Provides a good description of the functional anatomy & physiology of the basal nuclei/ basal ganglia for undergraduate medical students. It also describes disorders of the basal ganglia like parkinsonism & chorea.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that receive input from and send output back to the cerebral cortex to assist with motor control and learning. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia help control skilled movements through circuits involving the putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, and motor cortex. Damage to parts of these circuits can cause movement disorders like chorea, hemiballismus, and athetosis. Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to rigidity, tremors, and akinesia
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected brain structures that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in regulating movement and certain movement disorders. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus and brainstem areas. Dopamine from the substantia nigra helps modulate input and output signaling in the basal ganglia circuits. Disorders of these circuits can result in dyskinesias like tremors, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus or disturbances of muscle tone.
1. The document describes the histological structure of the cerebellum including its three layers - molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and granular layer.
2. It lists the afferent and efferent nerve fibers of the three cerebellar peduncles - superior, middle, and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle has dentato-rubral tract and dentatothalamic tract as efferents.
3. The physiological functions of the three divisions of the cerebellum are described. The spinocerebellum regulates muscle tone and posture. The cerebrocerebellum is involved in skilled movement and cognitive functions. The vestibulocerebellum
The document provides an overview of neuroanatomy, beginning with the divisions of the nervous system into the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then describes the structures and components of the central nervous system in detail, including the brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Key topics covered include the meninges, ventricular system, blood supply, ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord, and functional areas of the cerebral cortex.
The document provides an overview of the cerebellum including its:
- Physiological anatomy, divisions, and histological structure
- Neural circuits and neuronal activity
- Connections with other parts of the brain and spinal cord
- Key functions in controlling posture, balance, muscle tone, and voluntary movement
- Effects of cerebellar lesions and clinical tests used to assess cerebellar dysfunction
The limbic system is a set of brain structures located deep in the brain that are involved in emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and surrounding cortical areas. The hippocampus plays a key role in memory formation and storage. The amygdala is involved in emotional responses and regulating autonomic functions. Damage to limbic structures like the hippocampus and amygdala can result in conditions like Kluver-Bucy syndrome, anxiety, schizophrenia, and memory disorders.
The basal ganglia consist of the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus interna and externa, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia circuits affect motor control through direct and indirect pathways that facilitate or inhibit the motor thalamus and cortex. Dopamine excitation of the direct pathway and inhibition of the indirect pathway increases motor activity output. Lesions can result in hypokinetic disorders like Parkinson's or hyperkinetic disorders like hemiballismus and Huntington's disease.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that receive input from and send output back to the cerebral cortex to assist with motor control and learning. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia help control skilled movements through circuits involving the putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, and motor cortex. Damage to parts of these circuits can cause movement disorders like chorea, hemiballismus, and athetosis. Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to rigidity, tremors, and akinesia
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected brain structures that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in regulating movement and certain movement disorders. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus and brainstem areas. Dopamine from the substantia nigra helps modulate input and output signaling in the basal ganglia circuits. Disorders of these circuits can result in dyskinesias like tremors, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus or disturbances of muscle tone.
1. The document describes the histological structure of the cerebellum including its three layers - molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and granular layer.
2. It lists the afferent and efferent nerve fibers of the three cerebellar peduncles - superior, middle, and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle has dentato-rubral tract and dentatothalamic tract as efferents.
3. The physiological functions of the three divisions of the cerebellum are described. The spinocerebellum regulates muscle tone and posture. The cerebrocerebellum is involved in skilled movement and cognitive functions. The vestibulocerebellum
The document provides an overview of neuroanatomy, beginning with the divisions of the nervous system into the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then describes the structures and components of the central nervous system in detail, including the brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Key topics covered include the meninges, ventricular system, blood supply, ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord, and functional areas of the cerebral cortex.
The document provides an overview of the cerebellum including its:
- Physiological anatomy, divisions, and histological structure
- Neural circuits and neuronal activity
- Connections with other parts of the brain and spinal cord
- Key functions in controlling posture, balance, muscle tone, and voluntary movement
- Effects of cerebellar lesions and clinical tests used to assess cerebellar dysfunction
The limbic system is a set of brain structures located deep in the brain that are involved in emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and surrounding cortical areas. The hippocampus plays a key role in memory formation and storage. The amygdala is involved in emotional responses and regulating autonomic functions. Damage to limbic structures like the hippocampus and amygdala can result in conditions like Kluver-Bucy syndrome, anxiety, schizophrenia, and memory disorders.
