RNA
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The document discusses RNA synthesis and mRNA processing in eukaryotes. It describes that mRNA processing begins with transcription by RNA polymerase, which adds a 5' methylated cap. Specific sequences in the pre-mRNA are then bound by cleavage factors, moving the 3' end into the correct configuration for cleavage. Poly A polymerase then binds and cleaves the 3' end, synthesizing an adenine tail, with additional proteins binding to increase tail growth until it reaches full length. The processed mRNA is then ready for splicing before translation.
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BiologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses protein synthesis which begins with DNA carrying the code for amino acid sequences. During transcription, a copy of the DNA sequence is made into messenger RNA (mRNA) which then leaves the nucleus. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on complementary base pairing between the tRNA anticodon and mRNA codons. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form the polypeptide chain.
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis from DNA to proteins. It describes how nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information through their sequence of nucleotides. DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, then mRNA is translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce proteins based on the mRNA's codon sequences. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to each codon, and the amino acids are joined through peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain.
Yoho protein synthesis
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA gene. Translation occurs when ribosomes read the mRNA and join amino acids specified by codons until reaching a stop codon, forming a polypeptide chain that folds into a functional protein. tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome and recognize codons via complementary anticodons.
Protein Synthesis
The document discusses how genetic information passes from DNA to proteins. It explains that the DNA code is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins. During translation, the mRNA codons bind to complementary tRNA anticodons, which bring amino acids. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein that carries out the genetic trait specified by the DNA.
Describe - Gene Expression
RNA polymerase, transcription initiation, transcription termination, RNA translation, ribosome bind sites, codons, transcription factor, repressor protein
Protein synthesis
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. In transcription, a copy of mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus. This mRNA copy then moves to the cytoplasm. In translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes where tRNA molecules add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain based on the mRNA sequence. The polypeptide breaks away once a stop codon is reached on the mRNA, completing protein synthesis.
Protein synthesis
The document summarizes the process of gene expression from DNA to protein. It discusses how genes provide the code for proteins, the central dogma of DNA to RNA to protein, the types and roles of RNA including mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. It then explains the steps of transcription, processing of mRNA, translation, the genetic code and the role of transfer RNA and ribosomes in protein synthesis.
61 genetoprotein2008
This document discusses how genetic information flows from DNA to proteins. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. Key points covered include:
1) The central dogma that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.
2) Beadle and Tatum's "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis helped establish that genes code for proteins.
3) Transcription involves using DNA as a template to make complementary mRNA strands in the nucleus, which are then processed and can leave the nucleus.
Recommended
BiologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses protein synthesis which begins with DNA carrying the code for amino acid sequences. During transcription, a copy of the DNA sequence is made into messenger RNA (mRNA) which then leaves the nucleus. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on complementary base pairing between the tRNA anticodon and mRNA codons. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form the polypeptide chain.
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis from DNA to proteins. It describes how nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information through their sequence of nucleotides. DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, then mRNA is translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce proteins based on the mRNA's codon sequences. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to each codon, and the amino acids are joined through peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain.
Yoho protein synthesis
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA gene. Translation occurs when ribosomes read the mRNA and join amino acids specified by codons until reaching a stop codon, forming a polypeptide chain that folds into a functional protein. tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome and recognize codons via complementary anticodons.
Protein Synthesis
The document discusses how genetic information passes from DNA to proteins. It explains that the DNA code is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins. During translation, the mRNA codons bind to complementary tRNA anticodons, which bring amino acids. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein that carries out the genetic trait specified by the DNA.
Describe - Gene Expression
RNA polymerase, transcription initiation, transcription termination, RNA translation, ribosome bind sites, codons, transcription factor, repressor protein
Protein synthesis
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. In transcription, a copy of mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus. This mRNA copy then moves to the cytoplasm. In translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes where tRNA molecules add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain based on the mRNA sequence. The polypeptide breaks away once a stop codon is reached on the mRNA, completing protein synthesis.
Protein synthesis
The document summarizes the process of gene expression from DNA to protein. It discusses how genes provide the code for proteins, the central dogma of DNA to RNA to protein, the types and roles of RNA including mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. It then explains the steps of transcription, processing of mRNA, translation, the genetic code and the role of transfer RNA and ribosomes in protein synthesis.
