Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena like feelings and thoughts. Psychology aims to understand the relationship between the brain and behavior. There are two main categories of psychology: research and applied. Research psychology includes experimental, physiological, developmental, personality, cognitive, social, and educational psychology. Applied psychology includes industrial-organizational, guidance and counseling, military, school, and clinical psychology. Some famous psychologists who contributed major theories and findings include Ivan Pavlov, Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, Jean Piaget, Albert Bandura, and William James. There are several major psychological theories like behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, psychodynamic,
The term psychology, Components to psychology, Holistic approach to health care, Psychological Homeostasis, Structuralism, Functionalism, Historical development of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, Educational Psychology, Research Psychology, Industrial Psychology.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It has evolved from the study of the soul to focusing on observable behaviour. As a science, it uses scientific methods like systematic observation and experimentation. Psychology can be classified as a positive science that studies facts objectively. As a behavioural science, it is not as exact as natural sciences due to the complex nature of human behaviour. The scope of psychology includes studying all aspects of behaviour across species through various branches like developmental, social, abnormal and applied psychology in fields like education, health and industry.
The document provides an overview of different methods used in psychology to study human behavior and mental processes. It discusses several key approaches:
1) The biological approach focuses on biological structures like the brain, genes, and hormones to understand behavior.
2) Observation is a systematic method of recording events without interference to study behavior in natural and laboratory settings.
3) Psychological research uses scientific methods like observation, surveys, and experiments to develop theories about human behavior that can be tested and applied to solve problems.
This document discusses the topic of frustration. It defines frustration as the emotional tension that results from blocked desires or needs. Some key points made include:
Frustration can cause negative feelings like depression, fear, anxiety or anger. It arises when a person encounters obstacles to their goals from external factors like other people or their environment, or internal factors like a lack of abilities. Frustration is an unpleasant emotional state where failures tend to outnumber successes and basic needs are left unsatisfied. The document also outlines different types and sources of frustration and common reactions people have when experiencing frustration.
This document provides an introduction to behavioral science, including definitions, importance, goals, foundations, categories of human behavior, and types of behavioral communication. It defines behavioral science as the study of observable human actions that can be supported by empirical evidence. The importance of behavioral science includes understanding and predicting behavior, as well as improving quality of life. The goals of behavioral science are to describe, explain, predict, and change behavior. The document also outlines various perspectives and factors that influence human behavior, such as culture, emotions, and genetics. Finally, it discusses four basic styles of behavioral communication: aggressive, assertive, passive, and passive-aggressive.
Psychology can be divided into two broad categories: pure psychology and applied psychology. Pure psychology formulates theories of human behavior and includes general, abnormal, developmental, social, cognitive, and parapsychology. Applied psychology utilizes psychological principles in fields such as education, clinical work, industries, the legal system, the military, and politics. It studies how human behavior relates to these environments.
This document discusses the nature and goals of psychology. It defines psychology as the study of the mind and cognitive processes underlying human behavior. It outlines the historical development of psychology from its philosophical origins to becoming an empirical science under Wundt and others. The major schools of psychology are described like structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis. Finally, it lists the various branches of psychology like clinical, developmental, social, cognitive and others.
This document outlines the major branches of both pure and applied psychology. Pure psychology focuses on fundamental principles and theories, including general, abnormal, social, physiological, parapsychology, geopsychology, and developmental psychology. Applied psychology utilizes theories from pure psychology in practical fields like educational, clinical, industrial, legal, military, and political psychology.
The term psychology, Components to psychology, Holistic approach to health care, Psychological Homeostasis, Structuralism, Functionalism, Historical development of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, Educational Psychology, Research Psychology, Industrial Psychology.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It has evolved from the study of the soul to focusing on observable behaviour. As a science, it uses scientific methods like systematic observation and experimentation. Psychology can be classified as a positive science that studies facts objectively. As a behavioural science, it is not as exact as natural sciences due to the complex nature of human behaviour. The scope of psychology includes studying all aspects of behaviour across species through various branches like developmental, social, abnormal and applied psychology in fields like education, health and industry.
The document provides an overview of different methods used in psychology to study human behavior and mental processes. It discusses several key approaches:
1) The biological approach focuses on biological structures like the brain, genes, and hormones to understand behavior.
2) Observation is a systematic method of recording events without interference to study behavior in natural and laboratory settings.
3) Psychological research uses scientific methods like observation, surveys, and experiments to develop theories about human behavior that can be tested and applied to solve problems.
