This document provides a detailed classification of zoonoses, or diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans, based on several factors. It describes classifications based on the nature of reservoirs, epidemiological features like life cycle and transmission mode, the animals involved like wild, pet or lab animals, physical conditions like urban vs. rural, transmission types like food-borne or vector-borne, the type of pathogen such as viral, bacterial, parasitic, and more. Many examples are given for each classification category to illustrate the different types of zoonotic diseases.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
A zoonosis is an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents and can spread to humans through direct contact or through food, water or the environment
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
A zoonosis is an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents and can spread to humans through direct contact or through food, water or the environment
Medical entomology "the need to know about little creatures"vckg1987
very important tpic for public health expertise. this presentation includes the from womgb to tomb of mosquitoes. which in clear sense means from their larval life cycle to control management.
Protozoa and Helminth Parasites ppt by Dr.Prince.C.PDR.PRINCE C P
PPT prepared by :Dr.Prince.C.P
Associate Professor & HOD , Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Medical Parasitology is the subject which deals with the parasites that infect human being, the diseases caused by them, clinical feature and the response generated by human being against them. It's also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.
An ova or cyst or egg is detected by microscopic evaluation of a stool sample that is used to look for parasites that may infect the lower digestive tract, causing symptoms such as diarrhoea. The parasites and their eggs (ova) are shed from the lower digestive tract into the stool
Stool examination (Microscopic) is performed for the diagnosis of following parasitic infections
1. Protozoa • Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • intestinal coccidian parasites (i) Cryptosporidium parvum (ii) Cyclospora (iii) Isospora • Balantidium coli
2. Helminthes • nematodes: (i) Ascaris lumbricoides (ii) Trichuris trichuria
(Iii) hookworm • Ancylostoma duodenale • Nectar americans (iv) Strongyloides stercoralis
Cestodes: (i) Taenia spp • T. Saginata • T.Solium (ii) Hymenolepsis nana (iii) Enterobius vermicularis
zoonoses and its classification on basis of typesNabeel805998
This presentation contains a compression data on the Zoonosis, its types and classification. Along with it aslo contains data on bacterial and viral diseases that are zoonotic. There are terminologies related to epidemiology.
zoonoses and its classification on basis of typesNabeel805998
This presentation contains a compression data on the Zoonosis, its types and classification. Along with it aslo contains data on bacterial and viral diseases that are zoonotic. There are terminologies related to epidemiology.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF ZOONOSES BASED
ON NATURE OF RESERVOIRS
Anthropozoonoses
• Zoonotic diseases primarily transmitted from
the lower vertebrate animals to human beings
are called anthropozoonotic diseases.
– Examples: Rabies (Lyssa virus), Anthrax (Bacillus
anthracis), Brucellosis - Malta fever (Brucella
abortus), Undulant fever or Mediterranean fever
(Brucella melitensis).
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. Zooanthroponoses
Zoonotic diseases transmitted from human
beings to the lower vertebrate animals are
called zooanthroponotic diseases.
– Examples: Amoebiosis (Entamoeba histolytica),
Diphtheria infection
8.
9. Amphixenoses
Zoonotic diseases which may be transmitted in
either direction, i.e., human beings to animals
or animals to human beings
called amphixenotic diseases.
– Examples: Staphylococcal infection, Streptococcal
infection
10.
11. CLASSIFICATION OF ZOONOSES BASED ON EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
FEATURES
(LIFE CYCLE / MAINTENANCE / MODE OF TRANSMISSION)
• 1. Direct zoonoses
• Zoonotic diseases transmitted directly from the
infected to the susceptible host by contact, vehicle or
mechanically by a vector, without undergoing any
development or propagation in the course of
transmission are classified under direct zoonoses.
• A zoonotic pathogen requires only single vertebrate
host species for their completion of life cycle.
– Examples: Bovine and ovine brucellosis by contact,
Anthrax by contact and touch, Rabies by bite, Ringworm by
touch, Salmonellosis by vehicle
12.
13.