61 genetoprotein2008
This document discusses how genetic information flows from DNA to proteins. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. Key points covered include:
1) The central dogma that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.
2) Beadle and Tatum's "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis helped establish that genes code for proteins.
3) Transcription involves using DNA as a template to make complementary mRNA strands in the nucleus, which are then processed and can leave the nucleus.
Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 2
The document outlines the process of gene expression from transcription to protein synthesis. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into RNA using RNA polymerase and nucleotides. The RNA then undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being translated into a protein. Mutations can affect the resulting protein and its function.
Proteinsynthesis
Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to make mRNA strands in the nucleus. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm. In translation, ribosomes read the mRNA and join amino acids specified by codons through attachment to tRNAs. The amino acids bond together into a protein chain that eventually folds into its functional tertiary structure.
Eukaryotic translation pathway
Translation is the process by which the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is used as a template to synthesize a polypeptide according to the genetic code. It involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation requires numerous initiation factors and begins with formation of the initiation complex containing the small ribosomal subunit, initiator tRNA, and mRNA. Elongation cycles then add amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain through binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs according to the mRNA codon sequence. Termination occurs when a stop codon is recognized, leading to peptide release and ribosome dissociation.
Regulation of gene expression
CONCEPT ON GENE EXPRESSION, GENE THEORY, STAGES IN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES, TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION...
Negative gene regulation
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product like a protein. The document discusses gene regulation in E. coli using the lac operon as an example. The lac operon controls lactose metabolism and consists of 3 genes regulated by the lac repressor and catabolite activator protein (CAP). When glucose is present, the lac operon is off, but when glucose is low and lactose available, the operon is strongly expressed to use lactose.
An Illustrated DNA Tale pp
Directions to "An Illustrated DNA Tale" a comical guide to protein synthesis. Students design a comic strip using non-science terms to depict a "tale" paralleling protein synthesis.
Regulation in lac operon
The lac operon contains three genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that encode proteins involved in lactose metabolism. The activity of the lac operon promoter is regulated by the Lac repressor and CAP proteins. Negative regulation occurs when the Lac repressor binds to the operator region and prevents RNA polymerase from binding and initiating transcription. Positive regulation happens when the CAP-cAMP complex binds near the promoter and stimulates RNA polymerase binding, increasing transcription. Together, these two types of regulation allow the lac operon to be turned on or off depending on the presence of lactose in the environment.
Tyrosine kinase linked receptors
This document discusses receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their role in signal transduction. It notes that RTKs are membrane proteins that transmit signals from outside the cell into the cell. When a ligand binds to an RTK, it causes the receptor to dimerize and phosphorylate itself. This activated RTK then transmits the signal by activating downstream proteins like Ras via GRB2 and Sos. Ras further transduces the signal to serine/threonine kinases and transcription factors, ultimately leading to responses in the cell like growth, differentiation, and metabolism. There are 58 known RTK subfamilies involved in various cellular processes.
Rna processing
Rna processing
Capping of the pre-mRNA involves the addition of 7-methylguanosine (m7G) to the 5' end.
ScienceShare.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses protein synthesis through the process of transcription and translation. It explains that genes provide the code for building proteins from amino acids using triplet base nucleotides called codons. Each codon carries a single specific amino acid. The codon sequence in a gene is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes to assemble the amino acids in the specified order to form a protein. An example gene sequence and corresponding codons/amino acids are provided to demonstrate this process.
Cle peptides the power of moving around
CLE peptides are small plant peptide hormones that mediate cell-to-cell communication and play important roles in plant growth, stem cell maintenance, and environmental responses. CLE peptides signal through receptors like CLV1 and TDR to regulate processes like stem cell homeostasis and vascular development. Studies showed that swapping amino acids in CLE peptides can change their receptor binding specificity and functions, demonstrating the importance of individual amino acids for CLE peptide activity and signaling. Further understanding of CLE peptide signaling could provide tools to modify plant development for crop improvement.