This document discusses the topic of frustration. It defines frustration as the emotional tension that results from blocked desires or needs. Some key points made include:
Frustration can cause negative feelings like depression, fear, anxiety or anger. It arises when a person encounters obstacles to their goals from external factors like other people or their environment, or internal factors like a lack of abilities. Frustration is an unpleasant emotional state where failures tend to outnumber successes and basic needs are left unsatisfied. The document also outlines different types and sources of frustration and common reactions people have when experiencing frustration.
This document provides an introduction to behavioral science, including definitions, importance, goals, foundations, categories of human behavior, and types of behavioral communication. It defines behavioral science as the study of observable human actions that can be supported by empirical evidence. The importance of behavioral science includes understanding and predicting behavior, as well as improving quality of life. The goals of behavioral science are to describe, explain, predict, and change behavior. The document also outlines various perspectives and factors that influence human behavior, such as culture, emotions, and genetics. Finally, it discusses four basic styles of behavioral communication: aggressive, assertive, passive, and passive-aggressive.
Psychology can be divided into two broad categories: pure psychology and applied psychology. Pure psychology formulates theories of human behavior and includes general, abnormal, developmental, social, cognitive, and parapsychology. Applied psychology utilizes psychological principles in fields such as education, clinical work, industries, the legal system, the military, and politics. It studies how human behavior relates to these environments.
This document discusses the nature and goals of psychology. It defines psychology as the study of the mind and cognitive processes underlying human behavior. It outlines the historical development of psychology from its philosophical origins to becoming an empirical science under Wundt and others. The major schools of psychology are described like structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis. Finally, it lists the various branches of psychology like clinical, developmental, social, cognitive and others.
This document outlines the major branches of both pure and applied psychology. Pure psychology focuses on fundamental principles and theories, including general, abnormal, social, physiological, parapsychology, geopsychology, and developmental psychology. Applied psychology utilizes theories from pure psychology in practical fields like educational, clinical, industrial, legal, military, and political psychology.
Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. It uses various methods including introspection, observation, experimentation, surveys, interviews, clinical studies, and case studies. Some key branches are clinical, developmental, social, and cognitive psychology. Psychology provides frameworks and theories and also applies principles in areas like education, health, and industry. It aims to understand individuals and their behaviors in different environments and contexts.
The document provides an overview of several key approaches in psychology: behaviourism, psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive. It defines behaviourism as studying observable behaviour and learning through conditioning principles. Psychodynamic psychology, founded by Freud, focuses on unconscious mental processes and childhood experiences. The humanistic approach emphasizes studying the whole person and sees them as inherently good with free will. Each approach provides a different perspective in understanding human behaviour and psychology.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. There are several perspectives in psychology including psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, behavioral, socio-cultural, and evolutionary. The scientific method involves identifying questions, formulating explanations through hypotheses, conducting research to test hypotheses, and communicating findings. Research methods include descriptive methods like case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation, and prediction, as well as experimental methods using variables, controls, and replication.
The document outlines the history and key perspectives in psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, neuroscience/biopsychology, evolutionary, and sociocultural perspectives. It notes that today there are generally considered to be seven major perspectives, and discusses how the biopsychosocial perspective integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior.
Chapter2 the methods_of_psychological_researchayeshakhan1000
The document outlines the scientific method and different types of psychological research methods. It discusses descriptive research which observes and describes behavior without explaining causes. Correlational research predicts behavior by assessing relationships between variables. Experimental research aims to explain behavior by manipulating independent variables and measuring effects on dependent variables. The document also covers ethical considerations like informed consent and debriefing when involving human participants in research.
This document discusses Freud's concept of defense mechanisms. It begins with an overview of Freud's structural model of the mind, consisting of the id, ego, and superego. It then provides details on different defense mechanisms such as denial, projection, displacement, acting out, regression, rationalization, and reaction formation. It explains how these unconscious mechanisms help reduce anxiety arising from conflicts between the id's desires and the superego's rules. The document also discusses Freud's view of the mind as an energy-based machine and how defense mechanisms displace or transform psychological energy.
General Psychology - SHS (General Concepts)LJ Arroyo
Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. It began as a branch of philosophy and has developed into a science using scientific methods like experimentation and observation. Some key figures in the development of psychology include Wilhelm Wundt, who founded the first psychology lab, and William James, who helped establish psychology as a science in the United States. Modern psychology includes many branches that study different aspects of behavior and the mind, such as developmental psychology, social psychology, and cognitive psychology. Researchers use various methods like introspection, observation, and biographical studies to better understand human thought and actions.