14. Direct zoonoses can be any one of the following
type
• Direct-anthropozoonoses
• Direct-zooanthroponoses
• Direct-amphixenoses
15. Direct-anthropozoonoses
– The lower vertebrates (domestic and wild animals)
are the reservoir hosts for many infectious
zoonotic pathogens and these reservoirs transmit
infections to the human beings by accidental
exposures or direct contact with infected
population or contaminated materials.
• Examples: Rabies, Brucellosis
16.
17.
18. • Direct-zooanthroponoses
Zoonotic diseases transmitted from human
beings to the lower vertebrate animals by
direct contact with infected person or
contaminated materials.
– Examples: Diphtheria, Tuberculosis
19.
20.
21. • c). Direct-amphixenoses
• Zoonotic diseases maintained in nature either
in animal population or in human population
are transmitted in both directions by direct
contact with infected population or
contaminated materials.
– Examples: Streptococcosis, Staphylococcosis
22.
23. Cyclozoonoses
• The disease requires more than one vertebrate
host to complete the life cycle, but invertebrate
host is not involved. Depending upon the
involvement of human being it may
be obligatory cyclozoonoses or non-obligatory
cyclozoonoses.
– Examples: Japanese encephalitis (Flavivirus of
Family Flaviviridae), Hydatidosis, Bovine
cysticercosis, Trypanosomiosis (tse-tse-borne),
Nairobi sheep disease (Bunyaviridae), Leishmaniosis.
26. • Obligatory cyclozoonoses
– In obligatory cyclozoonoses, agents require
essentially a human being for completion of their
life cycle.
• Example: Taeniosis (Taenia saginata and T.solium) –
measly beef and measly pork
28. • Non-obligatory cyclozoonoses
• In non-obligatory cyclozoonoses, agents
require man's involvement as accidental or
not essential for completion of their life
cycle.
– Example: Hydatidosis (Echinococcus granulosus).
31. • Metazoonoses
• Those diseases that are transmitted by the invertebrate
hosts (biological vectors) in which the causative
agent multiplies (propagative) or develops (developmental)
or both (cyclopropagative).
• It requires both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts for their
completion of life cycle.
– Examples: Arborial infections, Schistosomiosis, Fascioliosis (sapro-
meta-zoonosis), Plaque, Trypanosomiosis, Filariosis, Trichinellosis
(Trichinella spiralis).
• Depending upon the number of hosts required for the
completion of life cycle there are four subclasses of
metazoonoses.
– Metazoonoses subtype I
– Metazoonoses subtype II
– Metazoonoses subtype III
– Metazoonoses subtype IV
32. SUB CLASS I
VERTEBRATE 1
INVERTEBRATES 1
EXAMPLE :Japanese encephalitis (Culex
tritaeniorhynchus), Yellow fever (Juncle cycle
and urban cycle, Aedes aegypti)
42. Saprozoonoses
• The diseases which require a non-animal objects like
soil, plants, organic matter, water, foods, etc. to serve
as a true reservoir of infection or as site for an essential
phase of development.
• The etiological agent may develop (Histoplasmosis) or
propagate (Ancylostoma brazilliense) or develop and
propagate (cyclopropagative - Fascioliasis) in the
inanimate (fomites) objects.
• The agent can occur in both saprophytic and parasitic
phase in cyclic order.
– Examples: Visceral larval migrans, cutaneous larval migrans,
fascioliosis, mycosis of various forms, botulism,
coccidiomycosis, histoplasmosis, etc.
43. • Based on the direction of spread it may be
classified into three sub-classes, such as
• Sapro-anthropozoonoses
• Sapro-amphixenoses
• Sapro-meta-anthrapozoonoses.
44. • Sapro-anthropozoonoses
– Zoonotic infections are normally transmitted
between lower vertebrates and fomites and
involvement of human population is only accidental.
• Example: Erysipeloid
45. • Sapro-amphixenoses
– Man and lower vertebrates are equally susceptible
hosts and infection can persist in the absence of one
or another host.
• Example: Histoplasmosis
46.
47.
48. • Sapro-meta-anthrapozoonoses
– It requires both non-animate, invertebrate host
and vertebrate host in its life cycle.
• Example: Fasciliosis
49.
50. CLASSIFICATION OF ZOONOSES BASED
ON ANIMALS INVOLVED
• Wild animal zoonoses
• Infections transmitted from wild animals like elephants, non-
human primates, fox, wild boar to human beings.
