The document defines communicable diseases as those spread between people through various modes of transmission like direct contact, vectors, contaminated food/water, or airborne means. It provides examples of common communicable diseases like chickenpox, diphtheria, filariasis, AIDS, polio, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, and sexually transmitted diseases. For each disease, it discusses symptoms, causes, modes of transmission, and methods of prevention through vaccination, drug treatment, or hygienic measures. The overall document aims to educate about major communicable diseases, how they spread, and ways to prevent infection.
Non-communicalbe diseases and its preventionShoaib Kashem
Non communicable disease account for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. It is currently estimated that non communicable disease accounts for approximately 60% of global deaths and 43% of global disease burden. This is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020.
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person, or from a surface or a food. Diseases can be transmitted during air travel through: direct contact with a sick person. respiratory droplet spread from a sick person sneezing or coughing.
Non-communicalbe diseases and its preventionShoaib Kashem
Non communicable disease account for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. It is currently estimated that non communicable disease accounts for approximately 60% of global deaths and 43% of global disease burden. This is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020.
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person, or from a surface or a food. Diseases can be transmitted during air travel through: direct contact with a sick person. respiratory droplet spread from a sick person sneezing or coughing.
Chain of infection is a process in which a favorable condition is required for micro-organism to spread or transfer from reservoir to a susceptible host.
Environment is one of the most important determinant of health. It includes the physical,biological and psychosocial environment. sustainable environment is needed to acquire good health. Environment is effected by many factors, so health is.
This ppt contains all the information about Modes of disease transmission. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Communicable and Non-communicable diseasesKumarlalit750
A very effective ppt on communicable and non-communicable diseases with a lot of new things to know. Very useful for school students of class 9,8,7 th.
Chain of infection is a process in which a favorable condition is required for micro-organism to spread or transfer from reservoir to a susceptible host.
Environment is one of the most important determinant of health. It includes the physical,biological and psychosocial environment. sustainable environment is needed to acquire good health. Environment is effected by many factors, so health is.
This ppt contains all the information about Modes of disease transmission. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Communicable and Non-communicable diseasesKumarlalit750
A very effective ppt on communicable and non-communicable diseases with a lot of new things to know. Very useful for school students of class 9,8,7 th.
Hazard analysis critical control point (haccp)Allwyn Vyas. G
Hazard analysis and critical control points or HACCP is a systematic preventive approach to food safety from biological, chemical, and physical hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product to be unsafe, and designs measurements to reduce these risks to a safe level.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Communicable diseases
1. Communicable Disease
• Diseases that are spread from one
person to the other.
• Diseases that are “catching”
• Diseases that are caused by germs
or pathogens.
Examples of pathogens include: viruses, bacteria,
p parasitic worms and fungi.
2. Modes of Transmission
• Direct Contact: Exposure to infected
body fluids such as blood or saliva.
• Vectors/Reservoirs: Germs are spread
by an animal or insect, usually through a
bite.
3. Cont..
• Food and Water: Food and water can
become contaminated with germs and
people can get sick when they eat or drink
them.
• Airborne: Germs are spread through the
air, for example when someone coughs or
sneezes.
• Indirect contact: Pathogens remain on
surfaces that were in contact with an
5. Chicken pox
• Chicken pox is a common disease caused by the
varicella zoster virus (VZV) which is a member of
the herpes virus family.
• Usually occurs during childhood (normally 5-9) , but
you can get it at any time in your life.
Symptoms:
• small fever, body aches and loss of appetite.
• Within 1or 2 day, the rash appears, begins as red
spots which then form blisters and spreads to the
rest of the body.
6. Prevention
• There are no actual cures for it ,but you can
get a vaccine shot to help prevent it.
• Baths with uncooked oatmeal, baking soda, or
cornstarch can help relieve itching.
• Tylenol is used for fever or pain relief.
(Aspirin should be avoided.)
• Antiviral drugs such as Acyclovir may be
prescribed.