This document discusses various aspects of attention including definitions, characteristics, types, determinants, duration, and implications for nursing. It defines attention as the concentration of consciousness on a particular object. Attention can be selective, shifting, and creates clarity and motor adjustments. It is influenced by both external factors like stimulus intensity and internal factors like interests, emotions, and past experiences. Attention can be voluntary or involuntary and can range from implicit to explicit types. The document also addresses the span and duration of attention and causes of distraction and inattention in learning contexts.
This document summarizes the functions of different parts of the brain and nervous system. It discusses the roles of the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes in functions like movement, language, memory, emotion and vision. It also describes the basal ganglia, autonomic nervous system, limbic system and various neurotransmitters involved in diseases like Parkinson's, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. Finally, it briefly outlines the roles of amino acids and neuropeptides in the brain.
This document provides an introduction and overview of psychology. It discusses the history and origins of psychology, moving from early philosophical approaches to modern scientific study. It describes some of the major schools of thought in psychology including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and psychoanalysis. The document also discusses the scope of psychology, relating it to other fields like biology, philosophy, sociology, and psychiatry. It addresses psychology as both a science that studies behavior and mental processes, as well as its various applied fields.
The document discusses various social, cultural, personality, and situational factors that can influence human aggression. Social determinants like frustration from not achieving goals or direct provocation can increase aggression. Cultural factors play a role, like cultures that value honor being more prone to aggression following insults. Certain personality traits like Type A behavior or narcissism can increase aggression. Situational factors like heat, alcohol consumption, and witnessing violence can also influence aggression levels. The document outlines techniques to prevent and control aggression, such as punishment that is prompt, certain, strong, and justified, as well as catharsis and cognitive interventions.
This document discusses several theories of human aggression. It begins by describing five main theories that guide current aggression research: cognitive neoassociation theory, social learning theory, script theory, excitation transfer theory, and social interaction theory. It then introduces the general aggression model (GAM) as an integrative framework that combines elements of these different theories. The GAM proposes that cognition, affect, and arousal mediate the effects of situational and personal factors on aggression. The document argues that the GAM provides a useful way to organize existing knowledge about aggression and suggest directions for future research.
This document introduces several important methods used in psychology: introspection, observation, experimentation, survey methods, clinical methods, and case study. Introspection involves self-observation of one's own inner thoughts and behaviors. Observation collects data by watching subjects externally. Experimentation uses controlled conditions to analyze outcomes. Surveys distribute questionnaires or interviews to gather information from people. Clinical methods diagnose and address individuals' behavioral issues. Case studies provide an in-depth analysis of a specific person or group.
This document discusses the history and role of forensic psychology. It began in the early 20th century when psychologists started applying psychological knowledge to legal issues. By the 1970s, forensic psychology had emerged as a distinct subspecialty with graduate programs and professional organizations. Today, forensic psychologists regularly provide expert testimony in civil and criminal cases on topics like eyewitness testimony and emotional damages. They also serve as consultants to legal agencies. The document outlines some of the major activities of forensic psychologists, including providing expert witness testimony to help courts understand and evaluate evidence.
This document provides an overview of the organization and development of the nervous system. It discusses:
1) How the nervous system develops from the ectoderm germ layer and formation of the neural tube and neural crest.
2) The basic structure and function of neurons, including their specialized cell parts like axons and dendrites.
3) How neurons communicate through synapses and neurotransmitters.
4) The main divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system, and their functions in coordinating behavior and maintaining homeostasis.
This document defines and provides examples of various ego defense mechanisms. It discusses their historical origins and classification systems. Key defense mechanisms described include denial, distortion, projection, intellectualization, reaction formation, repression, rationalization, displacement, dissociation, inhibition, isolation, and sublimation. Examples are given to illustrate how each mechanism functions both normally and clinically in various psychological disorders.
Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology.
This document provides an overview of psychology as a field of study. It begins by outlining the key concepts and goals of psychology that students will learn. It then describes the history and origins of psychology as a science. The document discusses several historical and modern approaches within psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and more. It also outlines various methods used in psychology and how psychology relates to other fields of study. Finally, it describes the biological basis of behavior, focusing on the structure and function of neurons and the nervous system.
Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. It uses various methods including introspection, observation, experimentation, surveys, interviews, clinical studies, and case studies. Some key branches are clinical, developmental, social, and cognitive psychology. Psychology provides frameworks and theories and also applies principles in areas like education, health, and industry. It aims to understand individuals and their behaviors in different environments and contexts.
