This presentation is about Neuroplasticity, its types and introduction to how memory is built and one Cognition disorder with Plasticity, Synesthesia

1. Plasticity:

2. Plasticity
Neuroplasticity is a non-specific neuroscience term referring to the
ability of the brain and nervous system in all species to change
structurally and functionally as a result of input from the
environment. Plasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from
cellular changes involved in learning, to large-scale changes involved
in cortical remapping in response to injury. The most widely
recognized forms of plasticity are learning, memory, and recovery
from brain damage.
(Wikipedia)

3. The period of susceptibility to the
physiological effects of unilateral eye
closure in kittens
D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel
Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that
ocular dominance columns in the lowest
neocortical visual area, V1, were largely
immutable after the critical period in
development

4. Synaptic Plasticity
In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of the connection,
or synapse, between two neurons to change in strength in
response to either use or disuse of transmission over synaptic
pathways. Plastic change also results from the alteration of the
number of receptors located on a synapse. There are several
underlying mechanisms that cooperate to achieve synaptic
plasticity, including changes in the quantity of neurotransmitters
released into a synapse and changes in how effectively cells
respond to those neurotransmitters. Synaptic plasticity in both
excitatory and inhibitory synapses has been found to be
dependent upon calcium. Since memories are postulated to be
represented by vastly interconnected networks of synapses in the
brain, synaptic plasticity is one of the important neurochemical
foundations of learning and memory (Wikipedia)

5. Metaplasticity
Metaplasticity is a term originally coined by W.C. Abraham and M.F.
Bear to refer to the plasticity of synaptic plasticity. Until that time
synaptic plasticity had referred to the plastic nature of individual
synapses. However this new form referred to the plasticity of the
plasticity itself, thus the term meta-plasticity. The idea is that the
synapse's previous history of activity determines its current
plasticity. This may play a role in some of the underlying
mechanisms thought to be important in memory and learning such
as Long-term potentiation (LTP), Long-term Depression (LTD) and so
forth. (Wikipedia)

6. Another belief
A third school of thought exists which beliefs that structures are not
existent and created with experience.
It encompasses neuronal formations in adulthood(??) and
formations of new connections against existent belief of activation
of inactive synapses.

7. Relations between Thoughts
Concepts: Water, lake, building, tree,
park, public, nation, tax, research
grant, 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine
Abstractions: Happiness, Sleep,
Hallucination, Victory, Virtual,
Research, Relationship

8. So, How memory solves this?

9. But these?

10. The act of relating pictures, sounds and
clips in the memory to emotions,
expressions and inputs are central to
Cognition.
Thus, a child psychology is different
from adult psychology.

11. Synesthesia (also spelled synæsthesia or synaesthesia, plural synesthesiae
or synaesthesiae), from the ancient Greek σύν (syn), "together," and
αἴσθησις (aisthēsis), "sensation," is a neurologically based condition in
which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic,
involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. People
who report such experiences are known as synesthetes.
Why and when?
Synesthesia runs strongly in families, but the precise mode of inheritance
has yet to be ascertained. Synesthesia is also sometimes reported by
individuals under the influence of psychedelic drugs, after a stroke, during a
temporal lobe epilepsy seizure, or as a result of blindness or deafness.
Synesthesia that arises from such non-genetic events is referred to as
"adventitious synesthesia" to distinguish it from the more common
congenital forms of synesthesia. Adventitious synesthesia involving drugs or
stroke (but not blindness or deafness) apparently only involves sensory
linkings such as sound → vision or touch → hearing; there are few, if any,
reported cases involving culture-based, learned sets such as graphemes,
lexemes, days of the week, or months of the year.(Wikipedia)

12. Types of Synesthesia
In one common form of synesthesia, known as grapheme → color
synesthesia or color-graphemic synesthesia, letters or numbers are
perceived as inherently colored, while in ordinal linguistic personification,
numbers, days of the week and months of the year evoke personalities. In
spatial-sequence, or number form synesthesia, numbers, months of the
year, and/or days of the week elicit precise locations in space (for example,
1980 may be "farther away" than 1990), or may have a (three-dimensional)
view of a year as a map (clockwise or counterclockwise). Yet another
recently identified type, visual motion → sound synesthesia, involves
hearing sounds in response to visual motion and flicker. Over 60 types of
synesthesia have been reported, but only a fraction have been evaluated by
scientific research. Even within one type, synesthetic perceptions vary in
intensity and people vary in awareness of their synesthetic perceptions.
(Wikipedia)

13. Thinking question:
Whether the brain
correlates involuntarily or
is formation of new
relationship is faulty?