A zoonosis is an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents and can spread to humans through direct contact or through food, water or the environment

1. zoonoses
Presentedby,
Mrs.m.josephin,
tutor

2. introduction
• ZOONOSIS derived from the Greek words
• • Zoon- Animal & Noson – Disease
• • Zoonoses was coined and first used by Rudolf Virchow who
defined it for communicable diseases
• • Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted
between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959

3. • of the 415 microbial diseases affecting humans, 61% are
zoonotic with 13% species regarded as emerging or
reemerging.
• • Link b/w human & animals with their surrounding are
very close especially in developing countries.
• • Emerging zoonosis as “a zoonosis that is newly
recognized or newly evolved, or that has occurred
previously but shows an increase in incidence or expansion
in geographical, host or vector range”- WHO/FAO/OIE
joint consultation, May 2004

4. Emerging diseases
• Hanta virus in USA
• Avian influenza
• Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (BSE)
• Nipah virus.

5. Factors influencing Emerging diseases
• Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases
• Etiological changes in mans environment and agricultural operations e.g.
Leptospirosis, plague, Rift Valley fever, Kyasanur Forest Disease etc.
• Increased movement or traveling of man e.g. amoebiasis, giardiasis,
colibacillosis, salmonellosis, SAARS, Yellow fever etc.
• Handling animal by products and waste e.g. anthrax, chlamydiosis,
dermatophytosis, tularaemia
• Increased in density of animal population e.g. dermatophytosis, tuberculosis
etc.

6. Etiological agent
• Bacterial zoonoses e.g. anthrax, brucellosis, plague, leptospirosis, salmonellosis,
lyme disease
• Viral zoonoses e.g. rabies, arbovirus infections, KFD, yellow fever,
influenza
• Rickettsial zoonoses e.g. murine typhus, tick typhus, scrub typhus, Q-
fever
• Protozoal zoonoses e.g. toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis
• Helminthic zoonoses e.g. echinococcosis (hydatid disease), taeniasis,
schistosomiasis,dracunculiasis
• Fungal zoonoses e.g. deep mycosis - histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis,
superficial dermatophytes.
• Ectoparasites e.g. scabies, myiasis

7. Mode of transmission
• Direct zoonoses- From an infected vertebrate host to a
susceptible host (man) by direct contact, by contact or thru
fomite e.g. rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis,
toxoplasmosis.
• • Cyclozoonoses - Require more than one vertebrate host
species, but no invertebrate host for the completion of the life
cycle of the agent, e.g. echinococcosis, taeniasis.

8. • • Metazoonoses - Transmitted biologically by invertebrate vectors, in
which the agent multiplies and/or develops & there is always an extrinsic
incubation (prepatent) period before transmission to another vertebrate
host e.g., plague, arbovirus infections, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis.
• • Saprozoonoses -Require a vertebrate host & a non-animal
developmental site like soil, plant material, pigeon dropping etc. for the
development of the infectious agent e.g. aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis,
cryptococosis, histoplasmosis, zygomycosis

9. Reserviour host
• • Anthropozoonoses – Diseases in animals that can be
transmitted to man e.g. rabies, leptospirosis, plague, arboviral
Infcn , brucellosis and Q-fever.
• • Zooanthroponoses - Infections transmitted from man to
lower vertebrate animals e.g. streptococci, staphylococci,
diphtheria, enterobacteriaceae, human tuberculosis in cattle
and parrots.
• • Amphixenoses – Infections with a bacteria maintained in
both man and lower vertebrate animals and transmitted in
either direction e.g. salmonellosis, staphylococcosis

10. • Euzoonoses :
Diseases in which humans are an obligatory host of the
agent
Taenia solium T. saginata

11. Zoonoses – viral

12. RABIES
INTRODUCTION
 Rabies is a fatal disease that attacks the nervous system.
All warm – blooded animals, including humans, are at the risk of infection
with rabies virus.
Exposures most often occur as a result of contact with domestic animals
like dogs, cats, horses, or castle

13. Epidemiological traid
AGENT
LYSSAVIRUS -I
HOST
ADULTS,
CHILD
ENVIRON
MENT
STREET
DOGS IN
ONE AREA

14. Mode of transmission

15. Clinical sign
Tingling
sensation at
site of the bite

16. Intolerance of noise Intolerance of light

17. Aerophobia Hydrophobia

18. Increased reflex Muscle spasm

19. Pupil dilatation
Increased salivation

20. As the disease advances
• Irritability
• Confusion
• Anger
• Depression
• Double vision
• Swallowing is difficult because of the muscle spasm
• Convulsions
• Paralysis and Coma

21. diagnosis
• History of bite
• Clinical manifestations, behavioural symptoms-hydrophobia
• Antigen using immune-fluorescence of skin biopsy
• Isolation of virus from saliva.

22. First aid treatment
• Wash the wound and scratches under a running tap water
• Apply over-the counter antibiotic cream, alcohol/tincture iodine
to inactivate the left over virus after wash.
• bite wound should not be sutured immediately . If suturing is
necessary it is done after 24-48 hours under the cover of anti
rabies serum locally.

23. Further treatment
isolation
Relieve
anxiety
Muscle
contraction
hydration
Intensive care

24. vaccine
• Fourth
dose
• Third
dose
• Second
dose
• First
dose
0day
3rd
day
14th
day
7th
day
Booster
dose
28th day

25. Control measures for animals
• Must get the registration and licensing done for all domestic dogs.
• Practice restraint of dogs in public places.
• Immediate destruction of dogs and cats bitten by rabid animals.
• Quarantine all the imported dogs for 6 months.
• Health educate people on the care of dogs and prevention of rabies.