The document provides information on the plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It discusses the history of plague pandemics, the microbiology and pathogenesis of Y. pestis, and the clinical features and epidemiology of the three main forms of human plague infection: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. It also covers the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and infection control measures for human plague.
one of the best power point about plague(black death) , its easy for understand and prepared with a good quality which will be useful for all students and doctors that want w prepare a presentation
one of the best power point about plague(black death) , its easy for understand and prepared with a good quality which will be useful for all students and doctors that want w prepare a presentation
This ppt is About Rabies epidemiology and treatment .
This is done by using Park book 24th edition of PSM .
This presentation is presented in academics of Master of public health in Christian medical college .
One more Important thing is that that zareb regime (intramuscular ) is not practiced . We try to make this ppt lucid. and the statistics is used in the presentation is upto 27 june 2018
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Meningitis in children and its Management.
Definition
Incidence
Transmission
Route of infection
Sign & symptoms
Types
Pathogenesis
Risk factors
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Examination
Investigation
Prevention
Compliication
Prognosis
Reference
This ppt is About Rabies epidemiology and treatment .
This is done by using Park book 24th edition of PSM .
This presentation is presented in academics of Master of public health in Christian medical college .
One more Important thing is that that zareb regime (intramuscular ) is not practiced . We try to make this ppt lucid. and the statistics is used in the presentation is upto 27 june 2018
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Meningitis in children and its Management.
Definition
Incidence
Transmission
Route of infection
Sign & symptoms
Types
Pathogenesis
Risk factors
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Examination
Investigation
Prevention
Compliication
Prognosis
Reference
cause,pathogensis,clinical features,treatment,prevention are explained in short .. pls comment if u want anythin to be added .. or if u want to know something more abt typhoid ... i wud consider it as a positive stimulus for me ....
Everything you wanna know about Chagas disease and Trypanosoma cruzi in a nutshell, including the morphology and life-cycle of the parasite ,diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of Chagas disease.
case history in detail including objectives, goals, chief complaint, history of present illness, past dental history, medical history, general examination, extraoral examination intraoral examination further dividing into hard and soft tissue examination, provisional diagnosis, differential diagnosis, investigation, final diagnosis, treatment plan, prognosis
This presentation provides all up-to-date information regarding the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), which is the hot topic of medical field in Pakistan nowadays.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. HISTORY
•Y. PESTIS WAS
DISCOVERED IN 1894
BY ALEXANDRE
YERSIN, A
SWISS/FRENCH
PHYSICIAN AND
BACTERIOLOGIST
FROM THE PASTEUR
INSTITUTE, DURING AN
3. HISTORY
•IMPORTANCE
•ONE OF THREE WHO QUARANTINABLE DISEASES
•ESTIMATED 200 MILLION DEATHS RECORDED
•THREE PRIOR PANDEMICS
•JUSTINIAN 541 AD
•BLACK DEATH 1346
•CHINA 1855
5. HUMAN Y. PESTIS INFECTION
•HUMAN Y. PESTIS INFECTION TAKES THREE
MAIN FORMS: PNEUMONIC, SEPTIC EMIC, AND
BUBONIC PLAGUES ALL THREE FORMS WERE
RESPONSIBLE FOR A NUMBER OF HIGH-
MORTALITY EPIDEMICS THROUGHOUT HUMAN
HISTORY, INCLUDING THE JUSTINIANIC PLAGUE
OF THE SIXTH CENTURY AND THE BLACK
8. HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION
• ONE OF THE FIRST MENTIONS
OF THE PLAGUE IN HISTORY
WAS IN THE YEAR A.D.541.
DURING THAT TIME IT WAS
CALLED JUSTINIAN'S PLAGUE
AFTER THE EMPEROR. IT TOOK
THE LIVES OF APPROXIMATELY
200,000 PEOPLE. THAT WAS IN
ABOUT A FOUR MONTH PERIOD.
