waveshaping ckts
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This document discusses waveshaping circuits. It introduces common waveforms like sine, square, and sawtooth waves. It describes how square and sawtooth waves can be formed using the frequency domain concept of combining sine waves. Key concepts for analyzing waveforms like pulse width, duty cycle, rise/fall times, overshoot, and ringing are also covered. The document examines how RC circuits can change waveforms by integrating or differentiating them. It also looks at monostable multivibrators that produce one output pulse per input, and bistable multivibrators known as flip-flops that have two stable states.
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this kind of device needs programming and coding hence avoided in using power system of aircraft. This
paper present an experiment using SPWM method to generate 1000 Hz gating signals suitable for 36 Volt ,
1000 Hz, 3 phase, three wire supply. Discrete components design approach is chosen to provide noise
immunity at higher amplitude level of signal and a large flexibility to adjust and process various operating
parameters of signals. The circuit is proved with commercial components however MIL version of
components can be easily incorporated in design in later stage
Longitudinal and transverse waves
Waves can be transverse or longitudinal. Transverse waves have vibrations perpendicular to the direction of travel, like water waves. Longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel to travel, like sound waves. The characteristics of all waves include amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, and speed. Wavelength is the distance between two peaks, frequency is the number of waves passing a point per second, and speed equals wavelength times frequency.
Longitudinal and transverse waves
Waves can be transverse or longitudinal. Transverse waves have vibrations perpendicular to the direction of travel, like water waves. Longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel to travel, like sound waves. The characteristics of all waves include amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, and speed. Wavelength is the distance between two peaks, frequency is the number of waves passing a point per second, and speed equals wavelength times frequency.
Basic electronics Tutorial 1
This document contains 21 questions about signal, RL, and RC filter circuits. The questions cover topics such as calculating voltage drops, impedance, current, output voltage of RC circuits given input signals, determining waveform outputs of RC circuits given different input frequencies, determining filter types based on circuit configurations, using Thevenin's theorem, defining rise time, determining the effect of rise time on bandwidth, calculating RMS values of different waveforms, converting between dB and absolute ratios of AC signals, drawing pulse waveforms, and calculating voltage rise time and peak value on an oscilloscope given its RC characteristics and input signals of different frequencies.
Frequency Spectrum of a Tone Burst.pdf
This document summarizes the characteristics of tone burst signals. A tone burst is a short burst of a sinusoidal tone that lies between the properties of pulses and continuous tones. The frequency spectrum of a tone burst consists of discrete components at the burst repetition frequency and its harmonics. The spectrum envelope has a maximum at the tone frequency and zeros spaced at intervals related to the number of cycles in the burst. The bandwidth of the tone burst spectrum depends inversely on the number of cycles in the burst. Tone bursts combine advantages of pulses and continuous tones, making them useful for a wide range of testing applications.
EM_II_Project_London_Julia
This document describes the design and analysis of a quarter-wave transmission line and a single-stub transmission line. It provides the initial parameters and equations used to design the transmission lines. Graphs of standing wave ratio (SWR) versus normalized frequency are generated for each type of transmission line using MATLAB. The bandwidths of the transmission lines are then calculated and compared based on the SWR graphs. Key findings include the quarter-wave transmission line having a more consistent SWR and bandwidth, while the single-stub transmission line has a higher chance of fully reflecting signals back to the generator.
unit 2 _ networks.pptx
Signals can be either analog or digital. Analog signals are continuous and can have any value within a range, while digital signals are discrete and can only have a limited set of values.
Data is also either analog or digital - analog data varies continuously while digital data takes on discrete states of 0s and 1s.
Signals can be transmitted through various media but will experience impairments like attenuation (loss of power), distortion (change in shape), and noise (unwanted signals) during transmission. Methods like encoding and noise reduction are used to combat these impairments.
Space Vector Modulation(SVM) Technique for PWM Inverter
This document discusses space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) for three-phase voltage source inverters. It begins by introducing SVM and its benefits over other PWM techniques, such as reduced total harmonic distortion. It then provides details on how SVM works, including transforming a three-phase reference signal to a rotating vector in the d-q reference frame. The document explains the eight possible switching states, sectors, and how to calculate switching times to synthesize the reference signal using adjacent active vectors and zero vectors. It concludes by comparing SVM to sinusoidal PWM, showing SVM offers better voltage utilization and harmonic performance.