Transcription notes
Protein is made from amino acids that interact through bonding and folding. Proteins control traits like hair and skin color through the amount of melanin present. Blood carries oxygen using the protein hemoglobin. DNA contains genes and remains in the nucleus, while messenger RNA (mRNA) acts as an intermediary, traveling between the nucleus and cytoplasm to create proteins. Transcription involves DNA unzipping and mRNA being built from the DNA template. Translation occurs when mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes to recruit transfer RNA (tRNA) and amino acids to build a protein chain.
Rna sythesis project
Transcription begins in the nucleus, where DNA is transcribed into mRNA using RNA polymerase. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids. The tRNA reads the mRNA codons and adds the corresponding amino acids, forming peptide bonds and a protein chain. The final protein folds into its tertiary structure.
Cell signaling
Cell signaling / Signal Transduction / Transmembrane signaling.
It is the process by which cells communicate with their environment and respond to external stimuli.
When a signaling molecule(ligand) binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell such as alteration in the activity of a gene / cell division. Thus the original Intercellular Signal is converted into an Intracellular Signal that triggers as a response.
Translation
Translation
is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
Protein
Are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbKP98oLDsM
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
AP Bio Ch 19.1 & 19.2
This document provides an overview of eukaryotic genome organization, regulation of gene expression through transcription and translation control, and evolution. It discusses how DNA is organized into chromatin and packaged into higher order structures like nucleosomes and chromosomes. Gene expression is regulated through controlling transcription initiation and RNA processing. Additional control occurs after transcription through regulating translation initiation, protein processing and degradation. Overall it describes the multi-level regulation of eukaryotic gene expression from DNA to protein.
Regulation of gene expression by Prof Viyatprajna Acharya, KIMS, Bhubaneswar
Regulation of gene expression by Prof Viyatprajna Acharya, KIMS, BhubaneswarProf Viyatprajna Acharya
This presentation targets MBBS, MD and BDS students and tells about the checkpoints of genetic expression. The dna connection powerpoint
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. DNA is made up of four nitrogen bases that form a genetic code through their sequence, specifying the order of amino acids in proteins. This genetic code is carried from DNA in the cell nucleus by messenger RNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs. Messenger RNA copies the code from DNA and transports it, while transfer RNA imports amino acids and adds them to the growing protein chain according to the RNA base sequence.
RNA (Structure, Synthesis and mRNA Processing)
The document discusses RNA synthesis and mRNA processing in eukaryotes. It describes that mRNA processing begins with transcription by RNA polymerase, which then adds a 5' methylated cap. Specific nucleotide sequences in the mRNA are bound by cleavage factors, which leads the 3' end to configure for cleavage. Stabilizing factors are added and poly-A polymerase synthesizes an adenine tail by polyadenylation at the 3' end, completing mRNA processing.
Lecture 5. Transcription.ppt
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizes RNA in the 5' to 3' direction using complementary bases. The primary transcript may undergo processing like capping, polyadenylation, splicing, and editing to produce mature mRNA. Eukaryotic transcription involves multiple RNA polymerases and regulatory proteins. RNA classes include mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and non-coding RNAs which have important cellular functions.
RNA Processing
The three main processing steps for eukaryotic messenger RNAs are:
1. Capping at the 5' end, which involves adding a methylated guanosine nucleotide linked by triphosphates rather than a phosphodiester bond.
2. Addition of a poly(A) tail of about 200 adenine nucleotides to the 3' end, which aids in translation and stability.
3. Splicing to remove introns by a spliceosome complex that recognizes splice junction sequences to correctly cut out introns and join exons.
Transcription
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template by RNA polymerase. It involves initiation at a promoter region, elongation as nucleotides are added to the growing RNA strand, and termination. While similar to DNA replication, transcription only uses one DNA strand as a template and does not require primers.
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Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 2
The document outlines the process of gene expression from transcription to protein synthesis. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into RNA using RNA polymerase and nucleotides. The RNA then undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being translated into a protein. Mutations can affect the resulting protein and its function.
Proteinsynthesis
Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to make mRNA strands in the nucleus. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm. In translation, ribosomes read the mRNA and join amino acids specified by codons through attachment to tRNAs. The amino acids bond together into a protein chain that eventually folds into its functional tertiary structure.