The basal ganglia consist of the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus interna and externa, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia circuits affect motor control through direct and indirect pathways that facilitate or inhibit the motor thalamus and cortex. Dopamine excitation of the direct pathway and inhibition of the indirect pathway increases motor activity output. Lesions can result in hypokinetic disorders like Parkinson's or hyperkinetic disorders like hemiballismus and Huntington's disease.
The cerebellum and basal ganglia both play important roles in motor control and movement. The cerebellum monitors and makes corrective adjustments to motor plans. It has three functional divisions - the vestibulocerebellum regulates balance and eye movements, the spinocerebellum controls distal and proximal muscle movements, and the cerebrocerebellum plans sequential movements. The basal ganglia helps plan and control complex movement patterns through direct and indirect pathways that can be modulated by dopamine. Parkinson's disease results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the basal ganglia, increasing inhibition of movement.
The thalamus is a paired symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain that relays sensory and motor signals between the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that have distinct connections and functions. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy, physiology, functional organization and clinical syndromes associated with lesions of different thalamic nuclei. Key points include a description of the gross anatomy and location of the thalamus, its blood supply, the nuclei and their connections, and syndromes associated with infarcts in the posterolateral and medial thalamic territories.
The document provides an overview of the basal ganglia. It discusses the physiological anatomy and components of the basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It describes the connections and functional neuronal circuits of the basal ganglia. The functions of the basal ganglia in motor control and disorders such as Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and Huntington's disease are summarized.
The document discusses the basal ganglia, which are a group of subcortical gray matter structures in the cerebrum that include the corpus striatum, amygdala, and claustrum. It describes the main components and connections of the basal ganglia, including the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia are involved in coordinating movement through connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem. Disorders like Parkinson's disease can result from basal ganglia dysfunction and cause issues like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
The document provides information on the anatomy, physiology, and functions of the cerebellum. Some key points:
- The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa below the tentorium cerebelli. It has three lobes and consists of an outer cortex and inner white matter.
- It is involved in motor control and coordination, balance, posture, and motor learning. Recent evidence also suggests roles in cognitive functions and affect regulation.
- Cerebellar circuits involve mossy and climbing fibers connecting to Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei. Damage can cause ataxia, nystagmus, dysmetria and other motor signs, as well as cognitive and psychiatric
The medial longitudinal fasciculus is a heavily myelinated bundle of fibers located near the midline of the brainstem. It extends from the midbrain to the cervical spinal cord and connects nuclei that control eye movements and neck musculature. The medial longitudinal fasciculus coordinates conjugate eye movements and associated movements of the head.
The content
- Hint anatomy of the basal ganglia
- Afferent &efferent of BG
- Intrinsic connection of BG
- Pathways of BG
- Function of BG
- Disease of BG
The basal ganglia are sub-cortical brain structures that include the corpus striatum, globus pallidus, thalamus, subthalamic nuclei, and substantia nigra. The corpus striatum is divided into the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus, brainstem, and other structures. They play an important role in controlling voluntary motor activity, timing and scaling of movements, and maintaining muscle tone and posture. Disorders of the basal ganglia can cause either hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement abnormalities.
The basal ganglia consist of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They are located within the cerebral hemispheres and are involved in motor control and cognition. Two main circuits exist - the putamen circuit for executing movements and the caudate circuit for cognitive motor control. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from dysfunction of neurotransmitter pathways and can cause both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Common treatments involve replacing dopamine or modifying basal ganglia circuitry.
1). The reticular formation is an ill-defined region in the brainstem comprising neurons and fibers that extends from the spinal cord to the thalamus. It is involved in arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycles, and autonomic functions.
2). The ascending reticular activating system projects from the brainstem reticular formation to the thalamus and cortex, promoting wakefulness. The descending pathway projects to the spinal cord and is involved in motor function.
3). The reticular formation receives inputs from sensory systems and projects to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord. It regulates functions like muscle tone, respiration, cardiovascular control, and endocrine secretion.
The document discusses the anatomy of cerebral veins and its application in cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). It begins with an overview of the anatomy of cerebral veins, including superficial cerebral veins that drain the cortical surfaces and deep cerebral veins that drain deep white and gray matter. It then discusses dural sinuses and veins that receive cerebral veins, such as the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses, straight sinus, transverse sinus, and cavernous sinus. The document then covers CVT epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment, focusing on puerperal CVT specifically. Puerperal CVT is more common in India than Western countries and its incidence has decreased in recent decades due to improved obst
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the corpus callosum. It describes the corpus callosum as the wide bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It summarizes that the corpus callosum is divided into five regions - the splenium, body, genu, rostrum, and isthmus. It also briefly discusses the blood supply, development, and functions of the different regions of the corpus callosum.
The thalamus is a large structure in the diencephalon that serves as a relay center between various brain regions. It is subdivided into several nuclear groups including anterior, medial, lateral, intralaminar and reticular nuclei. The thalamus receives sensory information from ascending tracts and projects to different areas of the cerebral cortex, playing roles in motor, sensory, cognitive and limbic functions. Specific thalamic nuclei have reciprocal connections with cortical and subcortical regions to integrate various neural systems.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that help regulate motor control and learning. They modulate movements through neuronal circuits and help produce purposeful movements while suppressing unwanted ones. Damage to different parts of the basal ganglia can result in either hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement disorders. Parkinson's disease involves degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to reduced excitation of motor cortex and hypokinesia. Other disorders like athetosis, hemiballism, chorea, and Wilson's disease each involve damage to specific basal ganglia structures and circuits.
The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and coordination. It receives input from various sources, including the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. This input is processed within the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. The cerebellum then sends output to motor areas of the brainstem and cerebral cortex to coordinate movement, balance, and posture. It acts as a comparator, receiving feedback on actual movements and comparing them to intended movements, in order to calibrate motor output and prevent overshooting during voluntary motor acts such as walking and running. Damage to the cerebellum can cause ataxia or lack of coordination.
This document provides an overview of the somatic motor control system. It discusses the three tiers that control somatic motor activity, with the highest level being the cerebral cortex, middle level for supervision, and lower level for execution. The key components discussed include the motor cortex and descending motor pathways from the cortex, including the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. The document also examines the skeletal muscle as the effector organ and discusses reflexes, regulation of posture and equilibrium, and the role of sensory receptors in providing feedback to adjust motor commands.
The brainstem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the pons and cerebrum and contains the superior and inferior colliculi. The pons connects to the cerebellum via peduncles and contains pontine nuclei and cranial nerve nuclei. The medulla oblongata connects to the spinal cord and contains cranial nerve nuclei, the inferior olives, and tracts such as the gracile and cuneate fasciculi.
The basal ganglia are large masses of gray matter located in the cerebral hemispheres. They are comprised of the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus), amygdaloid nuclear complex, and claustrum. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and output mainly to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. They are involved in motor control and planning through direct and indirect pathways that facilitate or inhibit motor activity. Disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from disruptions to these circuits.
The thalamus is a paired, oval structure located in the diencephalon that serves as a relay center for sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that process different sensory modalities. The thalamus receives input from various areas and projects to specific regions of the cortex. Damage to certain thalamic nuclei can disrupt motor control, sensory processing, and cause syndromes like thalamic pain. Surgical procedures targeting thalamic nuclei have been used to treat chronic pain conditions.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that play an important role in motor control and cognition. They include the striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and influence motor and cognitive functions through output to the thalamus and brainstem. Disorders of the basal ganglia can cause hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders like dystonia, chorea, and Parkinson's disease.
1. The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that integrate motor, cognitive, and limbic functions through loops with the cerebral cortex and thalamus.
2. The basal ganglia receive input from the entire cerebral cortex and influence muscle movement through outputs to the thalamus and motor cortex.
3. Disorders of the basal ganglia can result in hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, which involves reduced dopamine in circuits regulating voluntary movement.
The cerebellum and basal ganglia both play important roles in motor control and movement. The cerebellum monitors and makes corrective adjustments to motor plans. It has three functional divisions - the vestibulocerebellum regulates balance and eye movements, the spinocerebellum controls distal and proximal muscle movements, and the cerebrocerebellum plans sequential movements. The basal ganglia helps plan and control complex movement patterns through direct and indirect pathways that can be modulated by dopamine. Parkinson's disease results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the basal ganglia, increasing inhibition of movement.