Chapter 3: Data & Signals
This document discusses analog and digital signals. It begins by explaining that data can be either analog or digital. Analog data are continuous and take on continuous values, while digital data have discrete states and take discrete values. Signals can also be analog or digital. Analog signals can have an infinite number of values within a range, while digital signals can have only a limited number of discrete values. Periodic analog signals such as sine waves are discussed, along with their properties including frequency, period, amplitude, phase, and wavelength. Composite signals made up of multiple sine waves are also covered. The document then discusses digital signals and how they can be represented by analog signals.
Data com 3 FUUAST
The physical layer chapter discusses signals used to transmit data through communication channels. It covers:
- Analog signals that can have a continuous range of values, like sine waves defined by frequency and phase. Digital signals have a limited set of discrete values.
- Analog signals are best represented in the frequency domain using concepts like bandwidth, which is the range of frequencies present in a signal.
- Composite signals contain multiple frequencies and can be analyzed as the sum of their constituent sine waves using Fourier analysis. This allows complex signals to be broken down and represented.
Simulation Investigation of SPWM, THIPWM and SVPWM Techniques for Three Phase...
This document summarizes and compares three pulse width modulation techniques - sinusoidal PWM (SPWM), third harmonic injection PWM (THIPWM), and space vector PWM (SVPWM) - for a three-phase voltage source inverter. SPWM is the simplest technique but has drawbacks like higher total harmonic distortion and lower switching frequency. THIPWM provides better THD than SPWM. SVPWM shows lower THD than both SPWM and THIPWM, especially in overmodulation regions and at high frequencies. The document presents the theoretical principles, simulation models, and results of the three techniques, showing that SVPWM achieves the best performance and meets current harmonic standards.
2021-ME-092 TR Presentation 1.pptx
The document presents the results of an experiment to calculate and compare the deflection of three types of beams - I-section beams, C-channel beams, and rectangular beams. The objectives, methodology, results, and conclusions are summarized as follows:
The experiment aimed to calculate deflection experimentally, analytically, and numerically and then compare the results for the three beam types. The methodology involved setting up a beam deflection apparatus and applying various loads to simply supported beams to measure deflection. The results showed mean errors between 19-27% when comparing the different calculation methods, with rectangular beams most suitable for heavy duty use and I-beams and C-channels more cost effective. In conclusion, the three beam types were tested
Ch3Data communication and networking by neha g. kurale
Data can exist in either analog or digital form. Analog data is continuous while digital data takes on discrete values. Both analog and digital signals can be periodic or non-periodic. Periodic signals can be decomposed into simpler sine waves using Fourier analysis. Non-periodic signals result in a combination of sine waves with continuous frequencies. The bandwidth of a signal is the difference between its highest and lowest frequencies.
Sol part2 by shykh salam
This document contains a multiple choice quiz on various topics related to medical imaging techniques. There are 30 multiple choice questions testing knowledge on topics like electric currents and their effects on the body, medical devices like incubators and their functions, various imaging modalities and techniques, MRI parameters and sequences, and CT reconstruction. It also includes 10 true/false questions and 10 problems related to calculations involving medical imaging parameters, techniques, and device design.
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This document describes basic logic gates and their functions. It explains that an AND gate outputs 1 only when all inputs are 1, while an OR gate outputs 1 if any input is 1. A NOT gate inverts the input, and a NAND gate outputs 1 when any input is 0. A NOR gate only outputs 1 when all inputs are 0, and an XOR gate outputs 1 when the inputs are different.
binary number system
The document discusses the binary number system and how to convert between binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal numbers. It also covers binary-coded decimal (BCD). The binary system uses only two digits, 0 and 1. To convert a decimal number to binary, you divide the decimal by 2 and write down the remainders in reverse order. Octal and hexadecimal break binary down into groups of 3 and 4 digits respectively to make large binary numbers easier to read and enter. BCD represents each decimal digit with a 4-bit code to allow easy conversion between decimal and binary.
oscillators
An oscillator is a circuit that generates a repetitive AC signal such as a sinusoidal, rectangular, or sawtooth waveform. The main requirement of an oscillator is for its output to maintain a consistent frequency and amplitude. An oscillator works by using a tank circuit formed from an inductor and capacitor that oscillates when excited by an external DC source. There are three basic types of sinusoidal oscillators - LC oscillators, crystal oscillators, and RC oscillators - while nonsinusoidal oscillators produce outputs like square waves or sawtooth waves using relaxation oscillators.
