anatomy of large intestine all info. is from snell clinical anatomy
this lecture composed of :- cecum , appendix , colon , rectum and anal canal
with all relation (location , blood supply , lymphatic drainage and nerve supply)
Histology of Gall bladder and its formation which consist of mainly 3 layers which they are:
- Mucosa
- Muscularis / Fibromuscular layer
- Serosa / Adventitia
And you must note that there is no Muscularis mucosa
& Submucosa inside Gall bladder...
Prepared by Nahry Omer Muhammad, University of Sulaimany/Collage of Medicine
anatomy of large intestine all info. is from snell clinical anatomy
this lecture composed of :- cecum , appendix , colon , rectum and anal canal
with all relation (location , blood supply , lymphatic drainage and nerve supply)
Histology of Gall bladder and its formation which consist of mainly 3 layers which they are:
- Mucosa
- Muscularis / Fibromuscular layer
- Serosa / Adventitia
And you must note that there is no Muscularis mucosa
& Submucosa inside Gall bladder...
Prepared by Nahry Omer Muhammad, University of Sulaimany/Collage of Medicine
12.08.08: Histology of the Urinary TractOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Renal sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Renal
urinary system includes kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra.
kidney is retroperitoneal with 4 layers of coverings. 2 boarders, 2 surfaces and poles. hilum contains neuro vascular structures and ureter. ureter lies posteriorly.
ureter is muscular tube parts are pelvis, abdominal and pelvic part
Anatomy of the urinary system
Anatomy of the kidneys
Anatomy of the nephron
Anatomy of the ureters
Anatomy of the urinary bladder
Anatomy of the urethra; male and female urethra
6. ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY, URETER & POSTERIOR.pdfmarkmuiruri581
Anatomy of Urinary System
Urinary System Organs
Kidneys (2)
Ureters (2)
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Kidney Functions
Control blood volume and composition.
Filter blood plasma, eliminate wastes.
Regulate blood volume, pressure, and fluid osmolarity.
Secrete renin and erythropoietin (EPO).
Regulate PCO2, acid-base balance.
Synthesize calcitriol (Vitamin D).
Detoxify free radicals and drugs.
Perform gluconeogenesis.
Kidney Anatomy
Renal Fascia: Attaches to the abdominal wall.
Adipose Capsule: Provides fat cushioning for the kidney.
Renal Capsule: Fibrous sac that protects from trauma and infection.
Renal Sinus: Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and urine-collecting structures.
Renal Parenchyma:
Outer Cortex
Inner Medulla
Renal Pyramids: Extensions of cortex dividing medulla.
Renal Columns: Connect cortex and medulla.
Renal Pelvis: Collects urine from pyramids.
Ureter: Carries urine to the bladder.
Remember, the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating fluid balance, electrolytes, and waste elimination. Ureter Anatomy
Overview
The ureters are bilateral, muscular, tubular structures responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage and eventual excretion.
After blood filtration in the kidneys, the filtrate undergoes reabsorption and exudation along the convoluted tubules.
The urine then passes through the collecting tubules and enters the collecting ducts.
From the collecting ducts, it flows through the calyces into the renal pelvis, marking the beginning of the ureters.
Histology of Ureter
The lumen of each ureter is lined by a mucosal layer of urothelium (transitional epithelium).
The ureteral wall contains two muscular layers:
Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
In the lower segment of the ureters, an additional longitudinal layer is found proximal to the bladder.
Urine is propelled along the ureters by peristaltic motions initiated by pacemaker cells in the proximal renal pelvis.
Relations
Both ureters pass inferiorly over the abdominal surface of the psoas major muscle.
The right ureter travels posterior to the duodenum and is crossed by branches of the superior mesenteric vessels.
The left ureter is also posterior to the psoas major and is crossed by branches of the inferior mesenteric vessels.
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Remember, understanding the anatomy of the ureter and posterior abdominal wall is essential for clinical pracPosterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Psoas Major:
Origin: Continuously attached from T12 (lower border) to L5
he kidneys are a vital organ critical to the human body. From filtering waste from blood to produce red blood cells, it serves a crucial role. With cells and tissue that work together in synchronized form for common function
this presentation gives the overview of the Gastrointestinal system with detail description of the stomach.
some clinical aspects, like peptic ulcer disease, Virchow's lymph node, gastrostomy are also included.
it describes the microanatomy of skin and its appendages in a concise format. it will give the overview of the integumentary system of our body and largest organ of our body.
describes the muscles, nerves and vessels of arm region. it gives an overview to understand to basic anatomical aspect of arm region including cubital fossa.
this presentation describes the detail anatomy of Temporo-mandibular joint with respect to its articulating surfaces, ligaments, muscles and blood and nerve supply.
well describes the development of nervous system from basic to advanced concept including neural tube defects. the concepts are presented in graphical form for easy understanding of concepts.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Gross anatomy and Histology of urinary system.
1. Urinary System
Gross Anatomy and Histology
Dr Laxman Khanal
Assistant Professor
Department of Anatomy
MBBS 2nd year
01-01-2017
2. Components of urinary system
•Two Kidneys
– Perform all functions except actual excretion.
•Two Ureters
– Convey urine from Kidneys to Urinary Bladder
•Urinary Bladder
– Holds Urine until excretion
•Urethra
– Conveys urine from bladder to outside of body
4. • Angle between the lower border of the 12th rib and
lateral border of erector spinae.
• It overlies the lower part of kidney.