The thalamus is a paired symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain that relays sensory and motor signals between the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that have distinct connections and functions. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy, physiology, functional organization and clinical syndromes associated with lesions of different thalamic nuclei. Key points include a description of the gross anatomy and location of the thalamus, its blood supply, the nuclei and their connections, and syndromes associated with infarcts in the posterolateral and medial thalamic territories.
The document provides an overview of the basal ganglia. It discusses the physiological anatomy and components of the basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It describes the connections and functional neuronal circuits of the basal ganglia. The functions of the basal ganglia in motor control and disorders such as Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and Huntington's disease are summarized.
The document discusses the basal ganglia, which are a group of subcortical gray matter structures in the cerebrum that include the corpus striatum, amygdala, and claustrum. It describes the main components and connections of the basal ganglia, including the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia are involved in coordinating movement through connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem. Disorders like Parkinson's disease can result from basal ganglia dysfunction and cause issues like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
The document provides information on the anatomy, physiology, and functions of the cerebellum. Some key points:
- The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa below the tentorium cerebelli. It has three lobes and consists of an outer cortex and inner white matter.
- It is involved in motor control and coordination, balance, posture, and motor learning. Recent evidence also suggests roles in cognitive functions and affect regulation.
- Cerebellar circuits involve mossy and climbing fibers connecting to Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei. Damage can cause ataxia, nystagmus, dysmetria and other motor signs, as well as cognitive and psychiatric
The medial longitudinal fasciculus is a heavily myelinated bundle of fibers located near the midline of the brainstem. It extends from the midbrain to the cervical spinal cord and connects nuclei that control eye movements and neck musculature. The medial longitudinal fasciculus coordinates conjugate eye movements and associated movements of the head.
The content
- Hint anatomy of the basal ganglia
- Afferent &efferent of BG
- Intrinsic connection of BG
- Pathways of BG
- Function of BG
- Disease of BG
The basal ganglia are sub-cortical brain structures that include the corpus striatum, globus pallidus, thalamus, subthalamic nuclei, and substantia nigra. The corpus striatum is divided into the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus, brainstem, and other structures. They play an important role in controlling voluntary motor activity, timing and scaling of movements, and maintaining muscle tone and posture. Disorders of the basal ganglia can cause either hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement abnormalities.
The basal ganglia consist of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They are located within the cerebral hemispheres and are involved in motor control and cognition. Two main circuits exist - the putamen circuit for executing movements and the caudate circuit for cognitive motor control. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from dysfunction of neurotransmitter pathways and can cause both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Common treatments involve replacing dopamine or modifying basal ganglia circuitry.
1). The reticular formation is an ill-defined region in the brainstem comprising neurons and fibers that extends from the spinal cord to the thalamus. It is involved in arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycles, and autonomic functions.
2). The ascending reticular activating system projects from the brainstem reticular formation to the thalamus and cortex, promoting wakefulness. The descending pathway projects to the spinal cord and is involved in motor function.
3). The reticular formation receives inputs from sensory systems and projects to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord. It regulates functions like muscle tone, respiration, cardiovascular control, and endocrine secretion.
The document discusses the anatomy of cerebral veins and its application in cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). It begins with an overview of the anatomy of cerebral veins, including superficial cerebral veins that drain the cortical surfaces and deep cerebral veins that drain deep white and gray matter. It then discusses dural sinuses and veins that receive cerebral veins, such as the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses, straight sinus, transverse sinus, and cavernous sinus. The document then covers CVT epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment, focusing on puerperal CVT specifically. Puerperal CVT is more common in India than Western countries and its incidence has decreased in recent decades due to improved obst
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the corpus callosum. It describes the corpus callosum as the wide bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It summarizes that the corpus callosum is divided into five regions - the splenium, body, genu, rostrum, and isthmus. It also briefly discusses the blood supply, development, and functions of the different regions of the corpus callosum.