amplifier applications
The document discusses different types of amplifiers including direct-coupled amplifiers, audio amplifiers, RF amplifiers, and operational amplifiers (op-amps). It provides figures and descriptions of simple and multistage DC amplifiers, differential amplifiers, voltage amplifiers, push-pull power amplifiers, phase splitters, series-shunt peaking, and amplifiers used in television, radio, and op-amp applications. The amplifiers discussed operate over frequency ranges from audio to RF and are used to amplify signals for various electronic applications.
amplifier basics
This document discusses transistor amplifier basics, including the common-base, common-emitter, and common-collector amplifier circuits, different classes of amplifiers like Class A, AB, B, and C, coupling methods such as RC coupling and direct coupling, and how amplifiers are used to increase the amplitude of electronic signals using transistors as the amplifying device.
power supplies
This document discusses power supplies. It describes how transformers are used in power supplies for isolation and voltage conversion. It also discusses different rectifier circuits like half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers used to convert AC to DC. Filter capacitors are used to convert the pulsating DC output of rectifiers to a smooth DC voltage. The document also covers voltage regulator circuits like shunt and series regulators and voltage multiplier circuits to provide higher DC voltages without a transformer. It concludes with discussing crowbar overprotection circuits and fuses for circuit protection.
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This document discusses optoelectric devices that interact with light, including light detection devices like photo cells and photodiodes, light conversion devices like solar cells, and light emitting devices like LEDs. It provides information on the frequency range of visible light and describes the construction and operation of these different optoelectric components.
integrated circuits
Integrated circuits are popular because they are reliable for complex circuits while consuming little power and being small and economical to produce. Integrated circuits cannot handle large currents or voltages and can only contain diodes, transistors, resistors, and capacitors. Integrated circuits are constructed using monolithic, thin-film, thick-film, or hybrid techniques and are commonly packaged in dual-inline packages, which can be damaged by electrostatic discharge.
thyristors
This document discusses different types of thyristors including silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs), triacs, and diacs. SCRs allow current to flow in one direction when triggered by a positive gate signal and can be used to control both AC and DC circuits. Triacs are bidirectional and can control current flowing in either direction when triggered by a positive or negative gate signal. Diacs are required for triggering triacs due to their nonsymmetrical triggering characteristics. The document provides schematics and diagrams of the different thyristor components.
field effect transistors
This document discusses different types of field effect transistors (FETs). It describes junction FETs (JFETs), which have three leads connected to the gate, source, and drain. Depletion mode metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs) isolate the metal gate from the channel with a thin oxide layer and are typically N-channel devices that are normally on. Enhancement mode MOSFETs are usually P-channel and normally off. Safety precautions are outlined for working with MOSFETs due to their sensitivity to electrostatic discharge. FETs can be tested using commercial transistor test equipment or an ohmmeter.
bipolar transistors
This document discusses bipolar transistors. It describes the construction and types of NPN and PNP transistors, including their material composition and common uses. The document also explains how transistors are packaged and identified, and how they are properly biased in a circuit with the emitter-base junction forward biased and the collector-base junction reverse biased. Transistor testing and substitution are also covered.
zener diodes
Zener diodes are designed to operate at voltages exceeding their breakdown voltage. They have a specific, manufactured breakdown voltage and are packaged like standard PN junction diodes. Zener diodes can be used to regulate voltages in circuits by maintaining a constant output voltage despite changes in input voltage or output current. Their regulation properties come from operating the diode in its breakdown region above the zener voltage.
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This document discusses PN junction diodes. It describes how a diode is formed by joining P-type and N-type semiconductor materials, creating a PN junction. The junction acts as a barrier that blocks current flow in one direction but allows it in the other. The document outlines diode biasing conditions and characteristics, including forward and reverse bias, and explains common diode construction techniques and testing methods using an ohmmeter.
semiconductor fundamentals
This document discusses semiconductor fundamentals, including the atomic and crystalline structure of silicon, temperature dependence of resistance, and conduction in pure and doped germanium and silicon. It introduces the concepts of holes, majority and minority carriers, and describes how doping with pentavalent or trivalent materials creates either N-type or P-type semiconductors with different current flow characteristics depending on whether electrons or holes are the majority carrier. Key figures illustrate these fundamental semiconductor concepts.
