Psychology is defined as the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The document outlines the key definitions, classifications, characteristics, goals and approaches in psychology. It discusses the historical influences on psychology from ancient Greek philosophers to modern founding figures. It also describes the major branches of psychology including general, comparative, developmental, abnormal and social psychology.
Schools of Thought in Psychology
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
Topic: Psychoanalytic School of Thought
Student Name: Komal Memon
Class: B.Ed. Hons Elementary Part (III)
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Schools of Thought in Psychology
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
Topic: Psychoanalytic School of Thought
Student Name: Komal Memon
Class: B.Ed. Hons Elementary Part (III)
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
William McDougall's instinct theory of motivation, developed in the early 20th century, posited that behavior is primarily driven by innate biological instincts. McDougall believed that these instincts, inherited through evolution, compel individuals to engage in specific behaviors that contribute to survival and reproduction. He identified various instincts, including hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression, as fundamental motivators of human behavior.
In contrast, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposed that behavior is influenced by unconscious drives and instincts, particularly the libido (sexual energy) and the death instinct (Thanatos). Freud's theory emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts, early childhood experiences, and the dynamic interplay between the id, ego, and superego in shaping personality and motivation.
While both McDougall and Freud acknowledged the influence of innate drives on behavior, their theories differed in several key aspects:
Nature of Instincts: McDougall's instinct theory emphasized a broader range of instincts, including social instincts such as affiliation and curiosity, whereas Freud focused primarily on the sexual and aggressive instincts.
Origin of Motivation: McDougall attributed motivation to the activation of specific instincts in response to environmental stimuli, while Freud emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts and drives stemming from early childhood experiences.
Role of Consciousness: McDougall's theory did not place as much emphasis on the unconscious mind as Freud's theory did. McDougall believed that instincts could be consciously experienced and recognized, whereas Freud argued that much of human motivation operates at an unconscious level.
Empirical Basis: McDougall's instinct theory relied heavily on observations of animal behavior and evolutionary principles, whereas Freud's psychoanalytic theory drew primarily from clinical case studies and interpretations of dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue.
In summary, McDougall's instinct theory and Freud's psychoanalytic theory both sought to explain human motivation, but they differed in their emphasis on the nature of instincts, the origin of motivation, the role of consciousness, and the empirical basis of their theories. While McDougall's theory has faded in prominence compared to Freud's, both perspectives contributed to our understanding of motivation and continue to influence contemporary theories of psychology.
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Ethology theory by Lorenz Konard criticism explain his experiment in 60 words
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Konrad Lorenz's ethology theory emphasized innate behaviors and instinctual patterns in animal behavior, particularly through his studies on imprinting in ducks and geese. His experiments showed that young birds imprint on the first moving object they see, typically their mother, during a critical period after hatching. Critics argue that his research may oversimplify complex behaviors and ignore the role of learn
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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2. Definition of Psychology
Derived from the Greek word psyche
and logos, meaning soul and study, to
the Greeks, psychology is simply a
study of soul.
Is
defined as the scientific study of the
human behavior of living organism,
with special attention to human
behavior.
MFA
3. Definition of Psychology
The science seeking to describe,
understand and predict the
behavior of an organism.
A science that deals with the study
of mind and behavior.
Psychology is a science that gathers
facts systematically, organizes them
into general principles and
formulates theories out of these
factual data.
MFA
5. Classification of Behavior
Overt Obviously manifested
action, activities and
behavior.
Covert Hidden or those
actions, activities and
behavior not visible to
the naked eye. MFA
6. Classification of Behavior
Conscious Acts within the level of
one’s awareness.
Unconscious Acts that deeply
embedded in one’s
subconscious, unaware
actions. MFA
7. Classification of Behavior
Simple Behavior that involves only
few neurons,
Complex Complicated and involves
more number of neurons.
MFA
9. Classification of Behavior
Voluntary Done with full volition, will
and control
Involuntary Processes within our body
that go even while we
asleep or awake without our
control and manipulation.
MFA
10. Fundamental Characteristics
of Human Behavior
Human behavior follows an orderly
pattern. Change in a person’s life
has a degree of order and regularity
in its nature.