The document provides an overview of several key approaches in psychology: behaviourism, psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive. It defines behaviourism as studying observable behaviour and learning through conditioning principles. Psychodynamic psychology, founded by Freud, focuses on unconscious mental processes and childhood experiences. The humanistic approach emphasizes studying the whole person and sees them as inherently good with free will. Each approach provides a different perspective in understanding human behaviour and psychology.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. There are several perspectives in psychology including psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, behavioral, socio-cultural, and evolutionary. The scientific method involves identifying questions, formulating explanations through hypotheses, conducting research to test hypotheses, and communicating findings. Research methods include descriptive methods like case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation, and prediction, as well as experimental methods using variables, controls, and replication.
The document outlines the history and key perspectives in psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, neuroscience/biopsychology, evolutionary, and sociocultural perspectives. It notes that today there are generally considered to be seven major perspectives, and discusses how the biopsychosocial perspective integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior.
Chapter2 the methods_of_psychological_researchayeshakhan1000
The document outlines the scientific method and different types of psychological research methods. It discusses descriptive research which observes and describes behavior without explaining causes. Correlational research predicts behavior by assessing relationships between variables. Experimental research aims to explain behavior by manipulating independent variables and measuring effects on dependent variables. The document also covers ethical considerations like informed consent and debriefing when involving human participants in research.
This document discusses Freud's concept of defense mechanisms. It begins with an overview of Freud's structural model of the mind, consisting of the id, ego, and superego. It then provides details on different defense mechanisms such as denial, projection, displacement, acting out, regression, rationalization, and reaction formation. It explains how these unconscious mechanisms help reduce anxiety arising from conflicts between the id's desires and the superego's rules. The document also discusses Freud's view of the mind as an energy-based machine and how defense mechanisms displace or transform psychological energy.
General Psychology - SHS (General Concepts)LJ Arroyo
Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. It began as a branch of philosophy and has developed into a science using scientific methods like experimentation and observation. Some key figures in the development of psychology include Wilhelm Wundt, who founded the first psychology lab, and William James, who helped establish psychology as a science in the United States. Modern psychology includes many branches that study different aspects of behavior and the mind, such as developmental psychology, social psychology, and cognitive psychology. Researchers use various methods like introspection, observation, and biographical studies to better understand human thought and actions.
This document discusses various aspects of attention including definitions, characteristics, types, determinants, duration, and implications for nursing. It defines attention as the concentration of consciousness on a particular object. Attention can be selective, shifting, and creates clarity and motor adjustments. It is influenced by both external factors like stimulus intensity and internal factors like interests, emotions, and past experiences. Attention can be voluntary or involuntary and can range from implicit to explicit types. The document also addresses the span and duration of attention and causes of distraction and inattention in learning contexts.
This document summarizes the functions of different parts of the brain and nervous system. It discusses the roles of the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes in functions like movement, language, memory, emotion and vision. It also describes the basal ganglia, autonomic nervous system, limbic system and various neurotransmitters involved in diseases like Parkinson's, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. Finally, it briefly outlines the roles of amino acids and neuropeptides in the brain.
This document provides an introduction and overview of psychology. It discusses the history and origins of psychology, moving from early philosophical approaches to modern scientific study. It describes some of the major schools of thought in psychology including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and psychoanalysis. The document also discusses the scope of psychology, relating it to other fields like biology, philosophy, sociology, and psychiatry. It addresses psychology as both a science that studies behavior and mental processes, as well as its various applied fields.
The document discusses various social, cultural, personality, and situational factors that can influence human aggression. Social determinants like frustration from not achieving goals or direct provocation can increase aggression. Cultural factors play a role, like cultures that value honor being more prone to aggression following insults. Certain personality traits like Type A behavior or narcissism can increase aggression. Situational factors like heat, alcohol consumption, and witnessing violence can also influence aggression levels. The document outlines techniques to prevent and control aggression, such as punishment that is prompt, certain, strong, and justified, as well as catharsis and cognitive interventions.
This document discusses several theories of human aggression. It begins by describing five main theories that guide current aggression research: cognitive neoassociation theory, social learning theory, script theory, excitation transfer theory, and social interaction theory. It then introduces the general aggression model (GAM) as an integrative framework that combines elements of these different theories. The GAM proposes that cognition, affect, and arousal mediate the effects of situational and personal factors on aggression. The document argues that the GAM provides a useful way to organize existing knowledge about aggression and suggest directions for future research.