transformers
A transformer consists of two coils, a primary winding and secondary winding. An alternating current (AC) applied to the primary winding induces a voltage in the secondary winding through electromagnetic induction. The turns ratio between the windings determines whether the transformer steps up or steps down the voltage. Transformers are used for applications such as voltage regulation, impedance matching, phase shifting, isolation, and producing multiple voltage levels.
resonance circuits
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This document discusses inductors in AC circuits. It explains that the induced voltage in an inductor lags the applied voltage by 180 degrees. It also describes how the current lags the applied voltage in an inductive AC circuit. Inductive reactance is defined as the opposition to current flow by an inductor, and can be calculated using the formula XL=2πfL. Impedance is the total opposition to current flow from both the inductor's inductive reactance and resistance in the circuit. Common applications of inductive circuits include using RL filters for low-pass and high-pass filters.
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This document discusses capacitive AC circuits. It explains that in a capacitive circuit, the current leads the applied voltage by 90 degrees as the capacitor charges and discharges. It defines capacitive reactance as the opposition a capacitor offers to an applied AC voltage, and gives the formula for calculating capacitive reactance based on frequency and capacitance. Finally, it describes how RC networks are used for applications like filtering, coupling, and phase shifting in circuits.
resistive ac circuits
This document discusses basic AC resistive circuits including series and parallel configurations. It explains that in a basic AC circuit, the voltage and current are in phase for a resistive load. The document also covers that voltage drops, applied voltage, and current are all in phase for series AC circuits, and that the applied voltage, total current, and branch currents are in phase for parallel AC circuits. Power in resistive AC circuits relates current and voltage similarly to DC circuits.
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The document discusses different types of meters and equipment used for measuring alternating current (AC) signals, including analog and digital meters, rectifiers, iron-vane meter movements, and clamp-on meters. It also describes oscilloscopes, which provide a visual display of signal waveforms, frequency, amplitude, and phase relationships. Frequency counters measure unknown frequencies by comparing them to a known reference frequency. Bode plotters produce graphs of a circuit's frequency response to analyze filter performance.
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waveshaping ckts
- 2. Figure 31-1. Three basic waveforms: (A) sine wave, (B) square wave, (C) sawtooth wave.
- 3. Figure 31-4. Formation of a square wave by the frequency domain method.
- 4. Figure 31-5. Formation of a sawtooth wave by the frequency domain method.
- 5. Figure 31-8. Pulse width of a waveform. Nonsinusoidal Waveforms (cont’d.)
- 6. Duty cycle • Ratio of the pulse width to the period • Can be represented as a percentage: Duty cycle = pulse width/period
- 7. Figure 31-9. The rise and fall times of a waveform are measured at 10% and 90% of the waveform’s maximum amplitude. Nonsinusoidal Waveforms (cont’d.)
- 8. Figure 31-10. Overshoot, undershoot, and ringing.
- 9. Figure 31-11. Differentiator circuit. Waveshaping Circuits
- 10. Figure 31-12. Result of applying a square wave to a differentiator circuit. Waveshaping Circuits (cont’d.)
- 11. Figure 31-14. Integrator circuit. Waveshaping Circuits (cont’d.)
- 12. Figure 31-15. Result of applying a square wave to an integrator circuit. Waveshaping Circuits (cont’d.)
- 13. Figure 31-17. Basic series diode clipping circuit. Waveshaping Circuits (cont’d.)
- 14. Figure 31-25. Clipping circuit used to limit both the positive and negative peaks. Waveshaping Circuits (cont’d.)
- 15. Figure 31-27. Diode clamper circuit. Waveshaping Circuits (cont’d.)
- 16. Figure 31-28. Monostable multivibrator. Special-Purpose Circuits
- 17. Figure 31-29. Basic flip-flop circuit. Special-Purpose Circuits (cont’d.)
- 18. Waveforms can be changed from one shape to another using electronic circuits The frequency domain concept • All periodic waveforms are made of sine waves Key concepts introduced in the chapter: • Pulse width, duty cycle, rise and fall time, undershoot, overshoot, and ringing
- 19. An RC circuit can be used to change the shape of a complex waveform A monostable multivibrator (one-shot multivibrator) produces one output pulse for each input pulse Bistable multivibrators have two stable states and are called flip-flops