Human behavior can be known.
Human behavior can be observed.
MFA
11. Fundamental Characteristics
of Human Behavior
Knowledge of human behavior is
tentative but superior to ignorance. We
must pursue knowledge to be able to
improve human conditions.
Naturalphenomena have natural causes.
Science rejects the beliefs in supernatural
forces to cause events. MFA
12. Fundamental Characteristics
of Human Behavior
Nothingis self-evident. Truth must only
be claimed and established when they
are demonstrated objectively.
Knowledge is derived from the
acquisition of experiences. Knowledge is
a product of experiences.
MFA
13. Goals of Psychology
To explain or understand why organism
behave in certain ways.
To predict how organism will behave in
the future.
To control behavior
MFA
14. Historical Background of
Psychology
Pre Historic / Traditionally
Gods and spirits were attributed the
power to direct or cause such events,
activities and behavior of men.
MFA
15. Historical Background of
Psychology
Greek Influence
Democritus
Believed that the human mind and body is
composed of atoms which could circulate freely
and which enabled it to penetrate the whole
body.
According to him, atoms from our
environment enter through our sense organ
enabling us to perceive the world around us.
MFA
16. Historical Background of
Psychology
Plato
The mind or soul has a distinct power
and is God-given.
The soul is composed of three parts:
Head – exerts reason
Heart – noble impulses
Diaphragm – own passions and
desires MFA
17. Historical Background of
Psychology
Aristotle
He believed that at birth, the mind is a tabula
rasa, a blank sheet and that the experiences one
encounters during one’s lifetime are impressed on the
mind.
Distinguished three functions of the soul:
1. Vegetative – concerned with basic maintenance of
life.
2. Appetitive – concerned with motives and desires.
3. Rational – governing function.
4. Introduces common sense, MFA
18. Historical Background of
Psychology
Galen
Believes that differences in behavior is
attributed to the vital fluids / juices of the
body:
Blood : Sanguine – cheerful
Phlegm: Phlegmatic – sluggish / flat affect
Black Bile: Melancholic – sad
Yellow Bile: Choleric – bad temper
MFA
19. Historical Background of
Psychology
Medieval Period
St. Agustine
He introduced and used the
method of Introspection (the
description of one’s own conscious
process).
MFA
20. Historical Background of
Psychology
Pre – Modern Period
Rene Descartes
Formulated a theory of mind-body
interaction.
JohnLocke
Introduced the Idea as the unit into
which all experiences may be analyzed. MFA
21. Historical Background of
Psychology
Scientific Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
A German psychologist, founded his
Psychological Laboratory at Leizpeg, Germany which
earned for the title of “Father of Scientific
Psychology”
He first undertook through the experimental
approach, a systematic, scientific body of
knowledge about man’s interaction with his MFA
environment.
23. STRUCTURALISM (1875 – 1930)
Was developed in Germany in the 19th century.
Its main leaders were Wilhelm Wundt and later,
Edward Bradford Titchener.
The structuralist, were primarily concerned with
discovering the structure of the mind.
They believed that the mind is made up of building
blocks in the various types of sensation and
perception and that these building blocks could be
discovered through introspection or looking into
one’s own mind.
Introspection, which required subjects to look
inward and observe and report on the working of
their mind. MFA
24. FUNCTIONALISM (1890 - 1930)
John Dewey, William James, James Rowland and
Harvey Carr were the chief exponents of this school
of thought.
They held the view that it is not the “structure” that
should be of prime importance but the “function”.
Functionalism was the study of the function, use
and adaptability of the mind in changing
environment.
To understand human behavior processes, the
functional psychologist developed the technique of
longitudinal research, which consists of
interviewing, testing and observing one personMFA over
a long period of time.
25. GESTALT ( 1912 – 1940 )
Kurt
Koffka , Wolfgang Kokler and Max
Wertheimer founded the Gestalt school which
maintained that psychology should study the
whole pattern of behavior or experience or the
perception of organized configuration.
