Clinical psychology involves the scientific study and application of psychology to understand, prevent, and relieve psychologically-based distress. The field aims to promote well-being and personal development through practices like psychological assessment, psychotherapy, research, teaching, and consultation. Clinical psychology has evolved from pseudoscientific 18th century practices to a modern scientific discipline, influenced by thinkers like Sigmund Freud and developments like standardized testing during World Wars I and II. It encompasses diverse theoretical perspectives including behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, family systems, and emerging models like positive psychology.

2. Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology includes the scientific study and application of psychology for the purpose of Understanding Preventing & Relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction & To promote subjective well-being and personal development DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

3. Central to its practice are Psychological Assessment & Psychotherapy Research Teaching Consultation Forensic testimony Program development and administration DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

4. History 18 th c. Psy. Tx. Pseudo-scientific ideas Phrenology, Personality by the shape of the skull Physiognomy Study of the shape of the face Mesmerism Treatment by the use of magnets. Spiritualism and "mental healing” DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

5. History Modern scientific psychology First psychological laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt (1879) First scientific clinical application of psychology Sigmund Freud (19 th c.) Term "clinical Psychology” Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) Father of modern clinical psychology Defined as "the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change” DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

6. Though CPsy was growing… Working with issues of serious mental distress remained the domain of psychiatrists and neurologists Skilled at Psychological Assessment World War I Army Alpha and Army Beta American Association of Clinical Psychology (1917) American Psychological Association G. Stanley Hall Offered certification World War II Group psychological test for selection DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

7. Though CPsy was growing… WW II- Physicians (including psychiatrists) treated bodily injuries "shell shock" (PTSD) Symptoms of psychological trauma U.S. made an enormous investment to set up programs to train doctoral-level clinical psychologists to help treat the thousands of veterans needing care WWII helped bring dramatic changes to clinical psychology, not just in America but internationally as well DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

8. Models Scientist-practitioner model Boulder Model, PhD programs in clinical psychology Practitioner-Scholar Model of Clinical Psychology Vail Model—resulting in the Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) degree was recognized India- DM&SP- NIMHANS, CIP, MANIPAL,SRMC Later Mphil. M&SP, MPhil. CPsychol. 2yrs residential training RCI DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

9. Professional practice Offer a range of professional services Provide psychological treatment (psychotherapy) Administer and interpret psychological assessment and testing Conduct psychological research Teach Development of prevention and treatment programs Consultation (especially with schools and businesses) Program administration Provide expert testimony (forensic psychology) DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

10. In practice Clinical Psychologists May work with individuals, couples, families, or groups In a variety of settings, including private practices, hospitals, mental health organizations, schools, businesses, and non-profit agencies Most clinical psychologists who engage in research and teaching do so within a college or university setting DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

11. Specializations… Specific disorders Trauma, addiction, eating, sleep, sex, depression, anxiety, or phobias Neuropsychological disorders Child and adolescent Family and relationship Health Sport Forensic Organization and business School DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

12. Four main perspectives Behavioural & Cognitive Psychodynamic Humanistic Systems or Family therapy DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

13. Behavioural… Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

14. Cognitive Behavioral CBT developed from the combination of Cognitive psychology and Behaviorism Rational emotive behavior therapy Interaction between Cognition Emotion Behavior Schemas Cause emotional distress or result in behavioral problems Certain behaviors, such as avoidance of feared situations, can also maintain distress DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

15. Cognitive Behavioral The object of CBT is to discover the biased or irrational thinking that leads to emotional problems to help the client take control over his or her thinking processes & behaviors in such a way that will lead to increased well-being Techniques used S ystematic desensitization Socratic questioning Modified approaches Dialectic Behavior Therapy Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

16. Psychodynamic Developed out of the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud The core object To make the unconscious conscious To make the client aware of Own primal drives Those relating to sex and aggression Various defenses used to keep them in check Tools of the psychoanalytic process Free association Dream Analysis Examination of the client's transference towards the therapist, defined as the tendency to take unconscious thoughts or emotions about a significant person (e.g. a parent) and "transfer" them onto another person DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