The thalamus is a large structure in the diencephalon that serves as a relay center between various brain regions. It is subdivided into several nuclear groups including anterior, medial, lateral, intralaminar and reticular nuclei. The thalamus receives sensory information from ascending tracts and projects to different areas of the cerebral cortex, playing roles in motor, sensory, cognitive and limbic functions. Specific thalamic nuclei have reciprocal connections with cortical and subcortical regions to integrate various neural systems.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that help regulate motor control and learning. They modulate movements through neuronal circuits and help produce purposeful movements while suppressing unwanted ones. Damage to different parts of the basal ganglia can result in either hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement disorders. Parkinson's disease involves degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to reduced excitation of motor cortex and hypokinesia. Other disorders like athetosis, hemiballism, chorea, and Wilson's disease each involve damage to specific basal ganglia structures and circuits.
The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and coordination. It receives input from various sources, including the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. This input is processed within the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. The cerebellum then sends output to motor areas of the brainstem and cerebral cortex to coordinate movement, balance, and posture. It acts as a comparator, receiving feedback on actual movements and comparing them to intended movements, in order to calibrate motor output and prevent overshooting during voluntary motor acts such as walking and running. Damage to the cerebellum can cause ataxia or lack of coordination.
This document provides an overview of the somatic motor control system. It discusses the three tiers that control somatic motor activity, with the highest level being the cerebral cortex, middle level for supervision, and lower level for execution. The key components discussed include the motor cortex and descending motor pathways from the cortex, including the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. The document also examines the skeletal muscle as the effector organ and discusses reflexes, regulation of posture and equilibrium, and the role of sensory receptors in providing feedback to adjust motor commands.
The brainstem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the pons and cerebrum and contains the superior and inferior colliculi. The pons connects to the cerebellum via peduncles and contains pontine nuclei and cranial nerve nuclei. The medulla oblongata connects to the spinal cord and contains cranial nerve nuclei, the inferior olives, and tracts such as the gracile and cuneate fasciculi.
The basal ganglia are large masses of gray matter located in the cerebral hemispheres. They are comprised of the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus), amygdaloid nuclear complex, and claustrum. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and output mainly to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. They are involved in motor control and planning through direct and indirect pathways that facilitate or inhibit motor activity. Disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from disruptions to these circuits.
The thalamus is a paired, oval structure located in the diencephalon that serves as a relay center for sensory and motor signals to and from the cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that process different sensory modalities. The thalamus receives input from various areas and projects to specific regions of the cortex. Damage to certain thalamic nuclei can disrupt motor control, sensory processing, and cause syndromes like thalamic pain. Surgical procedures targeting thalamic nuclei have been used to treat chronic pain conditions.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that play an important role in motor control and cognition. They include the striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and influence motor and cognitive functions through output to the thalamus and brainstem. Disorders of the basal ganglia can cause hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders like dystonia, chorea, and Parkinson's disease.
1. The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that integrate motor, cognitive, and limbic functions through loops with the cerebral cortex and thalamus.
2. The basal ganglia receive input from the entire cerebral cortex and influence muscle movement through outputs to the thalamus and motor cortex.
3. Disorders of the basal ganglia can result in hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, which involves reduced dopamine in circuits regulating voluntary movement.
The basal ganglia are subcortical brain structures involved in motor control and include the corpus striatum, amygdaloid body, and claustrum. The corpus striatum contains the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus, which regulate muscle tone and movement. Damage to the basal ganglia can cause movement disorders like Parkinson's disease due to reduced dopamine in the corpus striatum.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that are involved in motor control and cognition. They include the striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and influence motor and cognitive functions through output to the thalamus and brainstem. Disorders that affect the basal ganglia like Parkinson's disease are characterized by tremor, rigidity, and slowed movement due to dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra-striatal pathway. Other disorders include chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus, and Wilson's disease.
The basal ganglia consists of 5 structures that work together to regulate motor control and cognitive functions. It has two pathways - the direct pathway facilitates movement while the indirect pathway inhibits movement. In Parkinson's disease, loss of dopamine neurons tips the balance towards the indirect pathway, causing rigidity, tremors and slowed movement. Huntington's disease results from damage to the indirect pathway alone, causing uncontrolled, continuous movements instead.
The basal nuclei, also known as basal ganglia, are clusters of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. Together with nearby structures like the substantia nigra and subthalamic nuclei, the basal nuclei help control muscle tone, voluntary and involuntary motor activity, reflexes, associated movements, and arousal through neuronal circuits with motor areas of the cortex. Dysfunctions of the basal nuclei can lead to movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Tourette syndrome.