FOR ABOUT SEVEN HUNDRED
YEARS JUSTINIAN'S PLAGUE
WENT AWAY AND REAPPEARED
EVERY TEN TO TWENTY-FOUR
YEARS. JUSTINIAN'S PLAGUE
9. RAT FLEA
XENOPSYLLA CHEOPSIS
• WHEN BITE BLOOD
REGURGITATE TO BITE WITH
CONTAMINATED FECES
• WHEN RAT DIES FLEAS FLEE
START BITING HUMANS
• COMMON IN NORTH INDIA X
CHEOPSIS
• COMMON IN SOUTH INDIA X
ASTIA
10. PATHOGENESIS
• ENVIRONMENTAL SURVIVAL
• REQUIRES HOST
• DOES NOT SURVIVE IN ENVIRONMENT WELL
• CAN LIVE WEEKS IN WATER, GRAINS, MOIST SOIL
• LIVES MONTHS/YEARS AT JUST ABOVE FREEZING
TEMPERATURE
• LIVES ONLY 15 MINUTES IN 55 C
• LIVES IN DRY SPUTUM, CORPSES, FLEA FECES
• INACTIVATED BY SUNLIGHT IN A FEW HOURS
11. PATHOGENESIS
•HIGHLY VIRULENT AND INVASIVE
•FOUR ROUTES HUMAN DISEASE
• FLEA-BITE (MOST COMMON)
• HANDLING INFECTED ANIMALS- SKIN
CONTACT, SCRATCH, BITE
• INHALATION – FROM HUMANS OR ANIMALS
• INGESTING INFECTED MEAT
15. CLINICAL FEATURES
• BUBONIC
• MORTALITY
• 40-60% UNTREATED, <5% TREATED
• OVERALL CASE FATALITY 14% IN U.S.
• USUALLY FROM DELAYED DX AND RX
• COMPLICATIONS
• OFTEN DEVELOP BACTEREMIA
• SOME DEVELOP:
• SEPTICEMIA (SECONDARY SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE)
• PNEUMONIC (SECONDARY PNEUMONIC PLAGUE)
• MENINGITIS
16. CLINICAL FEATURES
•SEPTICEMIC
• HISTORICALLY 12.6% U.S. CASES ARE 1º SEPTICEMIC
• SECONDARY IF COMPLICATION OF BUBONIC
• IF CLINICAL SEPSIS DEVELOPS
• PRIMARY IF NO BUBOES DETECTED
• MORE DIFFICULT TO DIAGNOSE
• MAY GAIN ACCESS THROUGH BREAKS IN SKIN
• MAY BE FLEA-BITE WITHOUT BUBO DETECTABLE
18. BUBONIC PLAGUE
BUBON - GROIN
• INCUBATION 2 – 5 DAYS
• LYMPH NODES ENLARGE
FROM SITE OF ENTRY FROM
BITE OF RAT FLEAS
• THE LYMPH NODES
ENLARGE SUPPURATE
• BACTERIA CAN ENTER
BLOOD AND PRODUCE
SEPTICEMIA
• HEMORRHAGES INTO SKIN
AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES
• FATAL IN 30 – 90 % IF
UNTREATED.
19. SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE
CAN LEAD TO TERMINAL
EVENT
• MENINGITIS
INVOLVEMENT
• DIC MAY LEAD TO
GANGRENE OF SKIN,
FINGERS, AND PENIS
20. CLINICAL FEATURES• PNEUMONIC
• NUMBERS
• APPROX. 2% ALL PLAGUE IN
U.S. ARE 1º PNEUMONIC
• 12% ARE SECONDARY
PNEUMONIC
• USUALLY SMALL % OF CASES
IN ENDEMIC AREAS
• SECONDARY IF PRECEDING
BUBONIC (MOST CASES) OR
22. CLINICAL FEATURES
•PNEUMONIC
• PRIMARY IF RESULT OF
DROPLET INHALATION
• FROM OTHER PNEUMONIC
PLAGUE PATIENTS OR INFECTED
ANIMALS
• FORM EXPECTED IF
AEROSOLIZED AS A BIOWEAPON
• EXTREMELY INFECTIOUS
VIA DROPLETS AND
PURULENT SPUTUM
23. PNEUMONIC PLAGUE
• GET BY DROPLET
INFECTION,
HEMORRHAGIC
PNEUMONIA
• CYANOSIS A MAJOR
MANIFESTATION
• ON EXAMINATION OF
SPUTUM SHOWS MANY
BACTERIA
25. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• THREE FORMS OF PLAGUE
• BUBONIC
• SEPTICEMIC
• PNEUMONIC
• HUMAN PLAGUE MOST COMMONLY
OCCURS WHEN PLAGUE-INFECTED
FLEAS BITE HUMANS
• ANY SUSPECTED CASE IN NON-
ENDEMIC AREAS WITHOUT RISK
FACTORS – REPORT IMMEDIATELY
26. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• ZOONOTIC DISEASE
• RODENTS – RAT FLEAS
SPREAD
• BACILLI MULTIPLY IN
STOMACH OF FLEA
• BLOCK PROVENTRCULARIS
• 2 WEEKS EXTRINSIC
INCUBATION
• BITE IF INFECTIVE,
27.