– Examples: Kyasanur forest disease (KFD), Rabies
• Pet animal zoonoses
• Infections transmitted from pet animals like dogs, cats, love
birds to human beings.
– Examples: Toxoplasmosis, Ringworm infection, Psittacosis/Ornithosis
• Lab animal zoonoses
• Infections transmitted from lab animals like guinea pigs, rats,
mice rabbits to human beings.
– Example: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
• Fish-borne zoonoses
• Infections transmitted from fish and processed fish products to
human beings.
– Examples: Salmon poisoning, Pernicious anemia
57. CLASSIFICATION OF ZOONOSES
BASED ON PHYSICAL CONDITION
Urban zoonoses
• Infections which are commonly prevalent in urban areas and
transmitted from animals to human beings.
– Examples: Rabies, Abattoir's infections, Anthrax, Leptospirosis,
Tuberculosis
Rural zoonoses
• Infections which are commonly prevalent in rural areas and
transmitted from animals to human beings.
– Examples: Brucellosis, Schistosomiosis, Rabies, Worm infestations
Occupational zoonoses
• Infections which are transmitted from animals to human beings by
nature of their occupation.
– Examples: Wool sorter's disease, Sugarcane worker's disease, Rice
field worker’s disease
58.
59. CLASSIFICATION OF ZOONOSES BASED ON TYPE OF TRANSMISSION
• Skin, hide and hair-borne zoonoses
• Infections which are transmitted by contact with skin, hide and hair of infected
animals to human beings.
– Example: Anthrax
• Meat-borne zoonoses
• Infections which are transmitted by contact or consumption of meat and meat
products from infected animals to human beings.
– Examples: Tuberculosis, Trichinellosis, Leptospirosis
• Milk-borne zoonoses
• Infections which are transmitted through consumption of milk and milk products
from infected animals to human beings.
– Examples: Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Campylobacteriosis
• Food-borne zoonoses
• Infections which are transmitted through consumption of foods of animal origin
or foods of plant origin contaminated with the secretions and or excretion of
infected animals to human beings.
– Examples: Salmonellosis, Streptococcosis, Staphylococcosis, Colibacillosis, Anthrax
62. • Vector-borne zoonoses
• Mechanical
– Infectious pathogens are carried mechanically by invertebrate host and transmitted
to the human beings.
– Examples: Anthrax, Colibacillosis
• Biological
– Infectious pathogen undergoes some biological transformation before infecting the
human.
• Developmental: If essential development of the agent takes place in or on the vector. Example
is Dirofilaria immitis in mosquitoes.
• Propagative: If the agent multiplies in the vector before being injected into the host. Examples
are plague, yellow fever.
• Cyclo-propagative: If the agent undergoes development and multiplication in the vector before
being injected into the host. Example is Trypanosoma cruzi in bugs.
• Trans-ovarian
– The infection may be transmitted in vectors vertically from one generation to the
next generation before being injected into the host.
– Examples: Rift valley fever, West Nile fever, Russian spring summer encephalitis
• Trans-stadial
– The infection may be transmitted in vectors from stage to stage before being
injected into the host.
– EG lymes disease
69. Viral zoonoses
Transmission of viral diseases from animals to human beings.
Examples: Rabies, Milker’s nodules, Ranikhet disease viral conjunctivitis, etc.
Bacterial zoonoses
Transmission of bacterial diseases from animals to human beings.
Examples: Anthrax, Tuberculosis, Brucellosis
Parasitic zoonoses
Transmission of parasitic diseases from animals to human beings.
Examples: Trichinellosis, Visceral larval migrans, Cutaneous larval migrans,
Hydatidosis
Mycotic/Fungal zoonoses
Transmission of fungal diseases from animals to human beings.
Examples: Tinea/ringworm infection, Aspergillosis
Rickettsial zoonoses
Transmission of rickettsial diseases from animals to human beings.
Example: Q-Fever, Epidemic typhus, Scrub typhus, Rocky mountain spotted fever
Protozoan zoonoses
Transmission of protozoal diseases from animals to human beings.
Examples: Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis
