The document discusses the characteristic features of vector organisms that transmit pathogens. It provides details about ticks and mosquitoes as vectors. Some key features of ticks that make them efficient disease vectors include their adaptability, ability to firmly attach to hosts, high reproductive rates, ability to survive long periods without feeding, and ability to feed on a wide range of hosts. The document also outlines several characteristics of mosquitoes that allow them to effectively transmit malaria, including their abundance, longevity, capacity to carry parasites, and preference for feeding on humans.
The ppt covers Introduction
Feeding habits in –, Phytophagous insects, Mycetophagous insects, Predaceous insects, Parasitic mode of nutrition ,Sensory organs associated with feeding, Sensilla on the mouthparts, Food selection by phytophagous insects, Prey specificity and selection by predators
Host- finding by blood- sucking and parasitic insects
Significance of food preferences
Ingestion by phytophagous, blood-sucking, predaceous and, venomous insects, Regulation of feeding, timing associated and food- storage in insects.
Oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) are bloodsucking parasites of warm blooded animals (mainly rodents).These act as vector for may disease causing organisms like Yersinia pestis, which cause plague and murine typhus.
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species.
wing is one of the most characterstic feature of insects.
In majority of insects mesothorax and meta thorax carries a pair of wings.
On the basis of presence of wings class insecta is devided into 2 sub classes :
1. APTERIGOTA
2. PTERIGOTA
Hymenoptera is the third largest order, Over 150,000 species have been described. Apart from the extent, 2,000 extinct species have also been reported.
it consists of ants, bees, sawflies and wasps
Medical entomology "the need to know about little creatures"vckg1987
very important tpic for public health expertise. this presentation includes the from womgb to tomb of mosquitoes. which in clear sense means from their larval life cycle to control management.
The ppt covers Introduction
Feeding habits in –, Phytophagous insects, Mycetophagous insects, Predaceous insects, Parasitic mode of nutrition ,Sensory organs associated with feeding, Sensilla on the mouthparts, Food selection by phytophagous insects, Prey specificity and selection by predators
Host- finding by blood- sucking and parasitic insects
Significance of food preferences
Ingestion by phytophagous, blood-sucking, predaceous and, venomous insects, Regulation of feeding, timing associated and food- storage in insects.
Oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) are bloodsucking parasites of warm blooded animals (mainly rodents).These act as vector for may disease causing organisms like Yersinia pestis, which cause plague and murine typhus.
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species.
wing is one of the most characterstic feature of insects.
In majority of insects mesothorax and meta thorax carries a pair of wings.
On the basis of presence of wings class insecta is devided into 2 sub classes :
1. APTERIGOTA
2. PTERIGOTA
Hymenoptera is the third largest order, Over 150,000 species have been described. Apart from the extent, 2,000 extinct species have also been reported.
it consists of ants, bees, sawflies and wasps
Medical entomology "the need to know about little creatures"vckg1987
very important tpic for public health expertise. this presentation includes the from womgb to tomb of mosquitoes. which in clear sense means from their larval life cycle to control management.
A zoonosis is an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents and can spread to humans through direct contact or through food, water or the environment
Infections spread from animals to human are called zoonotic infections.
The term zoonos is’ Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
Pathogens shared with wild or domestic animals cause more than 60% of infectious diseases in man.
Protozoa and Helminth Parasites ppt by Dr.Prince.C.PDR.PRINCE C P
PPT prepared by :Dr.Prince.C.P
Associate Professor & HOD , Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Medical Parasitology is the subject which deals with the parasites that infect human being, the diseases caused by them, clinical feature and the response generated by human being against them. It's also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.
An ova or cyst or egg is detected by microscopic evaluation of a stool sample that is used to look for parasites that may infect the lower digestive tract, causing symptoms such as diarrhoea. The parasites and their eggs (ova) are shed from the lower digestive tract into the stool
Stool examination (Microscopic) is performed for the diagnosis of following parasitic infections
1. Protozoa • Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • intestinal coccidian parasites (i) Cryptosporidium parvum (ii) Cyclospora (iii) Isospora • Balantidium coli
2. Helminthes • nematodes: (i) Ascaris lumbricoides (ii) Trichuris trichuria
(Iii) hookworm • Ancylostoma duodenale • Nectar americans (iv) Strongyloides stercoralis
Cestodes: (i) Taenia spp • T. Saginata • T.Solium (ii) Hymenolepsis nana (iii) Enterobius vermicularis
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. Characteristic features of a
vector organism
Semester IV Zoology Major
Module 1- Introduction to parasitology and Vector Biology
Dr. Puja Ray
Dept. of Life Sciences
Presidency University, Kolkata
2. Vectors
•from Latin word vectus. An organism that transmits
pathogen.
