Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. There are many fields and areas of focus within psychology, including clinical, counseling, school, developmental, cognitive, and social psychology. Psychologists conduct research using various methods and theoretical orientations to better understand human thought and behavior. Today, psychology integrates perspectives from biology, cognition, humanism, psychodynamics, learning, and sociocultural influences.
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
Structuralism was the first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of the first psychology lab, is often associated with this school of thought despite the fact that it was his student Edward B. Titchener who first coined the term to describe this school of thought.
Functionalism formed as a reaction to the structuralism and was heavily influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Functionalists sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner. Rather than focusing on the elements of consciousness, functionalists focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior. Functionalism also emphasized individual differences, which had a profound impact on education.
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Table of Contents:
- THE EMERGENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
- DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
- BASIC SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS
- STRUCTURALISM
- FUNCTIONALISM
- PSYCHOANALYTIC SCHOOL
- THE STRUCTURE OF THE PSYCHE
- CRITICISM OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
- BEHAVIORISM
- GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
- HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
- COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
- BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
- RESEARCH METHODS
Structuralism was the first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of the first psychology lab, is often associated with this school of thought despite the fact that it was his student Edward B. Titchener who first coined the term to describe this school of thought.
Functionalism formed as a reaction to the structuralism and was heavily influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Functionalists sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner. Rather than focusing on the elements of consciousness, functionalists focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior. Functionalism also emphasized individual differences, which had a profound impact on education.
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Table of Contents:
- THE EMERGENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
- DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
- BASIC SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS
- STRUCTURALISM
- FUNCTIONALISM
- PSYCHOANALYTIC SCHOOL
- THE STRUCTURE OF THE PSYCHE
- CRITICISM OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
- BEHAVIORISM
- GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
- HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
- COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
- BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
- RESEARCH METHODS
Introducing Psychology. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. ... Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counselling and therapy for people in distress.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It has the same goals as other sciences; to describe, explain, predict and control behaviour. Utilizes critical thinking. Theories are based on empirical data. Research is conducted in a systematic and scientific manner
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
5. What Psychologists do Pure research no immediate application, research for its own sake Applied research designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems Practice psychology applying psychological knowledge tohelp individuals change their behavior Teaching sharing psychological knowledge.
13. Fields of Psychology Environmental psychologists: Study how people and environment influence each other and Study ways to encourage recycling, for example. Experimental psychologists: Conduct experiments, and Specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion. Industrial psychologists: Focus on the relationship between people and work.
14. Fields of Psychology Organizational psychologists: Focus on the relationship between peopleand organizations such as business. Human factors psychologists: Provide suggestions and create technical systems such as dashboards, computer keyboards, etc. to be more user friendly.
15. Fields of Psychology Consumer psychologists: Study the behavior of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behavior. Health psychologists: Examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to health. Sport psychologists: Help people improve their sports performance.
17. Philosophical Contributions Plato (ca.427-347 BC) Recorded Socrates’ advice to “Know Thyself” which is a motto of psychology. Also advanced Socrates suggestion of relying on rational thought and introspection. Democritus (around 400 BC) Suggested that we could think of behavior in terms of a body and mind (interaction of biological and mental processes).
18. Philosophical Contributions Aristotle: (384-322 BC) Wrote “About the Psyche” covering topics such as personality, sensation, perception, thought, intelligence, needs, motives, feelings, emotions and memory. A proponent of empiricism. (experimentation) He outlined the laws of associationism.
20. 19th Century Contributions Gustav Theodore Fechner (1801-1887) Showed how physical events (light and sounds) are related to psychological sensations and perceptions. Some consider this to be the beginning of psychology. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Gets the credit for being the founder of psychology. In 1879 he established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
21. Structuralism and Functionalism Structuralism Attempts to break conscious experience down into objective sensations such as sight, or taste, and the subjective feelings such as emotional responses. Believes that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience. Wundt was considered to be a Structuralist. Functionalism In the study of individuals the focus should be on behavior as well as the mind and consciousness. Look at how experience helps us function more adaptively in our environments. William James (1842-1919) is often considered the first true American Psychologist.