Eukaryotic translation pathway
Translation is the process by which the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is used as a template to synthesize a polypeptide according to the genetic code. It involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation requires numerous initiation factors and begins with formation of the initiation complex containing the small ribosomal subunit, initiator tRNA, and mRNA. Elongation cycles then add amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain through binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs according to the mRNA codon sequence. Termination occurs when a stop codon is recognized, leading to peptide release and ribosome dissociation.
Regulation of gene expression
CONCEPT ON GENE EXPRESSION, GENE THEORY, STAGES IN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES, TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION...
Negative gene regulation
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product like a protein. The document discusses gene regulation in E. coli using the lac operon as an example. The lac operon controls lactose metabolism and consists of 3 genes regulated by the lac repressor and catabolite activator protein (CAP). When glucose is present, the lac operon is off, but when glucose is low and lactose available, the operon is strongly expressed to use lactose.
An Illustrated DNA Tale pp
Directions to "An Illustrated DNA Tale" a comical guide to protein synthesis. Students design a comic strip using non-science terms to depict a "tale" paralleling protein synthesis.
Regulation in lac operon
The lac operon contains three genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that encode proteins involved in lactose metabolism. The activity of the lac operon promoter is regulated by the Lac repressor and CAP proteins. Negative regulation occurs when the Lac repressor binds to the operator region and prevents RNA polymerase from binding and initiating transcription. Positive regulation happens when the CAP-cAMP complex binds near the promoter and stimulates RNA polymerase binding, increasing transcription. Together, these two types of regulation allow the lac operon to be turned on or off depending on the presence of lactose in the environment.
Tyrosine kinase linked receptors
This document discusses receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their role in signal transduction. It notes that RTKs are membrane proteins that transmit signals from outside the cell into the cell. When a ligand binds to an RTK, it causes the receptor to dimerize and phosphorylate itself. This activated RTK then transmits the signal by activating downstream proteins like Ras via GRB2 and Sos. Ras further transduces the signal to serine/threonine kinases and transcription factors, ultimately leading to responses in the cell like growth, differentiation, and metabolism. There are 58 known RTK subfamilies involved in various cellular processes.
Rna processing
Rna processing
Capping of the pre-mRNA involves the addition of 7-methylguanosine (m7G) to the 5' end.
ScienceShare.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses protein synthesis through the process of transcription and translation. It explains that genes provide the code for building proteins from amino acids using triplet base nucleotides called codons. Each codon carries a single specific amino acid. The codon sequence in a gene is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes to assemble the amino acids in the specified order to form a protein. An example gene sequence and corresponding codons/amino acids are provided to demonstrate this process.
Cle peptides the power of moving around
CLE peptides are small plant peptide hormones that mediate cell-to-cell communication and play important roles in plant growth, stem cell maintenance, and environmental responses. CLE peptides signal through receptors like CLV1 and TDR to regulate processes like stem cell homeostasis and vascular development. Studies showed that swapping amino acids in CLE peptides can change their receptor binding specificity and functions, demonstrating the importance of individual amino acids for CLE peptide activity and signaling. Further understanding of CLE peptide signaling could provide tools to modify plant development for crop improvement.
Transcription notes
Protein is made from amino acids that interact through bonding and folding. Proteins control traits like hair and skin color through the amount of melanin present. Blood carries oxygen using the protein hemoglobin. DNA contains genes and remains in the nucleus, while messenger RNA (mRNA) acts as an intermediary, traveling between the nucleus and cytoplasm to create proteins. Transcription involves DNA unzipping and mRNA being built from the DNA template. Translation occurs when mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes to recruit transfer RNA (tRNA) and amino acids to build a protein chain.
Rna sythesis project
Transcription begins in the nucleus, where DNA is transcribed into mRNA using RNA polymerase. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids. The tRNA reads the mRNA codons and adds the corresponding amino acids, forming peptide bonds and a protein chain. The final protein folds into its tertiary structure.
Cell signaling
Cell signaling / Signal Transduction / Transmembrane signaling.
It is the process by which cells communicate with their environment and respond to external stimuli.
When a signaling molecule(ligand) binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell such as alteration in the activity of a gene / cell division. Thus the original Intercellular Signal is converted into an Intracellular Signal that triggers as a response.