•A live organism that serves to communicate disease.
For example, mosquitoes and other arthropods.
•A host that carries a pathogen without injury to itself
and spreads the pathogen to susceptible organisms.
•asymptomatic carriers of pathogens
3. • Vector-borne infections, diseases caused by pathogens transmitted by
insects and ticks, have long impacted human affairs.
• Alexander the Great, conqueror of many nations, was vanquished by
the bite of a tiny mosquito bearing malaria parasites in the marshes of
what is now called Iraq.
• The Black Death, decimator of Europe, killer of tens of millions
worldwide is the work of a tiny flea vectoring the bacilli that cause
bubonic plague from rats to people. Vector-borne infections remain
influential to this day, filling the hospitals of sub-Saharan Africa with
malaria victims, suppressing the economies of nations and
interrupting industrial operations where it remains endemic.
• Some less common agents cause blindness and horrible
disfigurement. Together they form a fearsome array of potential
threats to the health and livelihood of those who visit, work, or live in
the tropics where they exert their greatest impact.
4. Types of vectors
Vectors may be mechanical or biological:
Mechanical vector
• Microbes do not multiply within
mechanical vectors - only physically
transport microbes from host to host.
• An example of a mechanical vector
is a housefly, which lands on cow
dung and then lands on food, which
is then eaten. The bacteria travel
from the dung to the food without
ever actually entering the body of
the fly.
Biological vector
• microbes must propagate within a
biological vector before it can
transmit the microbes.
• It has the pathogens within its body,
and delivers them to new hosts in an
active manner, usually a bite.
• Mosquitoes, ticks, fleas and lice are
examples of biological vectors and are
often responsible for serious blood-
borne diseases, such as malaria.
5. Vector Borne Diseases
• A disease that is transmitted to humans or
other animals by an insect such as a
mosquito or another arthropod is called a
vector-borne disease.
• Nearly half of the world's population is
infected by vector-borne diseases,
resulting in high morbidity and mortality
• There are many types of vector borne
diseases: Denque Fever, Japanese
Encephalitis, Yellow Fever, West Nile
Virus and Lyme Disease.
• A common strategy used to control vector
borne infectious diseases is to interrupt
the life cycle of a pathogen by killing the
vector.
6. Denque Fever
• Dengue is primarily a disease of the
tropics, and the viruses that cause it are
maintained in a cycle that involves
humans and Aedes aegypti, a domestic,
day-biting mosquito that prefers to feed
on humans.
• Infection with dengue viruses produces
a spectrum of clinical illness ranging
from a nonspecific viral syndrome to
severe and fatal hemorrhagic disease.
Important risk factors for DHF include
the strain and serotype of the infecting
virus, as well as the age, immune status,
and genetic predisposition of the patient
Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic
Image: The stylets (needle-like structures) and proboscis (elongated mouth) of an Aedes aegypti
feeding. Dengue viruses are transmitted during the feeding process.
7. Encephalitis
• Aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. Many
cases have only fever with headache
• Can progress to focal paralysis, intractable
seizures, coma and death
• Varies with occurrence and intensity of
epidemic transmission; usually 150-3,000
cases/year
• Infrequent but unpredictable epidemics
• No human vaccines available
• Treatment not always effective
• Knowledge of geographic distribution
incomplete
----------------------------------------------------------
• Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus: flavivirus antigenically related to St. Louis
encephalitis virus
• Leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia with 30-50,000 cases reported annually
• Mosquito-borne Culex tritaeniorhynchus group
8. Yellow Fever
• Yellow fever occurs only in Africa and
South America. In South America
sporadic infections occur almost
exclusively in forestry and agricultural
workers
• The virus damages many body tissues,
but especially the liver.
• The Aedes aegypti mosquito carries
the yellow fever virus from one person
to another.
• Yellow fever is found in jungle areas,
especially in South America. The
disease can now be prevented by a
vaccine.
9. •Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium, Borrelia
burgdorferi. These bacteria are transmitted to humans
by the bite of infected deer ticks and caused more than
23,000 infections in the United States in 2002
•Lyme disease was named in 1977 when arthritis was
observed in a cluster of children in and around Lyme,
Conn
Lyme disease
10. West Nile Virus
• West Nile virus (WNV) has
emerged in recent years in
temperate regions of Europe
and North America, presenting
a threat to public and animal
health. The most serious
manifestation of WNV
infection is fatal encephalitis
(inflammation of the brain) in
humans and horses, as well as
mortality in certain domestic
and wild birds. WNV has also
been a significant cause of
human illness in the United
States in 2002 and 2003.