This document introduces several important methods used in psychology: introspection, observation, experimentation, survey methods, clinical methods, and case study. Introspection involves self-observation of one's own inner thoughts and behaviors. Observation collects data by watching subjects externally. Experimentation uses controlled conditions to analyze outcomes. Surveys distribute questionnaires or interviews to gather information from people. Clinical methods diagnose and address individuals' behavioral issues. Case studies provide an in-depth analysis of a specific person or group.
This document discusses the history and role of forensic psychology. It began in the early 20th century when psychologists started applying psychological knowledge to legal issues. By the 1970s, forensic psychology had emerged as a distinct subspecialty with graduate programs and professional organizations. Today, forensic psychologists regularly provide expert testimony in civil and criminal cases on topics like eyewitness testimony and emotional damages. They also serve as consultants to legal agencies. The document outlines some of the major activities of forensic psychologists, including providing expert witness testimony to help courts understand and evaluate evidence.
This document provides an overview of the organization and development of the nervous system. It discusses:
1) How the nervous system develops from the ectoderm germ layer and formation of the neural tube and neural crest.
2) The basic structure and function of neurons, including their specialized cell parts like axons and dendrites.
3) How neurons communicate through synapses and neurotransmitters.
4) The main divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system, and their functions in coordinating behavior and maintaining homeostasis.
This document defines and provides examples of various ego defense mechanisms. It discusses their historical origins and classification systems. Key defense mechanisms described include denial, distortion, projection, intellectualization, reaction formation, repression, rationalization, displacement, dissociation, inhibition, isolation, and sublimation. Examples are given to illustrate how each mechanism functions both normally and clinically in various psychological disorders.
Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology.
This document provides an overview of psychology as a field of study. It begins by outlining the key concepts and goals of psychology that students will learn. It then describes the history and origins of psychology as a science. The document discusses several historical and modern approaches within psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and more. It also outlines various methods used in psychology and how psychology relates to other fields of study. Finally, it describes the biological basis of behavior, focusing on the structure and function of neurons and the nervous system.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, aiming to understand how individuals think, feel, and act in various situations. Its nature encompasses both objective observation and subjective experience, delving into areas such as cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and social interaction. Branches of psychology include clinical, counseling, developmental, cognitive, social, and experimental psychology, each focusing on distinct aspects of human behavior and mental processes. Types of psychology range from applied fields like industrial-organizational and forensic psychology to theoretical areas such as neuropsychology and evolutionary psychology, collectively contributing to a comprehensive understanding of human nature and behavior.
1.introduction and brief history of psychology presentationAthena Catindig
The document provides an overview of the field of psychology, outlining its objectives to understand human behavior through scientific study, historical foundations dating back to Aristotle, and major theories and figures that have shaped the development of the field such as Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, and behavioralism. It also describes the scientific methods used in psychology like the experimental and correlational methods as well as subfields that apply psychological principles like developmental, social, and clinical psychology.
Introducing Psychology. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. ... Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counselling and therapy for people in distress.
1 introductionandbriefhistoryofpsychology-presentation-120808225946-phpapp02Alma May Ofianga
Here are the subfields of psychology related to each issue:
1. Counseling Psychology
2. Developmental Psychology
3. Social Psychology
4. Behavioral Neuroscience
5. Personality Psychology
6. Health Psychology
7. Experimental Psychology
8. Clinical Psychology
9. Cognitive Psychology
10. Industrial/Organizational Psychology
This chapter introduces key concepts in psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. It outlines the four main goals of psychology: description, explanation, prediction, and control. The chapter then discusses the historical background of psychology from its beginnings in the late 19th century to the major theoretical perspectives that emerged, including psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, cognitivism, and others. It also covers the main branches and research methods used in psychology.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts in psychology. It discusses that psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It outlines the four main goals of psychology as description, explanation, prediction, and control. The document also summarizes several major schools of thought in early psychology including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and Gestalt psychology. It provides brief biographies and contributions of important figures associated with each school such as Wundt, James, Watson, Skinner, and Freud.
introduction to psychology and health psychologyBurhan Hadi
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The history of psychology began with early philosophers like Plato and Aristotle discussing concepts like the mind-body relationship. Modern psychology emerged in the late 19th century with scientists like Wundt establishing the first psychology laboratory. Key figures like Freud, Skinner, and James contributed influential theories in areas like psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and consciousness. Psychology aims to understand and predict behavior through various perspectives including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic approaches. Nursing utilizes psychology through understanding patient behavior, building trust, and treating mental health issues in fields like psychiatry.
This document outlines the key topics in the field of psychology. It begins by defining psychology as the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It then discusses the major historical movements in the field from structuralism to behaviorism. The document also outlines various branches and applications of psychology like clinical, developmental, social, and industrial psychology. It concludes by discussing modern approaches like cognitive psychology and issues of ethics and accountability in psychological research.
This document provides an overview of the key perspectives, fields, methods, and history of psychology. It discusses the biological, psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive perspectives. The major fields covered are experimental, biopsychology, developmental, social, industrial/organizational, educational, clinical, counseling, cross-cultural, forensic, and environmental psychology as well as psychiatry. Methods summarized include case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys, experiments, and correlation. The history outlines structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, psychodynamic, humanistic, behaviorist, and cognitive models.
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. The earliest schools included structuralism, which used introspection, and functionalism, which examined how mental processes helped adaptation. Later emerged psychoanalytic theory, gestalt theory, behaviorism, humanism, and cognitive psychology. Today, psychology includes biological, cognitive, developmental, social/personality, and mental health approaches. Studying psychology develops critical thinking and opens doors to diverse careers like management, healthcare, and social services by providing understanding of human behavior.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. There are many fields and areas of focus within psychology, including clinical, counseling, school, developmental, cognitive, and social psychology. Psychologists conduct research using various methods and theoretical orientations to better understand human thought and behavior. Today, psychology integrates perspectives from biology, cognition, humanism, psychodynamics, learning, and sociocultural influences.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts in the field of psychology. It discusses the history and approaches of psychology, including prescientific psychology, the scientific beginnings with Wundt, and major 20th century developments like behaviorism and humanistic psychology. It also summarizes major perspectives like biological psychology, key concepts regarding nature vs nurture and levels of analysis, subfields of psychology like developmental and social psychology, and important terms like empiricism, structuralism, and functionalism.
This document provides an introduction to psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and cognitive processes. It discusses important figures in the field like Wundt, James, and Watson. It also outlines different approaches in psychology like behaviorism, cognitivism, psychoanalysis, and humanism. Finally, it discusses research methods, the role of theory, and ethical issues in psychological research.
Chap-1 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FALL 2021.pptFarhan455681
Here are the key steps in conducting a correlational study:
1. Select variables to study - These should be measurable on continuous scales.
2. Collect data on the variables from a sample - This involves measuring both variables for each participant.
3. Calculate a correlation coefficient - This quantifies the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables. Common coefficients include Pearson's r and Spearman's rho.
4. Interpret the correlation - A positive correlation means high scores on one variable are associated with high scores on the other. A negative correlation means high scores on one variable are associated with low scores on the other. No correlation means the variables are unrelated.
5. Consider threats to validity - Correl
Psychology Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Psychology Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. It has four main goals: description, explanation, prediction, and control. Early schools of thought included structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis. Modern perspectives include psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, biological, and sociocultural approaches. Key branches of psychology are developmental, personality, social, industrial/organizational, clinical, counseling, educational, health, and forensic psychology. Research methods include descriptive research, correlational research, experimental research, and quasi-experimental research.
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2. DEFINITION
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious
phenomena, including feelings and thoughts.
It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the
boundaries between the natural and social sciences.
Psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent
properties of brains, linking the discipline to neuroscience.
2
6. 1. Experimental Psychology
This branch aims at understanding the
fundamental causes of behavior.
Study basic psychological processes as
sensation, perception, learning, memory,
cognition, motivation, and emotion.
6
RESEARCH
7. 7
Work mostly in the laboratory and
may use animals as well as human
beings in their research.
Study how people learn everything
from simple tasks such as sitting
upright to more complex things
such as emotions and language
8. The branch of psychology that
studies the connection between the
nervous and endocrine system and
behavior.
2. Physiological
Psychology
8
9. 3. Developmental Psychology
Concerns itself with the study of
human behavior in all its aspects of
growth and development
Also known as Genetic Psychology
Involves the development of an
individual in terms of stages.
9
10. 4. Personality Psychology
It is study of individual differences
in behavior, the sources the
consequences of such differences,
and the degree of consistency of
characteristics within the individual
across situation and overtime.
10
11. 5. Cognitive Psychology
It investigated all aspects of
cognition-memory, thinking,
reasoning, language, decision
making and so on.
