Zoonotic infections are diseases that can spread from animals to humans. Over 60% of infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic. Transmission can occur through direct contact with infected animals, indirect contact, vectors like ticks and mosquitoes, or contaminated food. Common zoonotic diseases include anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, salmonellosis, E. coli, rabies, avian influenza, and prion diseases. Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and prions can all cause zoonotic diseases. Proper hygiene and food handling can help prevent transmission of zoonotic infections.

1. Zoonotic infection
w.w.w

2. Picture talk

3. introduction
• Infections spread from man to animals are
called zoonotic infections.
• Pathogens shared with wild or domestic
animals cause more than 60% of infectious
diseases in man(Karesh et al., 2012)

4. Cont..
• They can either be bacteria viruses fungi or
parasites. Zoonotic infection are common
because man because he interacts with animals
in his daily life .
• The animals include pets that offer
companionship ,and animals that are important
food sources such as meat, dairy and eggs and
the wildlife. This happens because some of this
microorganism can infect a varied number of
hosts.

5. • Such pathogens can either be
1. Bacterial
2. Viruses
3. Parasite
4. Fungi
5. Prions

6. • Man get infected with zoonotic infection
through
1. direct contact with an infected animal,
2. indirect contact with the animal
3. through vectors
4. through food that was contaminated with the
infected animal.

7. BACTERIA
1. Anthrax
• spread of the bacillus to man happens due to
butchering or eating wildlife or infected
domestic carcasses
• bush meat trade
• common in west and central Africa where
demand for bush meat is for time greater than
in the Amazon basin (Wolfe, Daszak, Kilpatrick,
& Burke, 2005)

8. 2. Bovine tuberculosis
• Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease
of animals and humans caused by
Mycobacterium bovis.
• In a large number of countries bovine
tuberculosis is a major infectious disease among
cattle, other domesticated animals, and certain
wildlife populations.
• Aerosol exposure to M. bovis is considered to be
the most frequent route of infection of cattle, but
infection by ingestion of contaminated material
also occurs to man.(OIE, 2009)

9. 3.E. coli
• Animals are recognized as a reservoir for human
intestinal pathogenic E. coli (Bélanger et al.,
2011)
• Commensal E. coli strains potentially carrying
virulence factors involved in the development of
human pathologies also colonize the intestinal
tract of animals
• through contact with animals especially poultry
and companion animal may contaminates ones
hand food or formite

10. 4.Salmonella
• Snakes are considered to be a source of
Salmonella infection for humans, but little is
known about the actual serotype prevalence in
healthy snakes over time(Goupil et al., 2012) but
of since snakes are rare encounter birds are
• Birds are the main reservoir of Salmonella
enteritidis and human beings are most commonly
infected after eating contaminated eggs or egg
products from domestic hens(Olsen, Bergstrom,
McCafferty, Sellin, & Wistrom, 1996)

11. 5. Borrelia burgdorferi
• This pathogen cause lyme disease. Lyme disease is the
most common vector-borne illness in North America and
Europe
• Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is transmitted to humans
by certain species of Ixodes ticks, which are found widely
in temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere.
• Clinical features are diverse, but death is rare. Rates of
infection are highest among children 5 to 15years old
and adults older than 50 years(Mead, 2015)
• Lyme-like illness lesions, which are similar to the
erythema migrans rash of Lyme disease, tend to have
lymphocytic dermal infiltrates. With the exception of
Borrelia lonestari, the possible causative agent or agents
of Lyme-like illness have not been cultured(Masters,
Grigery, & Masters, 2008)

12. 6. Rickettsia rickettsii
• It causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF).
Caused by obligate intracellular bacteria grouped in the
order Rickettsiales
• Species also include Rickettsia parkeri ,R. japonica in
Japan R. conorii caspia in Astrakhan
• R. africae in sub-Saharan Africa and the West Indies R.
honei in the Flinders Island,
• Being a vectorbone zoonosis, vector found o transmit
the bacteria has been the tick. A new spotted fever
R.felis was also found to be associated with fleas(Pérez
et al., 2002)

13. 7. Brucella melitensis
• Brucellosis, especially caused by Brucella
melitensis, remains one of the most common
zoonotic diseases worldwide with more than
500,000 human cases reported annually.
• The bacterial pathogen is classified by the CDC as
a category (B) pathogen that has potential for
development as a bio-weapon
• Although many countries have eradicated
Brucella abortus from cattle, in some areas
Brucella melitensis has emerged as a cause of
infection in this species as well as in sheep and
goats.(Corbel, 1997)
• Unpasteurized milk is the vehicle food

14. VIRUSES
1.Rabies virus
• Rabies is a disease of carnivores and bats mainly
transmissible to humans by bites.
• This virus is neuotropic in nature that causes
rabies in man and animal.
• occur through saliva of animals through bite.
• animal movement is very vital for its spread.
• guarantine minimize its importation (Fèvre,
Bronsvoort, Hamilton, & Cleaveland, 2006)