11. Vector organisms
• Vectors typically become infected by a disease agent while feeding on infected
vertebrates (e.g., birds, rodents, other larger animals, or humans), and then pass
on the microbe to a susceptible person or other animal. In almost all cases, an
infectious microbe must infect and multiply inside the arthropod before the
arthropod is able to transmit the disease through its salivary glands. The most
common vector-borne diseases are carried by mosquitoes and ticks.
• Disease Transmission: Diseases may be transmitted by being bitten by an animal
or insect carrying the disease.
• Weather condition: outbreaks of human disease in the tropics generally are
more common during the wet season than in the dry season. Disease vectors,
like mosquitoes and flies, are more abundant during the wet season.
12. Characteristic features of vector organisms: Ticks
Ticks possess certain characteristics that make them highly efficient vectors of
disease:
1. Adaptability - Man's increasing encroachment on the wild habitat has
allowed ticks to adapt to feeding on domestic stock, pets and humans. New
hosts, having not been previously exposed to such pathogens, have no
immunity and thus succumb to disease. Ticks can also adapt to climate change
by entering a state of torpor.
2. Firm attachment - Ticks are hard to dislodge, lying close to the skin
amongst hair, feathers or scales. This makes them difficult for the host to groom
out and allows the tick plenty of time to feed in relative security.
3. High agent dispersal - By selecting mobile hosts, such as large mammals
or birds, ticks can be transported to new regions either locally or across oceans.
This helps spread disease far and wide.
4. High reproductive potential - Dermacentor and Ixodes species lay
approximately 1-10,000 eggs, while Hylomma species lay 10,000 or more.
13. Characteristic features of vector organisms: Ticks
5. Slow feeding - This allows ample time for ingestion, and transmission of
large quantities of infective agents. Argasids and certain male Ixodids will take
multiple feeds, increasing the opportunity for transmission to occur.
6. Starvation resistance - Argasids can endure long periods without food by
slowing their metabolic rate and entering a state of torpor, which can last a year
or more until a host is found.
7. Wide host range - Throughout its life cycle, Ixodes ricinus will feed on small
to large mammals, birds and reptiles, spreading disease throughout a wide
variety of fauna.
8. Versatile saliva - Tick saliva is produced during the biting and feeding
process. It has anaesthetic, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory,
immunosuppressive, and (in the case of Ixodids) adhesive properties. The
introduction of saliva allows the transmission of disease agents. The
importance of saliva in disease transmission is considerable.
14. Characteristic features of vector organisms: Mosquitoes
• The mosquito has been described as the most dangerous animal in
the world and the mosquito-borne disease with the greatest
detrimental impact is undoubtedly malaria.
• There are about 3,500 mosquito species and those that transmit
malaria all belong to a sub-set called the Anopheles.
• Approximately 40 Anopheles species are able to transmit malaria
well enough to cause significant human illness and death.
15. Characteristic features of vector organisms: Mosquitoes
• To be effective at transmitting malaria between people, a mosquito
species needs to have a number of characteristics including:
1. Abundance - the species needs to exist in numbers high enough to
ensure individuals encounter an infectious human to pick up the
malaria parasite
2. Longevity - individual mosquitoes need to survive long enough after
feeding on infected blood to allow the parasite time to develop and
travel to the mosquito’s salivary glands ready to infect the next
person bitten
3. Capacity – each mosquito needs to be able to carry enough malaria
parasites in the salivary glands to ensure the parasite is transmitted to
the next human
4. Contact with humans – the species needs to prefer to feed on
humans rather than other animals, and be able to survive and breed in
places close to homes, and be able to find people (usually by entering
their houses)
16. Characteristic features of vector organisms: Mosquitoes
• To be effective at transmitting malaria between people, a mosquito
species needs to have a number of characteristics including:
1. Abundance - the species needs to exist in numbers high enough to
ensure individuals encounter an infectious human to pick up the
malaria parasite
2. Longevity - individual mosquitoes need to survive long enough after
feeding on infected blood to allow the parasite time to develop and
travel to the mosquito’s salivary glands ready to infect the next
person bitten
3. Capacity – each mosquito needs to be able to carry enough malaria
parasites in the salivary glands to ensure the parasite is transmitted to
the next human
4. Contact with humans – the species needs to prefer to feed on
humans rather than other animals, and be able to survive and breed in
places close to homes, and be able to find people (usually by entering
their houses)
Arthropods may serve as mechanical vector, if they carry agents of disease on legs and other body parts. The animal may serve as a biological vector. In malaria, yellow fever.etc. the disease organisms infect the arthropod and accumulate these in salivary glands from which they are injected during next bite. In Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease, microbes gather in the ticks gut and enter a wound when the tick feeds in human skin.