NEURO-ANATOMY OF BASAL GANGLIA AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSDr Nikhil Gupta
The document provides information on the basal ganglia including its history, neuroanatomy, pathways, connections, and related disorders. It describes the major structures of the basal ganglia such as the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. It explains the direct and indirect pathways within the basal ganglia and how they regulate movement. Disorders associated with basal ganglia damage or pathology include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Wilson's disease.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in motor control and learning via connections with the cortex and thalamus. Disorders of the basal ganglia can cause movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Wilson's disease, as well as psychiatric symptoms. Common movement abnormalities include chorea, dystonia, athetosis, hemiballismus, and tremors.
The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei in the brain associated with motor and learning functions. They include the corpus striatum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus of Luys. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus and brainstem structures. Disorders of the basal ganglia can cause movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, chorea, and dystonia.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei involved in motor control and learning. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia regulate movement through direct and indirect pathways involving the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. Dopamine from the substantia nigra influences these pathways. Damage to basal ganglia structures can cause tremors, chorea, dystonia and other abnormal involuntary movements. Disorders like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease arise from basal ganglia dysfunction. The basal ganglia also play roles in psychiatric conditions.
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected brain structures that play an important role in regulating movement. They consist of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. Neural circuits involving these structures and the cortex help facilitate movement initiation and execution. Dysfunctions in the basal ganglia can lead to movement disorders like tremors, chorea, and ballism. The substantia nigra plays a key role in modulating input and output from the basal ganglia.
The document discusses the basal ganglia. It notes that the basal ganglia and cerebellum work together to modify movement on a minute by minute basis, with the basal ganglia being inhibitory and the cerebellum being excitatory. Disturbances in either system can cause movement disorders. The basal ganglia are composed of the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They receive input from the cortex and thalamus and output mainly to the thalamus. The basal ganglia help control voluntary movement, muscle tone, and are involved in arousal. Disorders like Parkinson's disease and chorea can result from basal ganglia dysfunction.
The document provides an overview of the basal ganglia, including its anatomy, connections, functions, and roles in neuropsychiatric and psychiatric disorders. The basal ganglia is a collection of subcortical nuclei that regulates movement and includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and ventral striatum. It receives input from the cortex and thalamus and influences motor and cognitive functions through direct and indirect pathways that project to the thalamus and back to the cortex. Dysfunctions of the basal ganglia are implicated in movement disorders like Parkinson's disease as well as psychiatric conditions involving habits, reward processing, and motor control.
The basal ganglia function in close association with the cerebral cortex to facilitate motor control and learning. They receive input from widespread areas of the cortex and have direct and indirect pathways that utilize GABA and dopamine to balance movement. Disruption of this balance, as seen in Parkinson's disease due to dopamine deficiency, results in both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement abnormalities. The cerebellum integrates sensory information to coordinate proprioception, balance, and fine motor control through connections with deep nuclei and brainstem.
This document provides information about the basal ganglia:
1. It describes the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia, including its major components like the corpus striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra.
2. It discusses the afferent and efferent connections of the basal ganglia, including corticostriatal and nigrostriatal pathways.
3. It explains some of the functions of the basal ganglia like planning and controlling complex movements, and roles in conditions like Parkinson's disease.
The basal ganglia are clusters of grey matter in the brain that are involved in motor control and regulation. They consist of the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia have direct and indirect pathways that facilitate or inhibit movement through connections with the cortex and thalamus. Dopamine levels modulate these pathways. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia can cause either excessive or reduced movement. Parkinson's disease results from dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra, leading to hypokinetic movements.
This document provides an overview of the basal ganglia. It discusses the history, anatomy, connections, neuronal circuits, functions, and disorders of the basal ganglia. Key points include that the basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that include the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in motor control and play a role in disorders like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that receive input from the cortex and project to the cortex via the thalamus. They consist of the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia influence motor control and posture through direct and indirect pathways and receive modulatory input from the substantia nigra. Diseases of the basal ganglia result in movement disorders like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei located at the base of the cerebral hemispheres that control voluntary motor activity, reflexes, muscle tone, and arousal. They are comprised of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. Disorders of the basal ganglia include Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, Huntington's disease, hemiballismus, and Wilson's disease, which are characterized by movement abnormalities due to lesions in different parts of the basal ganglia.
The document discusses the role of the cerebellum in motor coordination. It describes how the cerebellum receives input from motor areas and provides output to modify movements on a minute to minute basis. It is involved in planning, timing, and adjusting movements as well as learning new motor skills. Neurological diseases that impact the cerebellum, like strokes or ataxias, can cause movement disorders characterized by incoordination, gait issues, dysmetria, and intentional tremors.
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2. Parts of Basal Nuclei
Definition
• The basal ganglia are a collection of subcortical nuclei that are highly involved in regulating voluntary motor movements.
Parts
It consists of 5 parts:
1) Caudate Nucleus
2) Putamen (Caudate Nucleus + Putamen = Striatum)
3) Globus Pallidus (Putamen + Globus Pallidus = Lentiform Nucleus)
4) Subthalmic Nuclei
5) Substantia Nigra of the Midbrain
3. Connections of the Basal Nuclei
Afferents (Inputs) to the basal ganglia include
the following:
1) From the entire cerebral cortex - through
the corticostriatal pathway,
2) From the substantia nigra - fibers arising in
the pars compacta of the substantia nigra
reach the striatum, forming the nigrostriatal
connections.
3) From the thalamus - fibers from the thalamus
to the basal ganglia form the thalamostriatal
connections.
4) From the reticular formation of the
brainstem- afferents from the reticular
formation
Efferents (Outputs) of the basal ganglia include
the following:
1) Striatopallidal- From Striatum to Globus
Pallidus
2) Striatonigral- From Striatum to Substantia
Nigra pars reticulata
4. Direct Pathway
• The specific way that the basal ganglia
modifies movement depends largely on
whether it goes through the direct
pathway or the indirect pathway.
• The direct pathway generally has an
excitatory effect on the initial motor
signal
5. Indirect Pathway
• The indirect pathway takes a longer
route through the basal ganglia and
generally exerts a diminishing or
inhibitory effect on the initial motor
signal
• The indirect pathway starts out similarly
to the direct pathway in that the signal
is generated in the Cortex and travels to
the Striatum. However, it then exits the
direct pathway into the External globus
pallidus before traveling to the
Subthalamic nucleus, the Internal
globus pallidus, and finally the
Thalamus.
6. Functions of the Basal Nuclei
The functions of the basal ganglia are yet to be fully understood. However,
the following are functions have been clearly established by now:
• Planning and modulation of movement pathways
• Reward processing and motivation
• Decision making
• Working memory
• Eye movements
• Moreover, the basal nuclei use proprioceptive feedback from the periphery
to compare the movement patterns generated by the cerebral cortex with
the actual movement.
• Also, the basal ganglia have been shown to play an important role in
motivation considering that the basal ganglia circuits are influenced heavily
by extracellular dopamine.
7. Damage to Basal Nuclei
Parkinson’s Disease:
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative
disorder that primarily affects the motor system.
Specifically, Parkinson’s disease involves the
death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia
nigra, leading to a general dopamine deficit in
the brain.
Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (TRAP) :
T is for Tremor.
– It is typically a resting & slow tremor, meaning that
it is there most of the time but will disappear when
someone initiates a voluntary movement.
R is for Rigidity.
– sustained way known as lead-pipe rigidity or in a
ratchety click-click-click manner known as
cogwheel rigidity
A is for Akinesia and bradykinesia.
– Absence or slowness of movement
P is for Postural instability
– A distinct lack of balance which tends to emerge
late in the disease
8. Damage to Basal Nuclei
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
Definition : Huntington’s disease is a movement
disorder that presents clinically as progressively
worsening movement and behavioral problems.
The hallmark movement abnormality seen in
Huntington’s disease is chorea (a series of quick,
jerky, flailing movements that resembles
dancing)
Cause:
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant
genetic disorder involving mutations in the
huntingtin gene on chromosome 4.
• Here too many CAG repeats (more than 26) are
produced. The gene becomes affected and begins
to produce a mutant version of the huntingtin
protein that damages neurons in the caudate.
• Number of CAG repeats is directly correlated
with the severity & onset of the disease