased
‘clasp knife’ quality
Clonus Present Absent
Fasciculations Absent Present
Muscle Wasting Absent, but disuse Present (within 2-3
atrophy eventually weeks)
results
Tendon Reflexes Increased. Extensor Decreased or
plantar reflexes. absent. Flexor
plantar reflexes.
Distribution Whole limbs, with Specific muscle
more weakness in groups affected (e.g.
the upper limb in the distribution of
extensors and lower a spinal segment, or
limb flexors just the proximal
muscles, etc.)