Translation
Translation
is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
Protein
Are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbKP98oLDsM
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
AP Bio Ch 19.1 & 19.2
This document provides an overview of eukaryotic genome organization, regulation of gene expression through transcription and translation control, and evolution. It discusses how DNA is organized into chromatin and packaged into higher order structures like nucleosomes and chromosomes. Gene expression is regulated through controlling transcription initiation and RNA processing. Additional control occurs after transcription through regulating translation initiation, protein processing and degradation. Overall it describes the multi-level regulation of eukaryotic gene expression from DNA to protein.
Regulation of gene expression by Prof Viyatprajna Acharya, KIMS, Bhubaneswar
Regulation of gene expression by Prof Viyatprajna Acharya, KIMS, BhubaneswarProf Viyatprajna Acharya
This presentation targets MBBS, MD and BDS students and tells about the checkpoints of genetic expression. The dna connection powerpoint
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. DNA is made up of four nitrogen bases that form a genetic code through their sequence, specifying the order of amino acids in proteins. This genetic code is carried from DNA in the cell nucleus by messenger RNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs. Messenger RNA copies the code from DNA and transports it, while transfer RNA imports amino acids and adds them to the growing protein chain according to the RNA base sequence.
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Regulation of gene expression by Prof Viyatprajna Acharya, KIMS, Bhubaneswar
Regulation of gene expression by Prof Viyatprajna Acharya, KIMS, Bhubaneswar
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The document discusses RNA synthesis and mRNA processing in eukaryotes. It describes that mRNA processing begins with transcription by RNA polymerase, which then adds a 5' methylated cap. Specific nucleotide sequences in the mRNA are bound by cleavage factors, which leads the 3' end to configure for cleavage. Stabilizing factors are added and poly-A polymerase synthesizes an adenine tail by polyadenylation at the 3' end, completing mRNA processing.
Lecture 5. Transcription.ppt
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizes RNA in the 5' to 3' direction using complementary bases. The primary transcript may undergo processing like capping, polyadenylation, splicing, and editing to produce mature mRNA. Eukaryotic transcription involves multiple RNA polymerases and regulatory proteins. RNA classes include mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and non-coding RNAs which have important cellular functions.
RNA Processing
The three main processing steps for eukaryotic messenger RNAs are:
1. Capping at the 5' end, which involves adding a methylated guanosine nucleotide linked by triphosphates rather than a phosphodiester bond.
2. Addition of a poly(A) tail of about 200 adenine nucleotides to the 3' end, which aids in translation and stability.
3. Splicing to remove introns by a spliceosome complex that recognizes splice junction sequences to correctly cut out introns and join exons.
Transcription
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template by RNA polymerase. It involves initiation at a promoter region, elongation as nucleotides are added to the growing RNA strand, and termination. While similar to DNA replication, transcription only uses one DNA strand as a template and does not require primers.
Transcription &translation
1. Transcription and translation are the two main processes of gene expression. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and produces mRNA from DNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm and produces proteins from mRNA.
2. Transcription involves three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes mRNA along the template strand.
3. Translation also occurs in three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the ribosome and initiator tRNA bind to mRNA. Then amino acids are added during elongation according to the mRNA codons. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached.
Transcription process
1) Transcription is the process where RNA is synthesized from DNA in the nucleus. The DNA unwinds and one strand is used as a template to produce mRNA using complementary base pairing.
2) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. rRNA makes up the ribosomes.
3) The genetic code consists of triplets of bases along mRNA that specify the 20 amino acids used to build proteins. Certain codons signal the start and end of a polypeptide chain.
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This document summarizes key processes in DNA replication, transcription, translation, and their regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how DNA makes copies of itself semiconservatively. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making an RNA copy of a DNA template. Translation uses ribosomes to convert the RNA into a polypeptide chain. Each process has initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Regulation ensures processes only occur at the right times and locations in the cell.
Translation
1. Translation is the process of converting the genetic code in mRNA into a protein by reading the mRNA codons in groups of three and adding the appropriate amino acids specified by tRNA.
2. There are 64 possible codons made up of combinations of the 4 bases in mRNA, with 3 codons serving as stop signals. tRNA contains anticodons that pair with mRNA codons and carry the corresponding amino acid.