28. SEASONAL SPREAD
• COOL HUMID ENVIRONMENTS HELP
• URBAN PLAGUE
• WILD SYLVA TIC PLAGUE
• MICROBES SURVIVE IN BURROWS
• RATS SPREAD 1 RATTUS
NORVEGICUS (SEWER RAT)
2 RATTUS RATTUS
DOMESTIC
NOT POSSIBLE TO ERADICATE
29. DIAGNOSIS
• NO RAPID TESTS AVAILABLE – TREAT FIRST
• REPORT SUSPECTED CASES TO LOCAL HEALTH DEPT. IF
NO RISK FACTOR FOR NATURALLY OCCURRING DISEASE
• SEND OUT SAMPLES IF NOT DONE IN HOSPITAL
• OBTAIN SPECIMENS AS INDICATED:
• BLOOD – ATTEMPT 4 SAMPLES Q30 MIN
• BUBO ASPIRATE (INJECT 1-2CC SALINE AND ASPIRATE
WITH 20 GA NEEDLE)
• SPUTUM
• CSF
31. DIAGNOSIS
• CXR
• INOCULATE ON/IN INFUSION BROTH, BLOOD AGAR,
MCCONKEY AGAR
• BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES IF AUTOMATED SYSTEM HAS
CAPACITY TO DETECT
• STAINS – GRAM AND WAYSON’S OR GIEMSA
• DFA TESTING
• ACUTE SERUM FOR F1 ANTIBODY
32. TREATMENT
• ANTIBIOTICS
• GENERAL
• CONTAINED CASUALTIES – IV
• MASS CASUALTIES – PO EQUIVALENT, SAME AS
POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS
• ALSO NEED INTENSIVE SUPPORTIVE CARE
• VENTILATION
• PRESSORS USUALLY NOT NEEDED
• WHO TO TREAT
• SUSPECTED CASES
• INDEX
• IF SUSPECTED RELEASE – ANYONE WITH FEVER,
33. TREATMENT
• SPECIAL POPULATIONS
• CHILDREN
• SAME AS ADULTS BUT TRY AVOID TCN IF <8YO
• NO CHLORAMPHENICOL FOR <2 YO (GREY BABY SYNDROME)
• PREGNANT WOMEN
• TRY TO AVOID STREPTOMYCIN
• 1ST CHOICE GENTAMICIN, SAME ADULT DOSE
• 2ND CHOICE DOXY, SAME ADULT DOSE
• 3RD CHOICE CIPRO, SAME ADULT DOSE
• BREASTFEEDING WOMEN
• SAME RECOMMENDATIONS AS PREGNANT
• IMMUNOSUPPRESSED – NO DIFFERENT THAN COMPETENT
34. TREATMENT
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR CONTAINED CASUALTIES
• (FOR MASS CASUALTIES, SAME AS PEP)
• 1ST CHOICES
• STREPTOMYCIN - FDA-APPROVED
• 30 MG/KG IM DIVIDED Q8-12 KIDS (MAX 2G/DAY)
• 1G IM BID ADULT
• BACTERICIDAL
• GENTAMICIN –AS EFFECTIVE, MORE AVAIL, QD DOSING
• 5MG/KG IV QD, W/LEVELS OR LOAD 2MG/KG THEN 1.7MG/KG Q8
• 2.5MG/KG IM/IV Q8H KIDS (Q12HR FOR <1WK OR PREMATURE)
35. TREATMENT
• 2ND CHOICES
• TETRACYCLINE'S - AS GOOD IN VITRO, GOOD HUMAN
DATA
• DOXYCYCLINE
• SINGLE 200MG IV LOADING DOSE (SOME SOURCES)
• 100MG IV BID OR 200 MG IV QD ADULTS& KIDS >45KG
• 2.2MG/KG IV Q12HR (MAX 200MG) KIDS <45KG
• BETTER ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, HALF-LIFE
THAN TCN
• 1ST CHOICE PO THERAPY FOR MASS CASUALTIES
• TETRACYCLINE
• 500 MG PO QID ADULTS
36. TREATMENT
•2ND CHOICES
• FLUOR QUINOLONES–BETTER IN VITRO, NO HUMAN
DATA
• CIPROFLOXACIN
• 400 MG IV Q12HR ADULTS
• 15 MG/KG IV Q12HR KIDS (MAX 1G/DAY)
• LEVOFLOXACIN
• OFLOXACIN
• CHLORAMPHENICOL
• 1ST CHOICE FOR MENINGITIS +/- AMINOGLYCOSIDE
• CROSSES BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
• 25MG/KG IV Q6HR ADULTS & KIDS, KEEP LEVEL 5-20 ΜG/ML
• AVOID IN KIDS <2 YO (GREY BABY SYNDROME)
37. PREVENTION
• VACCINATION - BUBONIC
ONLY
• KILLED VIRULENT STRAIN –
USED IN U.S.