11
12. 6. Cognitive
Psychology
It investigated all aspects of
cognition-memory, thinking,
reasoning, language,
decision making and so on.
12
13. 7. Social Psychology
Study of the behavior of
groups of individuals in their
relationship to other groups
13
14. 14
8. Educational
Psychology
A field of specialization that deals with
learning, motivation, and other subjects
in the actual educational process
together with the practical application of
psychological principles to education
16. Focuses on making the workplace
more fulfilling, and
more productive for both workers and
their employers
Study of human nature and reactions
as related to problems of industry,
especially affecting personnel and
job efficiency.
17. 2. Guidance and Counseling
Psychology
Dedicated to helping people with
educational, job or career, and social
adjustments.
Administration and interpretation of
psychological tests, such as
intelligence, achievement, and
vocational tests.
18. Mostly worked in schools as
schools counselors (more
commonly known as guidance
counselors)
20. 20
4. School
Psychology
Work with children to evaluate learning &
Emotional
problems
Look to psychological principles and
techniques for help in answering questions
pertaining to how children learn
better with classmates of about the same
level of ability
21. 21
5. Clinical Psychology
Apply psychological principles
to the diagnosis and treatment
of emotional & behavioral
problems.
22. FATHER OF
PSCYCHOLOGY
Wilhelm Wundt opened the Institute for
Experimental Psychology at the University of
Leipzig in Germany in 1879.
This was the first laboratory dedicated to
psychology, and its opening is usually
thought of as the beginning of modern
psychology. Indeed, Wundt is often regarded
as the father of psychology.
22
23. Wundt was important because he separated
psychology from philosophy by analyzing the
workings of the mind in a more structured
way, with the emphasis being on objective
measurement and control.
23
24. Famous scholars
1) B. F. Skinner
• B.F. Skinner's staunch behaviorism made him a
dominating force in psychology and therapy
techniques based on his theories are still used
extensively today, including behavior
modification and token economies. Skinner is
remembered for his concepts of operant
conditioning and schedules of reinforcement.
25. 2) Jean Piaget
• Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
had a profound influence on psychology,
especially the understanding of children's
intellectual growth.
• His research contributed to the growth of
developmental psychology, cognitive psychology,
genetic epistemology, and education reform.
26. 3) Sigmund Freud
• When people think of psychology, many tend to think of
Sigmund Freud. His work supported the belief that not all
mental illnesses have physiological causes. He also offered
evidence that cultural differences have an impact on
psychology and behavior.
• His work contributed to our understanding of human
development, personality, clinical psychology, and abnormal
psychology.
27. 4) William James
• Psychologist and philosopher
William James is often referred
to as the father of American
psychology.
• His teachings and writings
helped establish psychology as
a science.
28. 5)Albert Bandura
• Albert Bandura's work is
considered part of the cognitive
revolution in psychology that began
in the late 1960s.
• Bandura's social learning theory
stresses the importance of
observational learning, imitation,
and modeling.
29. Psychological theories
five major types of psychological theories
1) Behavioral Theories
Behavioral psychology, also known as
behaviorism, is a theory of learning based
on the idea that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning.
30. Advocated by famous psychologists such
as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner,
behavioral theories dominated psychology
during the early half of the twentieth
century
Today, behavioral techniques are still
widely used by therapists to help clients
learn new skills and behaviors.
31. 2) Cognitive Theories
Cognitive theories of psychology are focused on
internal states, such as motivation, problem-solving,
decision-making, thinking, and attention.
Such theories strive to explain different mental
processes including how the mind processes
information and how our thoughts lead to certain
emotions and behaviors
32. 3) Humanistic Theories
Humanistic psychology theories began to grow
in popularity during the 1950s. Some of the
major humanist theorists included Carl Rogers
and Abraham Maslow.
While earlier theories often focused on
abnormal behavior and psychological
problems, humanist theories about behavior
instead emphasized the basic goodness of
human beings.
33. 4) Psychodynamic Theories
Psychodynamic theories examine the
unconscious concepts that shape our
emotions, attitudes, and personalities.
Psychodynamic approaches seek to
understand the root causes of
unconscious behavior
34. Biological theories in psychology attribute
human emotion and behavior to biological
causes.
For instance, in the nature versus nurture
debate on human behavior, the biological
perspective would side with nature.
5) Biological Theories
35. CLASSIFICATION OF
PSYCHOLOGY
A: Clinical psychology
o Clinical psychology integrates science, theory,
and practice in order to understand, predict and
relieve problems with adjustment, disability, and
discomfort.
o It promotes adaption, adjustment, and personal
development.