22. Behaviorism: Practicing Psychology in Public John Broadus Watson (1878-1958) Considered to be the founder of American Behaviorism. Believed that psychology should limit itself to observable, measurable events and behavior. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Believed organisms learn to behave in certain ways because of reinforcement.
23. Gestalt Psychology: Making Psychology Whole Gestalt translates to “pattern” or “organized whole”. Demonstrated that learning is a accomplished by insight, not by mechanical repetition. Founders included: Wertheimer (1880-1943), Koffka (1886-1941), and Kohler (1887-1967).
24. Gestalt Psychology The Importance of Context. Gestalt psychologists have shown that our perceptions depend not only on our sensory impressions but also on the context of our impressions. You will interpret a man running toward you very differently depending on whether you are on a deserted street at night or the beach in the morning.
29. Psychoanalysis: Digging beneath the surface Focus on the unconscious - a seething cauldron of conflicting impulses, urges and wishes. Founded by Sigmund Freud Often called psychodynamic
31. Today’s Psychologists Evolutionary and Biological Perspectives Focus on the evolution of behavior and mental processes. Much like Darwin, believe that inherited tendencies move us in certain directions. Cognitive Perspective: Keeping Psychology “In Mind” Mental processes to understand human nature How we perceive, learn, remember problem solve, etc. (the mind) Roots in Socrates, “know thyself” Humanistic-Existential Perspective Humanistic – stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment Existentialism – views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing ethical conduct.Carl Rogers – Abraham Maslow
32.
33. Theory 2 – people modify and create their own environments and engage in intentional learning by observing others. (Social Learning)The Sociocultural Perspective Ways people differ Influences of ethnicity, gender, culture and socioeconomic factors
34. Evolutionary and Biological Perspectives Focus on the evolution of behavior and mental processes. Genes can be transmitted from generation to generation. Biological perspective seek the links between the electrical and chemical activity of the brain. Use of PET and CAT scans.
35. Cognitive Perspective Venture into the realm of mental processes to understand human nature. Cognitive psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind. 1/24/11
36.
37. Perspectives on Learning Learning through repetition and reinforcement. Social-cognitive theorists formerly termed social learning theorists suggest that people can modify or even create their environments. Intentional learning by observing others.
38. Sociocultural Perspective Addresses the ways people differ from one another. Studies the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes. Ethnicity Ethnic groups are united by their cultural heritage, race, language, and common history. Study cultural heritages and ethnic differences in vulnerability to problems. Gender Refers to the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity. Involves a complex web of cultural expectations and social roles.
40. Gender, Ethnicity, and Psychology Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) Studied at Harvard, completed her degree requirements, but Harvard wouldn’t give her the degree. They were not admitting women. Pioneer in research in memory: primacy and recency effect. Became first female president of APA in 1905. Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930) Taught at Johns Hopkins and Columbia Universities. Formulated a theory of color vision. Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology. Wrote The Animal Mind a work that would later become part of behaviorism.
41. Gender, Ethnicity, and Psychology Helen Bradford Thompson (1874-1947) First psychologist to study psychological gender differences. Wrote a book in 1903 titled The Mental Traits of Sex. Today more than half of American college students are women. Nearly 3/4 of the undergraduate degrees in psychology and 2/3 of the doctoral degrees are earned by women.
42. Ethnicity and Psychology 1901 Gilbert Haven Jones, an African American, received his Ph.D. in psychology in Germany. Kenneth Clark and Mamie Philips Clark. Jorge Sanchez was among the first to show how intelligence tests are culturally biased. 6% of first year doctoral students are African American, 6% are Asian American, 5% are Latino and about 1% are Native American.