17. Psychodynamic DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

18. Humanistic Developed in the 1950’s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis Person-centered therapy Carl Rogers Existential psychology Victor Frankl and Rollo May Rogers believed that a client needed only three things from a clinician to experience therapeutic improvement— Unconditional positive regard Congruence Empathetic understanding DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

19. Humanistic By using phenomenology the humanistic approach seeks to get a glimpse of the whole person and not just the fragmented parts of the personality This aspect of holism links up with another common aim of humanistic practice in clinical psychology Which is to seek an integration of the whole person, also called self-actualization DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

20. Humanistic According to humanistic thinking, each individual person already has inbuilt potentials and resources that might help them to build a stronger personality and self-concept The mission of the humanistic psychologist is to help the individual employ these resources via the therapeutic relationship DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

21. Systems or Family Therapy Work with couples and families Emphasizes family relationships as an important factor in psychological health The central focus tends to be on interpersonal dynamics Especially in terms of how change in one person will affect the entire system DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

22. Systems or Family Therapy Therapy is therefore conducted with as many significant members of the "system" as possible Goals can include improving communication establishing healthy roles creating alternative narratives addressing problematic behaviors. Important contributors include John Gottman , Jay Haley , Susan Johnson , and Virginia Satir DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

23. Other major therapeutic orientations There exist literally dozens of recognized schools or orientations Existential psychotherapy postulates that people are largely free to choose who we are and how we interpret and interact with the world It intends to help the client find deeper meaning in life and to accept responsibility for living As such, it addresses fundamental issues of life, such as death, aloneness, and freedom DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

24. Other major therapeutic orientations The therapist emphasizes the client’s ability to be self-aware, freely make choices in the present establish personal identity and social relationships create meaning cope with the natural anxiety of living Important writers in existential therapy include Rollo May , Victor Frankl , James Bugental , and Irvin Yalom DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

25. Other major therapeutic orientations Gestalt Therapy , Fritz Perls (1950) It is well-known for techniques designed to increase various kinds of self-awareness Empty chair technique generally intended to explore resistance to authentic contact resolve internal conflicts, & help the client complete "unfinished business" DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

26. Postmodern psychology The experience of reality is a subjective construction built upon language, social context, and history, with no essential truths "mental illness" and "mental health" are not recognized as objective, definable realities, sees the goal of therapy strictly as something constructed by the client and therapist Forms of postmodern psychotherapy include Narrative Therapy , Solution-Focused Therapy , and Coherence Therapy . DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

27. Other major therapeutic orientations Transpersonal perspective Stronger focus on the spiritual facet of human experience It is not a set of techniques so much as a willingness to help a client explore spirituality and/or transcendent states of consciousness Concerned with helping clients achieve their highest potential Important writers in this area include Ken Wilber , Abraham Maslow , Stanislav Grof , John Welwood , and David Brazier DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

28. Other major therapeutic orientations Positive psychology is the scientific study of human happiness and well-being ( Seligman , 1998) History - mental illness rather than mental wellness Applied positive psychology's main focus, is to increase one's positive experience of life and ability to flourish by promoting such things as optimism about the future a sense of flow in the present, and personal traits like courage, perseverance, and altruism DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

29. Other major therapeutic orientations Positive psychology Empirical evidence to show that by promoting Seligman's three components of happiness can decrease clinical depression positive emotion (the pleasant life) engagement (the engaged life) & meaning (the meaningful life) DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

30. Integration In the last couple of decades, there has been a growing movement to integrate the various therapeutic approaches, Especially with an increased understanding of cultural, gender, spiritual, and sexual-orientation issues Clinical psychologists are beginning to look at the various strengths and weaknesses of each orientation while also working with related fields, such as neuroscience, genetics, evolutionary biology, and psychopharmacology The result is a growing practice of eclecticism, with psychologists learning various systems and The most efficacious methods of therapy with the intent to provide the best solution for any given problem DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

31. Integration Bio-psychosocial Perspective Eclectic Tailor made intervention DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]

32. Thank you DR. RENJAN ROY MATHEW [email_address]