• Tenderness can be felt in this area in case of
perinephric abscess.
Renal angle
5. Right Vs Left
• Left kidney is nearer to midline than right.
• Left is placed higher than the right
• Left kidney is longer than that of right.
• Transpyloric plane passes through the upper part of
right hilum and lower part of left hilum
# left is longer and nearer
6.
7. Alteration in shape
Horseshoe shaped kidney
Alteration in position
• Pelvic kidney
• Thoracic kidney
• Crossed ectopic kidney
8. Hilum of Kidney
• It is the gateway of kidney for different structures.
• From anterior to posterior, structures are-
1. Renal vein
2. Renal artery
3. Renal pelvis- continues as ureter
1. Hilum
2. Renal sinus
3. Renal parenchyma
9. Muscles
1. Psoas muscle
2. Quadratus lumborum
3. Transversus abdominus
4. Diaphragm
Nerves
1. Subcostal N
2. Iliohypogastic N
3. Ilioinguinal N
Ribs
11th – left only
12th – Right +left
11. Right
• Adrenal gland
• Liver
• Duodenum
• Colic flexure
• Small intestine
Left
• Adrenal gland
• Stomach
• Pancreas
• Colic flexure
• Small intestine
12.
13. Covering of the kidneys
• Fibrous capsule (true capsule)
• Perinephric fat
• Renal fascia( fascia of Gerota)
• Paranephric fat
14. Covering of kidney
• In Nephroptosis (mobile kidney), fibrous capsule is
divided and sutured with the posterior abdominal
wall (process is called as Nephropexy).
15. Renal Fascia or fascia of Gerota
• Consists of two layers
1. Anterior layer or fascia of Toldt
2. Posterior layer of Fascia of Zuckerkandl
• Laterally: Both layer fused and continued with the fascia
transversalis
• Medially: Layers do not fuse.
19. Macroscopic structure
Renal parenchyma (Kidney proper)
1. Cortex-
Cortical arches
Renal column
2. Medulla is made up of renal pyramid.
Renal sinus
Major and minor calyces
Blood vessels
Nerves and Lymphatics
Perinephric fat
26. • The Vasa recta is a portion of the peritubular capillary system which
enters the medulla.
• It acts with the loop of Henle to concentrate the urine by a complex
mechanism of counter current exchange .
• If the vasa recta did not exist, the high concentration of solutes in the
medullary interstitium would be washed out.
27. Ureter
• These are pair of muscular tubes( 25 cm) that are
continuous superiorly with the renal pelvis.
• Consists of three parts.
1. Abdominal part
2. Pelvic part
3. Intramural part
36. Conclusion
• Kidneys are retroperitoneal organs extend between T12 to L3
vertebra.
• ‘Renal angle’ is the site of tenderness in perinephric abscess.
• Let kidney is longer and nearer to the midline and diaphragm.
• Relationship of the ureter with the uterine artery is utmost important
during hysterectomy procedure.
37.
38. Urinary Bladder
• The bladder is the most anterior element of the pelvic viscera.
• Entirely in the pelvic cavity when empty.
• Expands superiorly into the abdomen when full.
• An empty bladder is somewhat tetrahedral and oval when full.
• Has a base (fundus), neck, apex, a superior and two inferolateral
surfaces.
• Mean capacity is 220 ml.
• 150-250 ml collection lead to desire to micturition.
• Volume >500 ml caused pain due to its distension.
39.
40.
41. Bladder - Female
Superior surface- peritoneal
Other- not peritoneal
Surfaces:
• Superior surface
• Posterior surface (Base)
• Inferiolateral surfaces
Apex- directed anteriorly
Neck- directed inferiorly
42. Bladder- Male
Superior surface- peritoneal
Base: upper part peritoneal
Other : non peritoneal
Neck is encircled by prostate.
45. Base of urinary bladder of male
• Rectovesicle pouch
• Seminal vesicle
• Ampulla of vas deference
• Rectovesicle fascia
(Denonvillier’s fascia)
46. Base of urinary bladder of female
• Anterior vaginal wall
• Anterior wall of supravaginal
part of cervix
47. Space of Retzius
Potential space between
urinary bladder and
pubic symphysis.
Content:
Retro-pubic fat
Veicle plexus of vein
48. Neck of Urinary Bladder
• The neck of the bladder surrounds the origin of the urethra.
• The neck is the most inferior and also the most 'fixed' part of
the bladder.
• In male it is surrounded by prostate gland.
• It is anchored into position by a pair of tough fibromuscular
bands
• pubovesical ligaments in female
• puboprostatic ligaments in male.
57. Base of
bladder
Base of
bladder
• Opening of ejaculatory ducts
• Opening of prostatic utricle
How the ejaculatory ducts runs
from base of bladder ?
69. Filtration membrane
1. Endothelial cells (fenestration)
2. Basement membrane (type IV collagen)
3. Pedicles of podocytes (filtration slits)
70.
71. • Nephrotic Syndrome: abnormalities in the structure
of glomerular Basement membrane makes filtration
membrane functionally leaky.
i. Protenuria
ii. Hypoalbuminea
iii. Oedema
iv. Hematuria
78. Ureter, urinary bladder and urethra.
• Except for urethra, general arrangement is –
a. Mucosal epithelium (Transitional epithelium)
b. Lamina propria
c. Muscle layer (inner longitudinal, outer circular)
(3rd layer of longitudinal muscle is found in distal ureter and bladder.)
d. Adventitia or Serosa layer