45. Critical Thinking & Pseudoscience Pseudoscience: false science. Critical thinking: taking nothing for granted. Thoughtfully analyzing and probing questions, statements and arguments of others. Skills needed for critical thinking: Development of skepticism Ability to inquire about cause and effect Increase curiosity about behavior Knowledge of research methods Ability to analyze arguments carefully
46. Principles of Critical Thinking Be skeptical. Examine definitions of terms. Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments. Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence. Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence. Do not oversimplify. Do not overgeneralize.
49. The Scientific Method Scientific method is an organized way of using experience and testing ideas in order to expand and refine knowledge. Hypothesis: is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research. Test the hypothesis through controlled methods such as the experiment. Replication: repeating a study to see if the findings hold up over time with different subjects.
50. The Scientific Method A systematic way of organizing and expanding scientific knowledge. Daily experiences, common beliefs, and scientific observations all contribute to the development of theories. Psychological theories explain observations and lead to hypotheses about behavior and mental processes. Observations can confirm the theory or lead to its refinement or abandonment.
51. Samples and Populations Sample Individuals from a segment of the population who are studied. Population Group targeted for study. Types of Sampling Random sample: each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate. Stratified sample: selection is made so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample. Volunteer bias: people who volunteer as participants differ systematically from people who do not.
52. Methods of Observation The Case Study Information collected about individuals and small groups. Anecdotes (Typically unscientific accounts of people’s behavior.) Compelling portraits but may have factual inaccuracies. The Survey Used to study individuals who cannot be observed in the natural setting or studied scientifically. Employs questionnaires and interviews or public records. Naturalistic Observation Observe people in their natural habitats. Unobtrusive measures are used to avoid interfering with the observed behaviors.
53. Correlation Investigates whether one observed behavior or trait is related to (correlated) with another. Mathematically expressed as a correlation coefficient; a number the varies between +1.00 and -1.00. Positive correlation: the higher scores on one variable tend to correspond with higher scores on the second variable. Low with low. (e.g. Intelligence test scores and academic performance). Negative correlation: Higher scores on one variable tend to correspond with lower scores on the second. (e.g. Amount of stress experienced and functioning of the immune system). How things are Related
55. Correlational Relationships, Cause, & Effect Correlational relationships may suggest but do not demonstrate cause and effect. Consider the examples of academic grades (X) and juvenile delinquency (Y) in part B. Do poor grades lead to delinquency, Does delinquency lead to poor grades, or do other variables such as broken home or peer influences contribute to poor grades and delinquency.
56.
57.
58.
59. Experiments Figure 1.7The Experimental Conditions in the Lang Study. The taste of vodka cannot be discerned when vodka is mixed with tonic water. For this reason it was possible for subjects in the Lang study on the effects of alcohol to be kept blind as to whether or not they had actually drunk alcohol. Blind studies allow psychologists to control for the effects of subjects’ expectations.
61. Ethical Issues in Research & Practice Basic standards Intended to promote individual dignity, human welfare and scientific integrity. Do not undertake research methods that are harmful. Research with Humans Ethics review committees review research according to ethical guidelines. Informed consent: individuals give consent before they can participate in research. Confidentiality is kept.
62. Controversy in Psychology Is it ethical for psychologist to deceive research participants about the methods and objectives of their research? APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct May deceive only when the benefits of the research outweigh the potential harm. The individuals would have been willing to participate if they had understood the benefits. Subjects are debriefed (the purposes and methods of the research are explained afterward.)
63. Research with Nonhuman Animals Psychologists generalize to humans the results of research conducted with animals. Animals may be harmed only when there is no alternative; when the researchers believe that the benefits justify the harm.
64. Critical Thinking and Astrology Barnum effect: “a little something for everyone” and “there’s a sucker born every minute” Gallup and Newport (1991) one person in four in the U.S. believe in astrology National Science Foundation (2002) 43% of Americans occasionally check their horoscopes though most (60%) reject astrology. The “validity” of astrology is confirmed when the astrologer says something positive about the individual.