Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that are transmitted between animals and humans. Some key points: - Over 60% of known pathogens are zoonotic. Emerging diseases often originate from animal hosts. - Transmission can occur directly, through a vector, or from humans to animals. - Many common diseases started as zoonoses, such as measles, mumps, influenza and HIV. - Potential carriers include many mammals, birds, arthropods. - Zoonoses include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and prions causing diseases like rabies, anthrax, salmonellosis. - Outbreaks can occur through exposure to infected animals at farms, markets, zoos. Foodborne

1. ZOONOTIC DISEASES
A zoonosis is an infectious disease that is transmitted
between animals and humans
 Sometimes by a vector from animals other than humans
From humans to other animals (called reverse
zoonosis or anthroponosis).
In direct zoonosis agent needs only one host for completion
of its life cycle, without a significant change during
transmission.
Almost 1,415 pathogens infect humans, 61% zoonotic.
Emergence of pathogen into a new host species is
called disease invasion or "disease emergence"

2. DISEASE INVERSION OR DISEASE EMERGENCE
• Many modern diseases started as zoonotic diseases
• Many epidemic diseases started as zoonotic diseases
• But it is hard to identify that first of all which disease
jumped from animals to humans e.g.
• MEASELS
• MUMPS
• SMALL POX
• INFLUENZA
• HIV
• DIPTHERIA

3. Partial list of carriers
• Partial list of vectors that can carry zoonotic infectious
organisms are plantation
• Apes , Chimpanzee ,Gorilla ,Assassin bugs ,Bats ,Bank
voles,Birds,Cats,Cattle,Copepods,Dogs,Fish,Fleas,Foxe
s,Flies,Geese,Goats,Hamsters,Horses,Hyraxes.
• Lice ,Lizards ,Komodo dragon, Mice , Monkeys ,
Macaque,Mosquitos,Opossums,Pigs,Rabbits and hares
,Raccoons,Rodents,Sloths,Sheep,Snails,Ticks,Turtles.
• Whales , Wolves.

4. List of infectious agents
• Zoonosis can be classified by infectious agent type
• Parasites
• Protozoa
• Helminthes (nematodes)
• Cestodes
• Trematodes
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Prions.

5. Partial list of zoonosis
• Anthrax
• Babesiosis
• Balantidiasis
• Barmah Forest virus
• Bartonellosis
• Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
• Brucellosis
• Borrelia (Lyme disease and others)
• Borna virus infection
• Bovine tuberculosis
• Campylobacteriosis
• Cat Scratch Disease
• Chagas disease
• Cholera
• Cowpox

6. Historical development of zoonotic diseases
• A groups of hunter fewer than 150 individuals not often in
contact with other bands.
• This epidemic or pandemic diseases
• Constant influx of humans not developed immune response
• To survive, a biological pathogen had to be
a chronic infection, stay alive in the host for long periods, or
have a non-human reservoir
• Human is actually an accidental victim and a dead-end host.
• With rabies, anthrax, tularemia, West Nile virus, and many
others
• Zoonotic pathogens in human populations increased contact
with wildlife.
• Caused by encroachment of human activity into wilderness
areas
• By movement of wild animals into areas of human activity

7. • An example of this is the outbreak of Nipah
virus in peninsular Malaysia in 1999, when
intensive pig farming began on the habitat of
infected fruit bats.
• Unidentified infection of pigs amplified the force
of infection, eventually transmitting the virus to
farmers and causing 105 human deaths.
• Similarly, in recent times avian influenza and
West Nile virus have spilled over into human
populations probably due to interactions
between the carrier host and domestic animals.

8. Partial list of outbreaks of zoonosis
• Outbreaks of zoonosis is due to interaction with and
exposure to animals at fairs, petting zoos.
• In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) issued an updated list of
recommendations for preventing zoonosis
transmission in public settings.
• Recommendations developed in conjunction with
the National Association of State Public Health
Veterinarians, include educational responsibilities
of venue operators, limiting public and animal
contact, and animal care and management.

