The document provides an overview of the psychodynamic perspective in psychology. It discusses: - Sigmund Freud as the founder of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic theory. He believed unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression shape personality. - Freud's structural model of personality consisting of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, the ego mediates reality, and the superego incorporates moral standards. - Neo-Freudian theorists like Jung, Adler, and Horney who modified Freud's theory, emphasizing social/cultural factors over instincts and presenting a more positive view of human nature. Jung added the collective unconscious. Adler believed feelings of

1. Psychodynamic Perspective
Instructor; Rustam Ali

2. Schools and Perspectives in Psychology
• Structuralism
• Functionalism
• Behaviorism
• Gestaltism
• Psychodynamic
• Biological Perspective
• Cognitive Perspective
• Existential Perspective
• Humanistic Perspective
• Cultural Perspective
• Islamic Perspective

3. Psychodynamic Perspective
• Psychodynamic is the whole school Of Thought (Freud –New Freudian)
• Sigmund Freud is the founder of Psychodynamic Perspective
• Psychoanalytic is the Theory of Freud
• Psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings,
desires, and memories
• Statement
“According to psychodynamic Perspective, a lot of our behaviors and preferences of
adulthood are shaped by the experiences in our childhood.”
• First comprehensive theory of personality, explaining a wide variety of both normal
and abnormal behaviors.

4. Psychoanalytic Approach

5. Psychoanalytic Approach
• Sigmund Freud is the Founder of Psychoanalytic Theory
• Freud’s theory is based on his childhood experiences, dreams, and
sexual conflicts
• “According to Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and
aggression, along with childhood sexuality, are the forces that
influence our personality”
• He said that the most of the main causes of mental disorders are
hidden in unconscious.

6. Mind as like an iceberg
• Freud explained the human mind as like an
iceberg,
• with only a small amount of it being visible
that is our observable behavior,
• but the unconscious, submerged mind that
has the most, underlying influence on our
behavior.

7. Three structures of the Personality
The id
• biological component of
personality,
• From Birth
• Work on pleasure
principle
• Unconscious
• Extremist
• store house of instincts
and libido.
• Libido is the Energy of
life & death instincts
The ego
• Rational component of
personality,
• 3 Years
• Work on pleasure reality
principle
• Conscious
• Role of Policeman
• The ego mediates among
the demands of the id, the
pressures of reality, and
the dictates of the
superego.
• Moral Component of
personality,
• 5 years
• Work on Moral Principle
• Sub-Conscious
• Extremist
• (behaviors for which the
child is praised).
The superego

8. Two types of instincts
• Libido is the Energy of life & death instincts
• Instincts are mental representations of stimuli that originate within the body.
• Life instincts serve the purpose of survival and are manifested in a form of psychic
energy called libido.
• Death instincts are an unconscious drive toward decay, destruction, and aggression.

9. Anxiety; Threat to the ego
• Reality anxiety is a fear of dangers in the real world.
• Neurotic anxiety is a conflict between instinctual gratification and
reality.
• Moral anxiety is a conflict between the id and the superego.

12. Methods of personality assessment
• In free association, a patient spontaneously expresses ideas and
images in random fashion. Sometimes resistances develop in which a
patient resists talking about disturbing memories or experiences.
• Dreams have both a manifest content (the actual dream events) and a
latent content (the symbolic meaning of those events).

13. Freud’s research method
• Freud’s research method was the case study, which does not rely on objective
observation.
• It is not controlled and systematic, nor is it amenable to duplication and verification.
• Freud’s data are not quantifiable, may be incomplete and inaccurate, and were based on
a small and unrepresentative sample.
• Some Freudian concepts have been supported by empirical research: the unconscious,
repression, projection, displacement, verbal slips, and some characteristics of oral and
anal personality types.
• Major portions of Freud’s theory (the id, superego, death wish, libido, catharsis, and
anxiety) have not been scientifically validated.
• Two components of the ego have been identified: ego control and ego resiliency.
• With regard to repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse, some may be real,
whereas others may be implanted and distorted.
• Freud’s theory has been modified by Anna Freud, who elaborated on the role of the ego.

14. Personality theorists criticize
• Personality theorists criticize Freud for placing too much emphasis on
biological forces, sex, aggression, emotional disturbances, and
childhood events.
• They also criticize his deterministic image of human nature, his
negative views of women, and the ambiguous definitions of some of
his concepts.
• However, there is no denying Freud’s phenomenal impact on Western
culture and on later personality theorists, who either elaborated upon
or opposed his system.

