The document discusses the history and development of disaster mental health from the 1960s to present day. It covers major events that shaped the field like Hurricane Katrina and 9/11, the creation of organizations like FEMA and the Red Cross' mental health programs. It also discusses concepts in disaster mental health response like psychological first aid, debriefing, and the need for multidisciplinary and integrated emergency management systems.
it is a presentation on the crisis intervention model proposed by Lydia Rapoport. the slides contains information on crisis and the model of intervention proposed by Rapoport
Crisis intervention is an immediate and short-term psychological care aimed at assisting individuals in a crisis situation in order to restore equilibrium to their bio-psycho-social functioning and to minimize the potential of long-term psychological trauma.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
This powerpoint is part of AllCEU's Addiction Counselor Training Series. During this session we explore the characteristics of crisis, steps to take in an acute crisis and why some events trigger a crisis for some people, but not others.
Each week we provide 8 hours of face-to-face continuing education and precertification training to LPCs, LADCs, and those wishing to become addiction counselors. Many states allow precertification to be done via online learning as well. We are approved education providers by NAADAC #599 and NBCC #6261
it is a presentation on the crisis intervention model proposed by Lydia Rapoport. the slides contains information on crisis and the model of intervention proposed by Rapoport
Crisis intervention is an immediate and short-term psychological care aimed at assisting individuals in a crisis situation in order to restore equilibrium to their bio-psycho-social functioning and to minimize the potential of long-term psychological trauma.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
This powerpoint is part of AllCEU's Addiction Counselor Training Series. During this session we explore the characteristics of crisis, steps to take in an acute crisis and why some events trigger a crisis for some people, but not others.
Each week we provide 8 hours of face-to-face continuing education and precertification training to LPCs, LADCs, and those wishing to become addiction counselors. Many states allow precertification to be done via online learning as well. We are approved education providers by NAADAC #599 and NBCC #6261
A crisis intervention is an immediate and short-term emergency response to mental, emotional, physical, and behavioral distress. Crisis interventions help to restore an individual's equilibrium to their biopsychosocial functioning and minimize the potential for long-term trauma or distress
Any stressful event or hazardous situation has the potential for precipitating a crisis. A crisis differs from stress in that a crisis results in a period of severe disorganization resulting from the failure of individuals usual coping mechanism or the lack of usual resources or both. Crisis is any transient situation that requires the reorganization of one's psychological structure and behavior, that causes a sudden alteration in the person's expectation of self, and that cannot be handled with the usual coping mechanisms.
Chapter 8: Mental health in the aftermath of a complex emergency: the case of Afghanistan. In: advances in disaster mental health and psychological support, 2006. By Peter Ventevogel, Martine van Huuksloot, Frank Kortmann
Overview of Crisis Stress Defusing for Religious Crisis Care Providers. Particular focus on Disaster Response. Emphasis is on the NOVA methods of stress defusing, although others are discussed.
A crisis intervention is an immediate and short-term emergency response to mental, emotional, physical, and behavioral distress. Crisis interventions help to restore an individual's equilibrium to their biopsychosocial functioning and minimize the potential for long-term trauma or distress
Any stressful event or hazardous situation has the potential for precipitating a crisis. A crisis differs from stress in that a crisis results in a period of severe disorganization resulting from the failure of individuals usual coping mechanism or the lack of usual resources or both. Crisis is any transient situation that requires the reorganization of one's psychological structure and behavior, that causes a sudden alteration in the person's expectation of self, and that cannot be handled with the usual coping mechanisms.
Chapter 8: Mental health in the aftermath of a complex emergency: the case of Afghanistan. In: advances in disaster mental health and psychological support, 2006. By Peter Ventevogel, Martine van Huuksloot, Frank Kortmann
Overview of Crisis Stress Defusing for Religious Crisis Care Providers. Particular focus on Disaster Response. Emphasis is on the NOVA methods of stress defusing, although others are discussed.
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Brian Houston, co-director of the Disaster and Community Crisis Center at the University of Missouri, speaks about the impact of trauma on communities at "Trauma Journalism: Training for Educators" on Oct. 16, 2015. This two-day conference at the Reynolds Journalism Institute focused on teaching journalism educators about how to prepare students for the impact of trauma on individuals — including themselves — and communities, how to build resilience through reporting, and provide hands-on help in creating units or standalone courses on trauma.
Community Resilience for the Environmental Health officerDavid Eisenman
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A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to call for extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.(WHO, 1995)
An occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in death, injuries and property damage that cannot be managed through the routine procedure and resources of government.- FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or man made that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance. American Red Cross (ARC)
Disaster Nursing can be defined as the adaptation Of professional nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster.