• FORMALIN-FIXED, NO LONGER
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
• FUTURE PRODUCTION AND
LICENSURE UNKNOWN
• SERIES
• 3 PRIMARY (1.0CC, 0.2 CC AT 1-3
MO AND 5-6 MO LATER)
• 2 BOOSTERS 0.2CC AT 6 MO
38. PREVENTION
• VACCINATION
• INDICATIONS
• LAB WORKERS WITH FULLY VIRULENT
STRAINS
• MILITARY PERSONNEL STATIONED IN
ENDEMIC AREAS
• EFFICACY
• BASED ON WWII (0 CASES) AND
VIETNAM (3 CASES) TROOPS
• PROTECTS VS. BUBONIC ONLY, NOT
PNEUMONIC
• ADVERSE EFFECTS
• SIGNIFICANT NUMBER HAVE MILD
REACTIONS
39. BIOWEAPON POTENTIAL
• DELIVERY MECHANISM
• AEROSOL
• BIOWEAPONS PROGRAMS
DEVELOPED TECHNIQUES
TO AEROSOLIZE PLAGUE
DIRECTLY
• PNEUMONIC FORM WOULD
BE EXPECTED
• PROVEN INFECTIVITY OF
40. INFECTION CONTROL
• MECHANISM FOR PERSON-PERSON SPREAD
• NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD
• RESPIRATORY DROPLETS MOST LIKELY, NOT DROPLET
NUCLEI
• HISTORICALLY PREVENTED BY MASKS
• RESPIRATORY DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
• WEAR MASK, GOWN, GLOVES, EYE PROTECTION
• SUSPECTED CASES - ISOLATE
• IMMEDIATELY RESPIRATORY (EVEN FOR BUBONIC)
• AVOID UNNECESSARY CLOSE CONTACT 1ST 48 HRS OF ABX
• DURATION
• 2 DAYS AFTER INITIATING ANTIBIOTICS AND CLINICALLY IMPROVED
• AFTER SPUTUM CULTURES NEGATIVE
41. INFECTION CONTROL
• RESPIRATORY DROPLET
PRECAUTIONS
• MASK DURING TRANSPORT
• CAN COHORT IF NOT ENOUGH
ROOM
• CONTACTS – CONSIDER ISOLATION
• RECOMMENDED FOR THOSE
RECEIVING PEP
• DURING1ST 48 HRS OF RX
• NOT RECOMMENDED FOR
THOSE REFUSING PEP
• BUT STILL OBSERVE 7 DAYS
Image: National Library of Medicine
42. INFECTION CONTROL
•NATIONAL CONTROL
PROGRAMS
• SURVEILLANCE
• EARLY
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
& ISOLATION OF CASES
• ENVIRONMENTAL
SANITATION &
EXPOSURE AVOIDANCE
• PUBLIC EDUCATION
• NON-ERADICABLE
43. NEVER FORGET PLAGUE CAN OCCUR
ANYWHERE DO MINIMAL EVALUATIONS TO
DIAGNOSE
• SUDDEN, SEVERE PNEUMONIA IN PREVIOUS HEALTHY
• HEMOPTYSIS
• GI SYMPTOMS
• PNEUMONIA ON CXR
• BIPOLAR STAINING GRAM- ROD IN SPUTUM, BLOOD
• PNEUMONIC PERSON-TO-PERSON TRANSMISSION
• 3RD GEN CEPHALOSPORINS INEFFECTIVE – USE
AMINOGLYCOSIDE
• REPORT SUSPECTED CASES TO HEALTH DEPTS.
44. • PROGRAMME CREATED BY DR.T.V.RAO
MD FOR MEDICAL AND PARAMEDICAL
STUDENTS IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
•EMAIL
•DOCTORTVRAO@GMAIL.COM