9. • In 1988, a person became ill with swine
influenza virus (swine flu) and died after visiting
the display area of the pig barn at
a Wisconsin county fair.
• Three healthcare personnel treating the case
patient also developed flu-like illness with
laboratory evidence of swine influenza virus
infection.
• Investigators from the CDC indicated in their final
report that the swine flu had been transmitted
directly from pig to human host.

10. Contribution of zoonotic pathogens to food
borne illness
• Most significant zoonotic pathogens causing food borne
diseases are Escherichia coli , Campylobacter, Caliciviridae,
and Salmonella.
• In 2006, a conference held in Berlin was focusing on the issue
of zoonotic pathogen effects on food safety, urging
governments to intervene, and the public to be vigilant .
• Many food outbreaks can be linked to zoonotic pathogens.
• Many different types of food can be contaminated that have
an animal origin.
• Some common foods linked to zoonotic contaminations
include eggs, seafood ,meat , dairy, and even some
vegetables.
• Food outbreaks should be handled in preparedness plans to
prevent widespread outbreaks and to efficiently and
effectively contain outbreaks.

11. Zoonosis research centers
• A zoonosis research center is being developed
in Kazakhstan February 2014.
• The U.S. Department of Defense helped plan and
construct the Central Reference Laboratory in
Kazakhstan.
• Scientists at the lab will study diseases like
the plague and cholera , and try to use their
research to find cures and treatments for diseases.
• The lab will be run by the Kazakh Scientific Center
of Quarantine and Zoonotic Diseases.

12. Bacteria
Every year millions of people get sick because of food borne
zoonosis such as Salmonellosis and Campylobacteriosis which
cause fever, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, malaise and nausea.
Other bacterial zoonosis are anthrax, brucellosis, infection by
verotoxigenic Escherichia coli, leptospirosis, plague, Q fever,
shigellosis and tularaemia.

13. Parasites
Cysticercosis/ Taeniasis is caused by a parasite which
infects swine and can cause seizures, headache and
many other symptoms in humans.
In Latin America for example, 100 out of 100 000
inhabitants suffer from this disease (estimation).
Other parasitic zoonoses are trematodosis,
echinococcosis/hydatidosis, toxoplasmosis and
trichinellosis.

14. Viruses
Rabies is a disease of carnivores and bats mainly
transmissible to humans by bites. Almost all persons
infected by rabid animals will die if not treated. An
estimated number of 55 000 persons, mainly children,
die of this disease in the world every year. Dogs are
responsible for most human deaths. Other viral
zoonoses are avian influenza, Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever, Ebola and Rift Valley fever.

15. Fungi
•Dermatophytoses are superficial mycoses that
may be acquired from infected animals and affect
the skin, hair and nails of humans, causing itching,
redness, scaling and hair loss.
•Another mycotic infection that can be zoonotic is
sporotrichosis.

16. Unconventional agents
The agent of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
is thought to be the cause of variant Creutzfeldt-
Jakob Disease (vCJD) which is a degenerative
neurological disease different from CJD, at
present inevitably lethal in humans.

17. PRECAUTION
• Always wash hands and follow proper hygiene
• Handle food safely
• Prevent bites from mosquitoes and ticks
• Know the simple things you can do to stay safe
around your pets
• Be aware of zoonotic diseases both at home
and when you travel

19. Who Is At Risk For Zoonotic Disease?
• Any human in contact with an infected animal or
disease vector.
• Some humans are more at risk
• Infants and small children - immature immune systems,
poor hygiene - hands in mouth, etc.
• Pregnant women - immune systems are more
susceptible and there are additional fetal hazards
• Elderly - immune systems may be impaired
• Immuno compromised people - undergoing cancer
therapy, HIV/AIDS patients, etc.
• Veterinarians, zoo/wildlife/primate and other animal
health care workers