15. 2.Arboviruses
• West Nile virus Dengue, and chikungunya,rift
valley fever
• Transmited from mammalian reservoir to man
through mosquitoes especially Aedes
• A research done by (LaBeaud et al., 2011) on RVF
and WNV found out that the viruses were
disseminated within the bodies of the
mosquitoes tested.
• Which means the mosquito is also infected to
infect sexually trans ovarially,through bite to
infected mammal

16. Avian influenza, crimean-congo
hemorrhagic fever, ebola and rift
valley fever.
• avian influenza,
• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever,
• Ebola

17. Fungi
• Dermatophytoses are superficial mycoses that
may be acquired from infected animals and
affect the skin, hair and nails of humans,
causing itching, redness, scaling and hair loss.
• Another mycotic infection that can be
zoonotic is sporotrichosis.

18. LARVAL CESTOTDES
1.Echinococcosis
• hydatid disease attributable to the larval stage of
Echinococcus spp. E. granulosus, E. multilocularis
the cause of alveolar echinococcosis
• Humans are infected by ingesting eggs shed in
the feces of canine definitive hosts.
• The result is the formation of slow-growing larval
cysts in the liver, lungs, or other organ systems,
which eventually produce clinical signs from mass
effects, allergic reactions, or through tissue
necrosis/fibrosis.

19. 2.cysticercosis
• caused by larval Taenia solium. adult worms residing in
the intestinal tract.
• Swine become infected upon ingestion of eggs shed in
the feces of an infected human tapeworm carrier
resulting in larval cyst formation (cysticercosis) in
muscle and other tissues. The cycle continues when
humans acquire the tapeworm form by ingesting
undercooked infected pork.
• When cyst formation occurs in the brain, the resulting
condition is termed neurocysticercosis (NCC), a major
cause of seizures and epilepsy in T. solium–endemic
regions(Budke, White, & Garcia, 2009)

20. 4. trypanosomiasis (
• Causes sleeping sickness
• transmitted by tsetsefly female and male from
warm blooded animals to man

21. PRIONS
• The agent of Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy is thought to be the cause of
variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) which
is a degenerative neurological disease
different from CJD, at present inevitably lethal
in humans.

22. Reference
Bélanger, L., Garenaux, A., Harel, J., Boulianne, M., Nadeau, E., & Dozois, C. M. (2011). Escherichia
colifrom animal reservoirs as a potential source of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. FEMS
Immunology and Medical Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00797.x
Budke, C. M., White, A. C., & Garcia, H. H. (2009). Zoonotic larval cestode infections: Neglected,
neglected tropical diseases? PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 3(2), 2–4.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000319
Corbel, M. J. (1997). Brucellosis: An Overview. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3(2), 213–221.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0302.970219
Fèvre, E. M., Bronsvoort, B. M. D. C., Hamilton, K. A., & Cleaveland, S. (2006). Animal movements and
the spread of infectious diseases. Trends in Microbiology, 14(3), 125–131.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2006.01.004
Goupil, B. a, Trent, A. M., Bender, J., Olsen, K. E., Morningstar, B. R., & Wünschmann, A. (2012). A
longitudinal study of Salmonella from snakes used in a public outreach program. Journal of Zoo
and Wildlife Medicine, 43(4), 836–841. https://doi.org/10.1638/2011-0281R1.1
Karesh, W. B., Dobson, A., Lloyd-Smith, J. O., Lubroth, J., Dixon, M. A., Bennett, M., … Heymann, D. L.
(2012). Ecology of zoonoses: Natural and unnatural histories. The Lancet, 380(9857), 1936–1945.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61678-X

23. Cont..
LaBeaud, A. D., Sutherland, L. J., Muiruri, S., Muchiri, E. M., Gray, L. R., Zimmerman, P. A., … King, C. H.
(2011). Arbovirus prevalence in mosquitoes, Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(2), 233–
241. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1702.091666
Masters, E. J., Grigery, C. N., & Masters, R. W. (2008). STARI, or Masters Disease: Lone Star Tick-Vectored
Lyme-like Illness. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2007.12.010
Mead, P. S. (2015). Epidemiology of Lyme Disease. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2015.02.010
OIE. (2009). Bovine Tuberculosis. OIE Terrestrial Manual 2009, (May), 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024629
Olsen, B., Bergstrom, S., McCafferty, D., Sellin, M., & Wistrom, J. (1996). Salmonella enteritidis in
Antarctica: zoonosis in man or humanosis in penguins? Lancet, 348(9037), 1319–1320.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)65807-2
Pérez, M. P., Palacio, J., Santolaria, M. P., Aceña, M. D. C., Chacón, G., Verde, M. T., … García-Belenguer,
S. (2002). Influence of lairage time on some welfare and meat quality parameters in pigs.
Veterinary Research, 33(3), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres
Wolfe, N. D., Daszak, P., Kilpatrick, A. M., & Burke, D. S. (2005). Bushmeat hunting, deforestation, and
prediction of zoonotic disease emergence. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(12), 1822–1827.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1112.040789