Zoonosis are those disease and infection which are naturally transmitted between animals and human. (WHO & FAO, 1959). Zoonosis word derived from Greek word “ZOO” means Animals and “NOSES” means Disease. One Health is not a new concept, but it has become more important in recent years because many factors have changed the interaction among human, animals and the environment. These changes have caused the emergence and re-emergence of many disease.

1. Dr. Manoj Karki
M.V.Sc
Equine Field Officer
Durguali, Kailali
2021/8/4
Important Zoonotic Disease
Prevention and Control
Organization by:

2. INTRODUCTION:
 Zoonosis are those disease and infection which are naturally
transmitted between animals and human. (WHO & FAO,
1959).
 Zoonosis word derived from Greek word “ZOO” means
Animals and “NOSES” means Disease.
 More than 200 zoonotic disease describe world wide.
Protecting yourself and your family from animal
diseases and infections.

3.  At lease 61% of all human pathogen are zoonotic
 75% of new disease discovered in last decade are also
zoonotic.
 Animals can carry harmful germs, such as bacteria, virus,
fungi, parasite. These are shared with human and cause illness.

4. One Health Concept:

5.  One Health is not a new concept, but it has become more
important in recent years because many factors have changed
the interaction among human, animals and the environment.
 These changes have caused the emergence and re-emergence
of many disease.

6. FACTOR (CAUSE) CHANGE (EFFECT)
Human population are growing and
expanding into new geographic area
As a result more people live in close
contact with wild/ domestic animals.
Close contact provide more opportunities
for disease to pass between animals and
people.
The earth has experience change in
climate and land use, such as
deforestation and intensive farming
practice.
Disruption in environmental condition
and habitats provides new opportunities
for disease to pass to animals.
International travel, trades have
increased
As a result disease can spread quickly
across the globe

7. Who is at risk:
 Veterinarian
 Grooming
 Horseman
 Butchers
 Lab work
 Farmers

8. How they are transmitted
 Zoonosis can be transmitted by various way.

10. Transmission of zoonotic disease
 Every day contact with animals
 Transporting carcasses
 By-products (feces/urine)
 Scratches or bites
 From milk and milking
 Contaminated soils
 Contaminated meats
 Through insect bites like mosquitos or ticks

11. Factor Influencing the Emergence or re-emergence Zoonotic
Disease
 Increased movement of traveling of man. Eg, amobiasis,
giardiasis, salmonella etc..
 Handling animal by product and waste. Eg, Anthrax,
dermatophytosis
 Increased trade in animals product. Eg, Anthrax, brucella,
salmonella bird flu..
 Drug resistance organism. Eg, E- coli, staphylococcus aureus,
 Changing environmental condition including climate and
disaster. Eg, plague, leptospirosis

12. Important Zoonotic Disease
PATHOGENIC AGENT DISEASE NAME
BACTERIA • Leptospirosis
• Brucella
• Anthrax
• Tuberculosis
• Glanders
VIRUS • Rabies
• Bird flu (avian influenza)
• Japanese encephalities
• Ebola
• Corona
FUNGI • Dermatophytosis
• Spohorotrichosis
PARASITE • Toxoplasmosis
• Taeiasis

13. Common zoonosis:
Japanese Encephalitis: Mosquito (culex tritaeniorhynchus)
born viral zoonotic disease of public health importance and high
mortality rate.
Family: Flaviviridae, most common cause of childhood viral
encephalitis in world.
 Pig is the amplifier host. Bird and pig are most important
reservoir.
 Through they usually do not manifest the disease, they develop
very high titers of virus and infect mosquitoes. These pig are
known as amplifying host.

14. Mode of spread:
 Man or cattle get infected either from birds or pigs
through mosquito bite.
 Man and man transmission does not occur in
Nature.

15.  The virus enter in the brain and neurological cell through
hematogenous where it cause extensive damage to the brain
cell by mechanical means and inflammatory reaction.
 Infected person show high fever, headache, prostration, nuchal
rigidity and altered sensorium.
 In some case incoordination, paralysis and death occur in
extensive damage of neurological cells.

18. Rabies: Rabies is an acute viral zoonotic disease (a disease
that is transmitted to human from animal) characterized by sign
of abnormal behavior, nervous disturbance ascending paralysis
and death.
 All warm blooded mammals are susceptible to infection by the
rabies virus.
 The virus is present in the saliva of the infected animal and is
transmitted to the other animal and to human through saliva.

19.  Rabies is caused by RNA virus belongs to family
Rhabdoviridae and genus lyssavirus.

20. Spread of rabies:
 Rabies is transmitted through direct contact between the virus
(e.g. in contaminated saliva) and mucus membrane or wound.
 Human infection most frequently occurs following a
transdermal bite or scratch from an infected animal.
 Very rare, rabies has been contracted by inhalation of virus
containing aerosol (eg. In caves inhabited by bats)

21.  Human –human transmission has never been confirmed.
With the exception of organ transplant from rabid
patient.
 Transmission through the consumption of milk and
cooked meat has not been reported to date but the
consumption of milk and meat from rabid animal is
discouraged

24.  More than 95% of human death occurs in Asia/ Africa. And
99% of human rabies cases came from dogs.
 There is a small proportion of human rabies reported due to
transmission via wild life (such as fox, wolves, jackels,
raccoon, bats).
 Rabies kills more than 60,000 people each year (that is one
death in every 9 minute) over 150 countries. Some countries
like Australia, Switzerland, Netherland, rabies are eliminated.

