Presentation on Work Factor.. By Anant Patel

1. WORK-FACTOR
PRESENTED BY: ANANT PATEL
MTO9IND010
M.Tech.
Industrial Engineering,
VNIT, NAGPUR.
2009-10

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Types of predetermined time standards
 Definitions of Work-Factor terms
 Work-Factor Systems
• Detailed Work-Factor
• Simplified Work-Factor
• Abbreviated Work-Factor
• Ready Work-Factor
• Brief Work-Factor
• Detailed Mento-Factor
 Work-Factor notation
 Recording the Analysis
 Work-Factor standard elements of work

3. INTRODUCTION
 Work-Factor (WF) is an elemental time
systems for compiling time standards to
establish the expected productivity of the
human when performing useful manual and
mental work.

4. TYPES OF PREDETERMINED TIME STANDARDS
 Methods Time Analysis (MTA), 1925
 Work-Factor (WF), 1938
 Engstrom, 1940
 400 system, 1944
 Methods Time Measurements (MTM), 1948
 Methods Time Standards (MTS), 1950
 Basic Motion Timestudy (BMT), 1951
 Dimension Motion Time (DMT), 1954
 Maynard’s Operation Sequence Technique (MOST),1967

5. DEFINITIONS OF WORK-FACTOR TERMS
 Work-Factor Time
 Adequate Task Physique
 Adequate Task Intelligence
 Adequate Task Vision
 Work-Factor Analysis
 Basic Motion
 Work-Factor
 Work-Factor Standards Elements of Work

6. WORK-FACTOR SYSTEMS
 The requirements of work measurement vary
according to the factors of
 operation,
 uniformity,
 frequency of repetition,
 purpose of measurements....

7.  WF system consists integrated
systems….
 Detailed Work-Factor
 Simplified Work-Factor
 Ready Work-Factor
 Abbreviated Work-Factor
 Brief Work-Factor
 Detailed Mento Factor

8. DETAILED WORK-FACTOR
 DWF is utilized for operation which need
Accurate time standards.
 The Work-Factor system is based on the
principle that the Four Major Variables
which affect the time to perform manual
motions are:
1. Body Member used
2. Distance Moved
3. Manual Control required
4. weight or Resistance involved

9. 1. Body Member
 7 definite body members…
1) Finger or Hand
2) Arm
3) Forearm Swivel
4) Trunk
5) Foot
6) Leg
7) Head
Time values for these body members are illustrated in
table.

10. 2. Distance
 All distances are measurements in straight lines
between the starting and stopping points of the
motion as described by body members.
 Measured in inches.
 Tables specify the point at which various body
members motion has to be measured.

11. 3. Manual control
 Definite Stop Work-Factor
 Steer Work-Factor
 Precaution Work-Factor
 Direction Change Work-Factor
• Its evaluation is made more difficult as
there is no physical measuring device
with which its effects can be checked

12. 4. Weight or Resistance
 Effect of weight on time varies with
 Body Members used
 Sex of operator
 Measured in pounds for all Body
Members except Forearm Swivel.
 Forearm Swivel Motions are rotary,
measured in pound-inches of torque.

19. EXAMPLE 1
 ARM MOVES 18 inches to TOSS A
SMALL COIN IN A TRAY….
 Body member involve is Arm (A)
 Distance 18 inch
 No manual controls requirements
 Basic Motion
 As per table, value is 55, corresponds to
0.0055 minutes

20. WORK-FACTOR NOTATION
Body members Symbol
• Finger F
• Hand H
• Arm A
• Forearm Swivel FS
• Trunk T
• Foot Ft
• Leg L
• Head Turn HT

21. Work-Factors Symbols
• Weight W
• Steer S
• Precaution P
• Direction Change U
• Definite Stop D

22. RECORDING THE ANALYSIS
 Toss small part aside 10 in. (Basic Motion)
 A10
 0.0042 minutes
 Reach 30 inches to bolt in bin (Definite
Stop Motion)
 A30D
 0.0096 minutes
 Move 4 pound brick 30 in. from pile to
place on work table (Weight, Definite Stop
Motion)
 A30WD
 0.0119 minutes

23. WORK-FACTOR STANDARD
ELEMENTS OF WORK
 8 Work-Factor Standard Elements of
Work…
1. Transport (Reach & Move) (R, M)
2. Grasp (Gr)
3. Pre-position (PP)
4. Assemble (Asy)
5. Use (Manual, Process or Machine Time) (Use)
6. Disassemble (Dsy)
7. Mental Process (MP)
8. Release (Rl)

24. TRANSPORT
 The Standard Element Transport
involves a single motion by a given
body member.
 Reach
 Move

25. GRASP
 Act of obtaining Manual Control of an
object for the purpose of
transporting, using, or holding.

26. PRE-POSITION
 Act of turning or orienting an object to a
correct position for a subsequent Standard
Element of Work.
 A bolt 2 inches long weighing 3 pound can be
pre-positioned for assembly into a tapped hole
by turning it end-for-end with one hand. An
average of 3 Finger Motion is required to
complete the Pre-position.
 Analysis for this Pre-position is V3F1-50%.

27. ASSEMBLE
 Act of joining objects together or placing them
in useful locations.
 Assemble begins immediately after the Move
bringing the objects to a position where
Assemble can start.
 All Work-Factor Assembles utilize the concept
of Plug and Target, where a Plug is inserted
into or placed on a Target.

28. RELEASE
 Contact Release
 Gravity Release
 The Unwrap Release
MENTAL PROCESS
 Concurrent Mental Process
 Sequential Mental Process

29. SIMPLIFIED WORK-FACTOR
 General higher level system
 Suitable for medium quantity
production
 Developed from Detailed Work-Factor
 Quite effective in preparing estimates
before actual production starts.

30. ABBREVIATED WORK-FACTOR
 Developed from Detailed Work-Factor
 Suitable for small quantity job shops.
 Abbreviated time unit is 0.005
(recorded as 5) minutes rather than
0.0001 minutes used in the DWF.
 Accuracy of AWF is expected to
average +12 percent of the DWF.

31. READY WORK-FACTOR
 Based on Detailed Work-Factor
 Normally utilized in evaluating
manual work in industry.
 One Ready Units equals 10 Detailed
Work-Factor Time Units (0.0010
minutes)
 15 inch Arm factor with two Work-
Factor required 9 Ready Units, or
0.009 minute.

32. BRIEF WORK-FACTOR
 BWF system is relatively new and like
the AWF uses the time unit of 0.005
minute.
 It was developed to make the format
conform with the Detailed, and with
the Ready systems.

33. DETAILED MENTO FACTOR
 It is a basic level system which is
used for measuring mental processes
such as …
 Inspection
 Proof reading
 Colour matching
 Calculations
 Any repetitive predominantly mental
operation

34. References
 Quick J. H., Duncan J. H., Malcolm J. A., Jr.,
Work-Factor Time Standards, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York, 1962.
 Barnes R. M., Motion and Time Study- Design
and Measurement of Work, Seventh Edition,
John Wiley and Sons.
 Sharma S. K., Work Study and Ergonomics,
Katson Books, Delhi, 2003-04.
 ILO, Introduction to Work Study, vol-3, 1986.

35. THANK YOU