Emphasized that perception is more than the
sum of its parts and studied how sensations are
assembled into meaning perceptual
experiences MFA
26. PSYCHOANALYSIS (1900 – present)
Sigmund Freud, a famous physician and psychiatrist
attempted to find the cause and cure of personality
disorder.
Psychoanalytic theory stressed the role of motives
and cravings, often hidden and repressed in the
subconscious mind, which result in abnormal
behavior.
Freud asserted that the sex urges in the unconscious
constitute the main human drive, this is known as
the libido theory
MFA
27. BEHAVIORISM ( 1913 – present)
Was founded by John B. Watson.
Herejected introspection as psychological
technique because its results could not be
scientifically verified by other psychologist.
Held
the concept that the subject matter of
psychology should be the “objective
observable actions of the organism” MFA
28. HUMANISTIC ( 1950 – present )
Carl Rogers and Abraham
Maslow emphasized the unique
qualities of humans, especially
their freedom of choice and
decision making, as well as their
potential for personal growth.
MFA
29. COGNITIVE ( 1950 – present )
JeanPiaget, Noam Chomsky and Herbert
Simon focused on thought and mental
processes.
Human behavior cannot be fully
understood without analyzing how people
acquire , store and process information.
MFA
30. BIOLOGICAL ( 1950 – present )
James Olds and Rogers
Sperry theorized that much
of human and animal
behavior can be explained
in terms of bodily structure
and biochemical processes
MFA
31. PURPOSIVISM
William
McDougall is the proponent of this
approach.
Hebelieved that objects, movements and
behavior have a definite purpose and that
the ductless glands in people produce
hormones which give them purpose.
Purposivism
placed an importance on
MFA
hormones in life.
33. Psychobiological Approach
Focuses on how our genes,
hormones and nervous system
interact with our environments
to influence learning,
personality, memory,
motivation, emotions and
coping techniques.
MFA
34. Cognitive Approach
Examines how we process,
store and use information and
how this information influences
what we notice, perceive and
remember.
MFA
35. Behavioral Approach
Studies how organisms learn
new behavior or modify
existing one depending on
whether events in their
environments rewards or punish
these behaviors.
MFA
36. Psychoanalytic Approach
Stresses the influence of
unconscious fears, desires and
motivations on thoughts,
behaviors and the development
of later personality traits and
psychological problems.
MFA
37. Humanistic Approach
Emphasizes that each
individual has great freedom in
directing his or her future, a
large capacity for personal
growth, a considerable amount
of intrinsic worth and enormous
potential for self-fulfillment.
MFA
38. Cross – Cultural Approach
Examines the influence of
cultural and ethnic similarities
and differences on
psychological and social
functioning.
MFA
40. General Psychology
Presents the basic and
fundamental principles of
human behavior.
It explains How and Why of
person’s behavior from a
scientific viewpoint.
MFA
45. Abnormal Psychology
Thisdeals with behavioral
disorders like physical
handicaps, nervous disorders,
speech impairments, mental
aberrations and others.
MFA
46. Educational Psychology
Thisconcerned with the application
of psychological principles to the
problems of education like teacher
preparation, motivation and
teaching process, evaluation of
teaching.
MFA
47. Industrial or Personnel
Psychology
Deals with psychological principles
applied to human problems of
industry and business, government
and military service, occupational
selection and job training, morale
and placement, forms of test and
plant management.
MFA
48. Social Psychology
The object of investigation of this
area is “the interaction of human
beings and man’s relation with
family and the larger social
institutions with reference to
leadership and attitude
formation.
MFA
50. Human Engineering
Thisfield adapts machines and
processes to the capabilities
and limitations of human
beings – the reverse of fitting
men to work conditions.
MFA
51. Clinical Psychology
This study uses concepts and
methods in the diagnosis and
treatment of maladjustment and
mental disorders in clinical setting –
like behavior abnormalities ranging
from reading or spelling to major
mental disorders. MFA
52. Psychometric Psychology
Concerned with the
application of mathematical
procedures to the problems of
psychology like testing, the use
of norms, central tendencies
and the like.
MFA
53. Legal Psychology
Deals with the application of
psychological knowledge in
the field of law relating to the
study of human behavior.
MFA