25. How virus travels:
 Rabid dog virus enter through saliva Travel via
Peripheral Nervous System to Central Nervous System.
 Many people think that rabies is transmitted through only dog.
 But its not true, rabies is transmitted through not only dog, but
also spread through bite or scratch from rabies infected animal
like dog, bats, raccons, fox, monkeys etc.. Any open wound
exposed saliva of infected animal can be potential source of
infection.

26. Clinical findings:
In dog:
Furious form
 This is classic “mad dog syndrome”. There is rarely evidence
of paralysis during this stage. This form can be divided into
stage of melancholy and stage of excitation.
 Stage of melancholy: In this stage, dog may show bite
inanimate or animate objects. It may show unusual violence
and frenzy behavior. Rabid dog may move from one village to
other a long distance in a circular way and thus spread the
disease over wide areas.

27.  The animal may lick water and attempt to drink but due to
obvious paralysis of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscle
does not succeed to drink water. The above period last for
1 to 3 days.
Stage of excitement: In this form dog may become very
aggressive. Dog may hide in dark place due to photophobia.
The voice may be change due to the paralysis of vocal cord.
Animal may lick their genital area its show that the sign of
heat.

28.  In the fag end, the dog will lose its ability to bark. The lower
jaw will hang, tongue will protrude and head will drop
down.
 The dog will develop dyspnea, ascending paralysis, coma
and death. This period may last for 1 to 7 days.

29. Dumb form:
 This form is also called paralytic form. In this form there is
paralysis of lower jaw, tongue, larynx, and hind quarter.
 The dog is unable to close the mouth (open mouth condition). In
fair percentage of cases, the owner is suspicious that a bone or
some other object might have stuck in the neck and owner may
try to open the mouth for examination and thus prone them to the
possibility of contracting the infection.
 The entire clinical course of the disease up to the death takes 1 to
7 days.

31. 10 day confinement and observation period:
 Clinically course usually less than 7 days animal dead before
end of 10 days.
 In general if a biting dog does not die within 10 days rabies is
unlikely.
In human:
 Initial symptoms: pain or paraesthesia at the wound site
 Later: hyperactivity, hallucination, hydrophobia, paralysis
and coma and death

32. Furious form:
 Hydrophobia, photophobia, aerophobia
 Excitation and confusion
 Excessive sweating/ salivation’
 Dehydration and death in 2 to 5 days
Paralytic form:
 Gradual ascending paralysis
 Hydrophobia is not seen
 Coma, death in 1-2 weeks

33.  Approximately 80% of patient present with classical
(furious) rabies and 20% present with paralytic rabies.
 40 to 50% of people who are bitten by suspected rabid
animal are children under 15 years age. In Nepal less than
100 people have been died each year due to rabies.
Can we treat after appearance of symptoms?
 No treatment of rabies after the appearance of symptoms.
Fatal after symptoms begin.

34. How long will it take to show symptoms in human?
 Generally between 1 to 3 month to more than 1 year.. But it may be
short as 4 days or long or may be many years. It depends upon
location of bite and how deep the wound
Prevention and control:
 Rabies in human can be prevented, after exposure by PEP. Proper
wound management combine with PEP is close to 100% effective in
preventing rabies.
 Immunize all dog and cat owned by an individual or by the
community
 Immunize any person with proven or probable exposure to rabies
and administer rabies immunoglobulin in case of severe exposure

35.  Wild animal should not be kept as pets
 Strict quarantine regulation
 Human as high risk (eg. Veterinarian, vet technician, lab
person, volunteer, etc.. ) much received pre exposure
immunization.
 Pre exposure prophylaxis : 0,7, 21 or 28 days
 Post exposure prophylaxis:0,3,7, 14, 21 days
 Vaccine should never be administered in Gluteal region.
 Rabies awareness and vaccination program

36. Avian influenza (Bird flu)
 Viral disease characterized by extremely high mortality.
The virus affect the respiratory, digestive, and nervous
system.
 AI is an envelop, single stranded RNA virus. Two type of
projection called glycoprotein.
 Haemaagglutinin (HA) , Neuraminidase (NA)

37.  The haemagglutinin is responsible for attachment of the
virus to receptor present on the cell surface thus enables
the virus to enter into the cell
 Neuraminidase which is an enzyme is responsible for
release of the new virus from the cell by its action on the
neuraminic acid in the receptors

38. Spread:
 Direct contact between infected and susceptible birds,
 Indirect contact through fine droplets suspended in air,
fomites

39. Symptoms:
 Swelling of the head, face and upper neck of chicken
 Excessive discharge from the eye
 Haemorrhage under the skin in the feet
 Cyanosis (bluish to purple discoloration) on the comb and
wattles

42. Bacterial disease:
Leptospirosis: caused by the organism a spirochete of
genus leptospira.
 The disease in animals is characterized by fever, jaundice,
haemoglobinuria, abortion, still birth etc..
 The mouse, rat, jacket, dog, pig, cat and cattle are
important reservoir
 Among these, rat and small rodents particularly R.
noruegicus and mus musculus are most important
reservoir.