• You can put Calamine lotion on the pocks to
help stop the itching.
7. Diphtheria
• It is caused by bacteria Corynebacterium
diphtheriae .
Symptoms: Sore throat, Low fever, Swollen
neck glands, Airway obstruction and breathing
difficulty, Shock.
Modes of Transmission:
• Solely among humans, spread by droplets
• Secretions, direct contact, Poor nutrition
• Low vaccine coverage among infants &
children.
8. Prevention
• Sanitary: Reduce carrier rate by use of vaccine.
• Immunological: A vaccine (DPT) prepared from an
alkaline formaldehyde inactivated toxin (i.e.
toxoid) is required. Passive immunization with
antitoxin can be used for patients.
• Chemotherapeutic: Penicillin, erythromycin or
gentamicin are drugs of choice.
9. Filariasis
Infection caused by 3 closely related Nematodes-
• “Wuchereria bancrofti”
• “Brugia malayi”
• “Brugia timori”
Symptoms: Filarial fever, Lymphangitis, Lymphadenitis,
Elephantiasis of genitals/legs/arm, Filarial arthritis,
Chyluria.
Mode of transmission: Transmitted by the bite of
infected mosquito responsible for considerable
sufferings.
10. Prevention
• Treating the infection by Cooling the leg, drying,
exersice.
• Treatment and prevention of Lymphoedema.
• Drugs effective against filarial parasites-
1. Diethyl Carbamazine citrate (DEC)
2.Ivermectin
3.Albendazole
4.Coumarins compound
11. AIDS
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”
• HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that
causes AIDS
• Disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection due to
markedly reduced helper T cells.
• Patients have a very weak immune system (defense
mechanism)
Symptoms: Fever, Headache, neuropathy, Sores, Rashes,
Nausea, Vomitting.
Mode of Transmission: Sharing Needles, Unsterilized
blades, Unprotected Intercourse, Mother to Baby.
12. Prevention
Some ways to protect urself-
Monogamous Relationship.
Protected Sex.
Sterile needles.
New shaving/cutting blades.
Anti-retroviral drugs are used-
AZT (Zidovudine).
Viramune (Nevirapine).
Norvir (Ritonavir).
13. Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by
three serotypes of poliovirus.
Symptoms: febrile illness, aseptic meningitis,
paralytic disease, and death.
Modes of Transmission:
• Oral-oral infection:
- direct droplet infection
• Faeco-oral infection:
– Food-borne (ingestion)
– Hand to mouth infection.
14. Prevention
General prevention:
• Health promotion through environmental sanitation.
• Health education (modes of spread, protective
value of vaccination).
Active immunization:
– Salk vaccine (intramuscular polio trivalent killed
vaccine).
– Sabin vaccine (oral polio trivalent live attenuated
vaccine).
15. Malaria
It is caused by four Plasmodium species-
Symptoms: Chills, Fever, Internal fever, Body
ache.
Mode of transmission: It is transmitted by
female anopheles mosquito, sporozoites
injected with saliva & enter circulation then
infected person.
•P. falciparum
•P. vivax
•P. malariae
•P. ovale
16. Life cycle of malaria parasite
sporozoites injected
during mosquito
feeding.
invade liver cells.
exoerythrocytic
schizogony.
merozoites invade
RBCs.
gametocytes infective
for mosquito.
fusion of gametes in
gut.
sporozoites invade
salivary glands.
17. Prevention
• Use a spray containing permethrin on clothing.
• Apply insect repellents regularly in cream, spray
or gel form that contain diethyltoluamide (DEET).
• Use coils and mats impregnated with insecticide in
closed rooms to repel the mosquitoes.
• Malaria prophylaxis are taken.
• Anti-malarial drugs are used such as chloroquine.
18. Measeles
• It is caused by agent- RNA virus (Paramyxo
virus family, genus Morbillivirus )
• Symptoms: Diarrhea, Pneumonia, Convulsions,
SSPE (sub acute sclerosing panencephalitis).