3. The basic steps of translation include initiation of protein synthesis at the start codon, elongation through sequential addition of amino acids specified by mRNA codons, and termination when a stop codon is reached.
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Translation is the process by which proteins are synthesized using the genetic code carried by mRNA. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5' end of mRNA and scans until the start codon. In elongation, tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons and link them together via peptide bonds. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, releasing the full protein. Eukaryotes have more complex translation than prokaryotes due to nuclear/cytoplasmic separation and mRNA processing such as splicing.
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The document discusses gene expression and transcription. It defines gene expression as the process by which a gene's information is converted into functional molecules like proteins or RNA. Transcription is the first step, where RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of the gene. In eukaryotes, the initial RNA copy undergoes processing like capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before becoming messenger RNA. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus and translated by ribosomes into a protein product.
Transcription (Eukaryotic and prokaryotic )
This document provides an overview of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes that transcription is the first step of gene expression where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and is carried out by RNA polymerase, while in eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus and requires transcription factors. The process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to promoter sequences, while in eukaryotes transcription factors are needed to recruit RNA polymerase. The document compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.
Transcription
1. RNA plays many roles in cells including functioning as biological catalysts and carrying genetic information.
2. RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template through the process of transcription. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes RNA in a 5' to 3' direction complementary to the DNA template.
3. Transcription is regulated through the use of promoters, which are DNA sequences that signal the start of transcription, as well as other transcriptional control elements.
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product like proteins or RNA. It involves two main steps: transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription involves unwinding the DNA and synthesizing mRNA complementary to the template strand. Translation uses ribosomes to read the mRNA codon by codon and add the corresponding amino acids to produce a protein according to the genetic code. It occurs through three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination.
RNA TRANSCRIPTION AND PROCESSING,.pptx
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Structure and function of Messenger RNA (mRNA )
This presentation of 42 slides delivers information about structure,function synthesis , life span of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic messenger RNA also about role in protein sorting and targetting
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is converted into structures and functions within cells. It involves three main steps: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA to produce identical daughter molecules. Transcription converts the DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation then uses the mRNA to produce proteins through the joining of amino acids specified by the mRNA's codon sequence. These three steps together allow genetic information to direct the production of the RNA and protein molecules that drive cellular functions and inheritance of traits.
Transcription and Translation PowerPoint
Transcription is the process of making mRNA from DNA. It involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA complementary copy of the DNA strand. Translation is the process of using the mRNA to produce a polypeptide by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. During transcription, introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined to form mature mRNA. If the parent DNA strand is A A T G C A G T, the complementary mRNA strand will be U U A C G U C A.
protein synthesis
1. Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. This involves three phases - initiation, elongation, and termination.
2. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex than prokaryotic transcription due to multiple RNA polymerases, nucleosomes, separation of transcription and translation, and intron-exon structure of genes.
3. Following transcription, eukaryotic mRNA undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being translated into protein by ribosomes.
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Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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RNA
- 1. RNA (RNA STRUCTURE, RNA SYNTHESIS, MRNA PROCESSING IN EUKARYOTES) Cherry Anne C. Mendoza BS BIO-II
- 17. RNA SYNTHESIS
- 37. Processing of mRNA begins with transcription
- 38. Soon after, RNA Polymerase begins transcription
- 39. A Methylated Cap is added to 5’ end. Transcription continues.
- 40. Following completion, RNA Polymerase releases the cap strand of pre-mRNA
- 41. Specific nucleotide sequence in the mRNA are bound by cleavage factors.
- 42. The 3’ end of the mRNA next move into the correct configuration of cleavage.
- 43. Stabilizing Factors are then added to the complex.
- 44. Poly A Polymerase now binds to the mRNA and cleaves the 3’end.
- 45. The complex begins to dissociate and the cleaved 3’ end quickly degrades.
- 46. Poly A Polymerase now synthesizes the polyadenylated tail by adding adenine residues to the cleavage site.
- 47. Additional proteins then bind to the tail increasing the rate at which it grows.
- 48. When the tail reaches its full length the Poly A Polymerase is signaled to stop.
- 49. Adding residue and the polyadenylation process is completed. The processed mRNA is now ready to undergo splicing in preparation for translation.