43. Who is at risk?
 The farm workers
 sewer worker
 fisher man are high risk of infection.

44. Spread:
 Through contact with an environment contamination by
urine
 Aborted fetus and urine discharge of reservoir host,
 Spoilage food

45.  Leptospira can be enter through abraded skin and
mucus membrane during bathing or swimming in
lakes, pond, river, canal polluted with urine of
infected animals.

46.  Man is considered as ‘dead end host’ but transplacental
transmission has been reported
 Vertical transmission also occur in rodents
 The disease manifest in human in 2 phases:
 1st phase= septicaemic
 2nd phase= due to immune response, fever, anorexia,
stiffness, jaundice, neurological signs, abortion and death
may occur

47. Clinical signs

48. Glanders (Farcy): Is highly contagious, acute and chronic ,
fatal zoonotic disease of horse, mule and donkey.
 Characterized by serial development of ulcerating nodules
on respiratory tract and skin (Farcy)

49.  Burkholderia mallei, a gram negative bacteria, rod
shaped, aerobic non motile.
 The disease is communicable to man
ETIOLOGY:

50.  Ingestion of contaminated food and water
 Direct contact with infected animal:
 Abraded skin,
 Mucous membrane
 Person to person (Rare)
 Aerogenous ( Rare)
Transmission:

51.  Incubation period: 2 weeks may be less or more
 Chronic form in horse and acute form in donkey and mule
Clinical sign:

52. Clinical signs and symptoms
 In pulmonary form chronic cough and
symptoms of pneumonia my be seen.
 If the nasal mucosa is affected a purulent and
oily nasal discharge may be present.

53.  Acute form: high fever, coughing, Nasal discharge
(yellowish green exudate), ulcer on nasal mucosa and
nodules on skin.
 In chronic form: animal are usually ill for several month
then death

54. Brucella: the disease is characteristics by Abortion (usually in
5-8 month of gestation), retained placenta, orchitis, epididymtis,
economic loss due to loss of progeny, milk yield and animal
protein.
 Genus: Brucella
 B. abortus is most widely spread where B. melitensis and B.
suis are irregularly disturbance.
 B. melitensis is the prevalent species seen in man and cause a
more severe form of disease

55. Spread:
 Ingestion ,close contact, inhalation or accidental
inoculation.
 Beside these contact with aborted fetus and uterine
discharge
 Animals product such as milk, meat products also play an
important role in disease transmission
 Dairy products prepare from unpasteurized milk such as
soft cheese, yoghurts, ice-cream may contain high
concentration of bacteria and consumption of there is an
important cause of brucella

59.  In human: headache, muscular pain, insomnia,
anorexia, weakness, undulating fever (in evening)
death may be due to severe toxemia and endocarditis

60. Anthrax: This is rapidly fatal infectious disease often
characteristics by sudden death, exudation of tarry un
coagulated blood from the mouth, nares and anus,
splenomegaly, gelatinous infiltration of subcutaneous, and
sub serous tissue, malignant pustules or Escher formation on
skin.
 Causative agent: brucella anthracis, gram
positive,endospore forming, rod shape

61.  Anthrax spore are transmitted by contact with
infected carcass, hides, hair or bone meal.

62.  If suspected of anthrax (on the basis of sudden death,
pathogenic symptoms and history), the carcass should
never be opened to avoid contamination of surrounding.
 Generally quick and fairly reliable diagnosis blood smear
prepared rom ear clipping or laryngeal edema are stained
form M Fadyean reaction.

64. Toxoplasmosis: caused by Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa)
and affect cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and man
 The principal host is Cat in which the organism reproduce
sexually and the cyst are shed in feces of cat and spread
the disease to other animal and man.

66. Spread:
 Contaminated food, undercooked meat and milk, meat
products, water, trans placental route

67.  Congenital as well as acquired infection occur in man.
There may be abortion, premature birth, hydrocephaly,
microcephaly, splenomegaly, icterus, cerebral
calcification, mental retardation in congenital infection.
 The disease is more important in immunocompermized
person
 In toxoplasma number of abortion were reported in human
as well as animals.

69. Prevention and control of zoonotic disease:
 Veterinary play an important role in prevention and
control of zoonosis by virtue of their ability to destroy or
treat the disease and also controlling the movement of
domestic animals.
 Quarantine
 Environment hygiene
 Chemoprophylaxis including deworming
 Early diagnosis and proper treatment
 Education of people about disease prevention/ awareness
campaign

70.  Isolation of disease animal from healthy stock
 Separation/ culling/ slaughtering of disease animal or
animals at risk.
 Vector control
 Reservoir control
 Genetic improvement
 Epidemiological diagnosis
 Health education