The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community involved in the disaster.“Disaster Nursing is nursing practiced in a situation where professional supplies, equipment, physical facilities and utilities are limited or not available”.
D - DestructionsI - IncidentsS - SufferingsA - Administrative, Financial Failures.S - SentimentsT - TragediesE - Eruption of Communicable diseases.R - Research programme and its implementation
2. Women’s movement in the 1960s and 1970s
Community Mental Health Act, 1963
Disaster Relief Act, 1974
• Section 413
Federal Emergency Management Agency (1978)
Classification of PTSD as a personality disorder in
the DSM-III (1980)
American Red Cross establishes a mental health
certification program (1990s)
• Hurricane Hugo
• Loma Prieta earthquake
3. San Fernando, CA, earthquake of 1971
• “Quake-proofing kids”
Severe Flooding in 1972:
• Rapid City, South Dakota
• Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
• Operation Outreach
• Logan County, West Virginia
Hurricane Katrina, 2005
• FEMA
4. The European Network for Traumatic Stress (TENTS)
• Funded by the European Union
• Provides services, expertise, and support to areas of the
Union that lack resources and availability of trained
personnel
United Nations’ Inter-Agency Standing Committee
(IASC)
• Published IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and
Psychosocial Input Support in Emergency Situations
5. September 11, 2001
• Homeland Security Act
Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City
Violence in Schools:
• Columbine, CO
• Virginia Tech University
International Events:
• Suicide bombs in Israel
• Hostage situation in a Russian theatre and school
• Drug related guerrilla warfare in Mexico
Hyper-vigilance
Repetitive and Graphic Media Coverage
6. An ecosystemic crisis is any disruptive or destructive
event that occurs at a rate and magnitude beyond the
ability of the normal social process to control it.
• Impacts an entire community, region, nation, or the entire world
• Sudden
• Slow buildup
• Human-made
• Natural disaster
• One intense episode
• Several compounding incidents
7. Types of Ecosystemic crises:
• Metastisizing Crises
• Start small but, if not contained both physically and
psychologically, can quickly turn into large-scale
crises
• Large-Scale Crises
• At a minimum affect whole communities or regions
either directly or vicariously
• Mega-crises
• Affect entire countries or the world, either directly or
vicariously
8. Microsystem
Mesosystem
• Primary Mesosystem
• Super Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
• The Individual
• The Society
9. Systems must be interdisciplinary
The system must be multitheoretical
Individuals are part of the ecosystem
Multiple contexts must be considered
Time is of the essence
Meaning is important
10. Parsimonious interventions are needed
The process is cooperative, collaborative, and
consultative
There is a full range of targeted interventions aimed at
individuals, institutions, communities, and nationals
The service characteristics of credibility, acceptability,
accessibility, proactivity, continuance, and confidentiality
should be adopted as “cast in stone” goals for service
delivery in disaster-stricken areas
11. National Crisis Response Teams
• Development of Crisis Response Teams (CRTs)
• National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA) CRTs
• The Red Cross
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Professional Organizations
Constructing an Outreach Team
12. Vertically and Horizontally Integrated Local Emergency
Management Systems
• Role of Local EMA Directors
• Background and Training
• What Do Emergency Managers Do?
• Planning for Disasters
Mental Health Components of Local EMAs
• Personnel
• Transdisaster (0–14 Days)
• Postdisaster (15–365 Days)
13. Lack of efficient communication
Poor coordination plans
Ambiguous authority relationships
Who’s in charge? Everyone shifts the blame
Counterterrorism versus all-hazards response
Ambiguous training standards and lack of preparation
Where is the “learning” in lessons learned?
Performance assessment was not integrated into the process
The geography of poverty
Rumor and chaos
Personal and community preparedness
Disaster mental health and the role of mental health
professionals
14. Psychological First Aid and Psychosocial Support as Applied
to Disaster Survivors
• Make initial contact in a respectful manner
• Gather and provide information regarding immediate physical and
safety concerns
• Provide and direct people in regard to practical assistance needed
• Provide for their safety and comfort by linking them with social
services
• Teach them basic coping skills if requested
• Get information and help that will connect them to social supports
When More Than PFA Is Needed
The Current State of Affairs
15. Debriefing
• An intervention designed to assist workers and survivors in dealing
with intense thoughts, feelings, and reactions that occur after a
traumatic event, and to decrease their impact and facilitate the
recovery of normal people having normal reactions to abnormal
events
Debriefing Emergency Workers
• Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD)
• Informal Defusing
• Formal Debriefing
Debriefing Crisis Workers
• The Need for Debriefing
• Precautions
• Dynamics of Debriefing
• Confidentiality
• Understanding