• Modes of transmission: Transmitted by
Droplet infection 4 days before and 4 days
after rash.
20. Prevention
• Live attenuated measles virus (Edmonston-zagreb strain)
Propagated on human diploid cell. (0.5 ml of vaccine)
• Measles vaccine has to be given at 9 months.
• If Measles vaccine is given a 3 months gap is advisable to
give MMR vaccine.
• The vaccine should be reconstituted with the diluent
supplied (Sterile water for injection) using a sterile Auto
disabled syringe with needle.
• After reconstitution the vaccine should be used
immediately.
• If the vaccine is not used immediately then it should be
stored in the dark at 2° - 8°C for no longer than 8 hours.
21. Tuberculosis
• “Tuberculosis is defined as an infectious disease
caused by a bacterium Mycobacterium T.B. ; that
most commonly affects the lungs.”
• Symptoms: Slight fever, night sweats, weight
loss fatigue.
• Modes of transmission: tuberculosis is an
airborne disease able to be passed from one
person to another.
22. Prevention
• Your doctor may prescribe a medicine called
isoniazid to prevent the tuberculosis infection
from developing into the active disease and making
you feel sick.
• If you contract TB of the abdominal or of the
extra- pulmonary you may have the choice of a
mainstay therapy that takes a course of 9-12
months in order to complete.
• Surgery is generally reserved for patients with
obstruction of vital organs.
23. Tetanus
• A Neurological disease characterised by
increased muscle tone & spasms Caused by
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI.
• It is found worldwide in soil, in inanimate
environment, in animal faeces & occasionally
human faeces.
24. Cont.
• Symptoms: muscle rigidity, dysphagia,
rigidity, spasm, trismus, hyperpyrexia.
• Mode of transmission: Infection is acquired
by contamination of wounds with tetanus
spores.
25. Prevention
• Goal is to eliminate the source of toxin, neutralize the
unbound toxin & prevent muscle spasm & providing support -
support
• Admit in a quiet room in ICU
• Continuous careful observation & cardiopulmonary
monitoring.
• Minimize stimulation.
• Protect airway.
• 2 preparations : combined vaccine : DPT.
monovalent vaccine : plain / formol
toxoid tetanus vaccine.
26. Rabies
• Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute
encephalitis in warm blooded animals, it can
be transmitted to humans from other
species.
• The rabies virus infects the CNS, cause
disease in brain & death.
• Symptoms:
Partial paralysis, anxiety, insomnia, confusion,
agitation, abnormal behavior, terror,
and hallucinations, progressing to delirium.
27. Contd.
• Modes of transmission:
Rabies may also spread through exposure to
infected domestic animals, groundhogs,
bears, raccoons and other wild carnivorans.
Small rodents such as squirrels
hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, chipmunks
rats and mice.
28. Prevention
• Vaccinating dogs, cats, rabbits, and ferrets
against rabies.
• Keeping pets under supervision.
• Not handling wild animals or strays.
• Contacting an animal control officer upon
observing a wild animal or a stray, especially if
the animal is acting strangely.
• If bitten by an animal, washing the wound with
soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes and
contacting a healthcare provider to determine if
post-exposure prophylaxis is required.
29. Sexually transmitted disease
• STDs are diseases and infections which are capable
of being spread from person to person through:
– sexual intercourse
– oral-genital contact or in non-sexual ways.
– IV drug
• Some STD’s are:
Chlamydia.
Gonorrhea.
Syphilis.
Candidiasis – Yeast Fungus.
30. Contd.
• Symptoms:
1. Sores.
2.Blood in urine.
3.Burning sensation when urinating.
4.Rashes.
5.Itching.
6.Warts.
7.Unusual discharge.
• Modes of transmission:
sexual intercourse
oral-genital contact or in non-sexual ways.
IV drug