15. Neo Psychoanalytic Approach

16. Neo Freudian
• One group of psychoanalysts has come to be known as "Neo Freudian“.
• Generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but
deemphasized sex, focusing more on the social environment and effects of
culture on personality.
• Freud attracted many followers who modified his ideas to create new
theories about personality.
• We don’t agree with Freud completely (sexuality cant explain everything)
• “Neo-Freudian referring to modifications, extensions, or revisions of
Freud’s original psychoanalytic theory, most commonly to those that
emphasize social, cultural, and interpersonal elements rather than innate
biological instincts such as sexuality and aggression.” (Campbell's
Dictionary)

17. The Neo-Psychoanalytic Approach
• Several personality theorists, who initially were loyal to Freud and committed to his system of
psychoanalysis, broke away because of their opposition to certain aspects of his approach.
• Carl Jung and Alfred Adler were associates of Freud’s before they rebelled against him and offered
their own views of personality.
• Karen Horney did not have a personal relationship with Freud but was also an orthodox Freudian
before marking out a different path.
• Erik Erikson’s work is also derived from Freudian psychoanalysis.
• These neo-psychoanalytic theorists differ from one another on a number of issues but they were
equally opposed to Freud’s emphasis on instincts as the primary motivators of human behavior, as well
as his deterministic view of personality.
• These neo-psychoanalytic theorists presented more optimistic and flattering images of human nature
than Freud did.
• Their work shows how quickly the field of personality diversified within only a decade after it formally
beg

18. Personality Definition by Neo-Fredians
• The basic evil is invariably a lack of genuine warmth and affection.—
Karen Horney
• The personality is engaged with the hazards of existence continuously,
even as the body’s metabolism copes with decay.—Erik Erikson
• The goal of the human soul is conquest, perfection, security,
superiority. Every child is faced with so many obstacles in life that no
child ever grows up without striving for some form of significance,
Adler

19. Carl Jung
• Jung believed that the human psyche had three parts: the ego,
personal unconscious and collective unconscious.
• Finally, his dream analysis was broader than Freud's, as Jung believed
that symbols could mean different things to different people.

20. Two Layer of unconsciousness
1. Upper layer is the personal unconscious
2. Lower layer is the collective unconscious
According to Jung; the personal unconscious contain repressed
wishes while collective unconscious is inherited.

21. Archetypes
• Archetypes, are the images and thoughts which have universal themes or meaning in
various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams etc. These ancestral
memories, which Jung called archetypes.
• “The experience of forefathers and generation in form of certain patterns called
archetypes”
Family Archetypes:
The Mother – Feeding, Nurturing, Soothing
The Child – Birth, Beginnings, Salvation
Story Archetypes:
The Hero – Rescuer, Champion
The Wise Old Man – Knowledge, Guidance
Animal Archetypes:
The Faithful Dog – Unquestioning Loyalty
The Enduring Horse – Never Giving Up

22. 4 Major Archetypes By Jung

25. Alfred Adler
• Adler's theory suggested that every person has a sense of inferiority.
• Suffering from physical weakness and strive a lot
• From childhood, people work toward overcoming this inferiority by "striving
for superiority."
• Adler believed that this drive was the motivating force behind human
behaviors, emotions, and thoughts.
• In Adler's theory, individuals work to overcome feelings of inferiority and to
act in ways that benefit the social interest
• The term style of life was used by psychiatrist Alfred Adler as one of several
constructs describing the dynamics of the personality. It reflects the
individual's unique, unconscious, and repetitive way of responding to (or
avoiding) the main tasks of living: friendship, love, and work.

26. Types of Personality
• Ruling type, Strive for power
• Learning type, No give just take
• Avoiding type, Avoid from risks
• Socially useful type, Active
Adlerian therapy four stages
• Engagement, Trust
• Assessment, Case history
• Insight, New way of life
• Reorientation, Client will be fine

28. Social interest
• It is a sense of being part of the
society
• Social interest guides our
behaviour throughout life
• Social interest is a barometer of
Psychological health
Creative Power
• We are born with different
degrees and qualities of creative
power
• Creative power makes People
independent and Complete
• Theory is based on feelings of
inferiority and striving for
superiority

30. Erik Erikson
• Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined
order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy
to adulthood.
• According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results
in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues.

31. Psycho-social 8 stages of personality development

32. Karen Horney
• Psychoanalytic theorist Karen Horney developed one of the best-
known theories of neurosis.
• She believed that neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by
interpersonal relationships.
• Horney's theory proposes that strategies used to cope with anxiety
can be overused, causing them to take on the appearance of needs.

34. 10 neurotic needs classified in 3 categories
• Needs that move you towards others. These neurotic needs cause
individuals to seek affirmation and acceptance from others and are
often described as needy or clingy as they seek out approval and love.
• Needs that move you away from others. These neurotic needs create
hostility and antisocial behavior. These individuals are often described
as cold, indifferent, and detached.
• Needs that move you against others. These neurotic needs result in
hostility and a need to control other people.

38. Thanks