36. o A clinical psychologist concentrates on
the intellectual, emotional, biological,
psychological, social, and behavioral
aspects of human performance
throughout a person’s life, across
varying cultures and socioeconomic
levels.
37. 37
B: Cognitive psychology
o Cognitive psychology investigates
internal mental processes, such as
problem solving, memory, learning, and
language.
o It looks at how people think, perceive,
communicate, remember, and learn.
38. 38
C: Developmental psychology
o This is the scientific study of systematic
psychological changes that a person
experiences over the life span, often
referred to as human development.
o It focuses not only on infants and
young children but also teenagers,
adults, and older people.
39. 39
D: Evolutionary psychology
o Evolutionary psychology looks at how human
behavior, for example language, has been
affected by psychological adjustments during
evolution.
o An evolutionary psychologist believes that
many human psychological traits are adaptive
in that they have enabled us to survive over
thousands of years.
40. 40
E: Social psychology
o Social psychology uses scientific methods to
understand how social influences impact
human behavior.
o It seeks to explain how feelings, behavior,
and thoughts are influenced by the actual,
imagined or implied presence of other
people.
41. 41
F: Forensic psychology
o Forensic psychology involves
applying psychology to criminal
investigation and the law
o A forensic psychologist practices
psychology as a science within the
criminal justice system and civil
courts
42. 42
MAJOR
ACHIEVEMENTS
Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
Ivan Pavlov was educated in natural sciences in St
Petersburg, Russia. He was mostly interested in
physiology, and while researching the digestive system
in dogs he made his most famous discovery – that dogs
salivate before the delivery of food.
43. 43
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Considered a founding father of
psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud first
qualified as a doctor of medicine at the
University of Vienna. He went on to work
in cerebral anatomy and his fascination
with the brain developed from there.
44. 44
Melanie Klein (1882–1960)
Austrian psychoanalyst Melanie Klein reached
academic fame in the early 20th century for her
work on psychoanalytic child psychology.
Klein’s ideas included a strong belief in the
therapeutic effects of child play – she proposed
that play gave children the chance to express
their experiences and feelings.
45. 45
Anna Freud (1895–1982)
• Daughter of the illustrious Sigmund Freud,
Anna Freud also found her own voice in the
world of psychological discovery. She and
Melanie Klein are considered the founders of
psychoanalytic child psychology.
• Freud’s work specifically emphasized the
importance of the ego in serving and opposing
subconscious behavior.
46. 46
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930)
• Calkins believed that the conscious self was
intrinsic to psychology, and she invented the paired-
associate technique that studied memory
• She wrote more than 100 professional papers
throughout her career and became the first female
president of the American Psychological
Association in 1905.
47. 47
Modern Trends in psychology
The rise of psychologists
Psychological expertise is in demand everywhere
Reworking work
Industrial and organizational psychologists are
helping employers and employees navigate as
COVID-19 reshapes the world of work
48. 48
Open science is surging
Open science is becoming the norm in
psychology—a trend spurred on by the
COVID-19 pandemic
Prominent issues in health care
How psychologists are working for
positive change
49. 49
Mental health, meet venture capital
Private equity firms are funneling unprecedented
funds into mental health apps and related
interventions. How will this trend affect mental
health care and the field?
50. New frontiers in neuroscience
50
Recent discoveries about the biological
underpinnings of human behavior are
helping psychologists find new ways to
improve people’s lives
52. The five main schools of thought in
psychology include behaviorism,
humanism, the psychodynamic
approach, biopsychology, and cognitive
psychology. It is common for modern
psychologists to blend many viewpoints
in psychology into an eclectic whole.
53. IMPORTANT BOOKS IN
PSYCHOLOGY
• 1) Sigmund Freud, The
Interpretation of Dreams (1900
• 2) Charles M. Duhigg, The Power of
Habit (2012)
• 3) Karen Horney, The Neurotic
Personality of Our Time (1937)
• 4) Oliver Burkeman, The Antidote:
Happiness for People Who Can’t
Stand Positive Thinking (2012)
• 5) Carl Gustav Jung, Man and His
Symbols (1964)
• 6) Nicholas Humphrey soul: l Dust: The Magic
of Consciousness
• 7) Rebecca Solnit Men Explain Things to Me:
And Other Essays
• 8) Ellen J. Langer Counter clockwise: Mindful
Health and the Power of Possibility
• 9) George Miller Plans and the Structure of
Behavior
53