power supplies
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This document discusses power supplies. It describes how transformers are used in power supplies for isolation and voltage conversion. It also discusses different rectifier circuits like half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers used to convert AC to DC. Filter capacitors are used to convert the pulsating DC output of rectifiers to a smooth DC voltage. The document also covers voltage regulator circuits like shunt and series regulators and voltage multiplier circuits to provide higher DC voltages without a transformer. It concludes with discussing crowbar overprotection circuits and fuses for circuit protection.
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Power supply basics
Power supplies convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency required by electrical devices. They have an input connection that receives power and output connections that deliver power to loads. There are different types including DC, AC, programmable, uninterruptible, high voltage, and bipolar power supplies. Power supply specifications include input/output voltages and currents, efficiency, temperature range, and protection features like overvoltage and overcurrent protection. Common applications of power supplies include converting household AC current to lower DC voltages required by electronics and providing stable, regulated power.
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Power electronics deals with controlling and converting electric power using semiconductor devices. Power electronic converters are at the heart of power electronics systems and are used to control motors, lighting, temperature, solar panels, wind turbines, welding machines, battery chargers, elevators, electric vehicles, exercise equipment and UPS systems. They convert power from AC to DC, DC to AC, or DC to DC depending on the application and allow control of output voltage, current and frequency.
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Bshajsjssjsbsbshshsjsjsjdnsnsndndndnsbdbddhdhdhdhdhdhddjdjdjdjdhdndjdhdhdhd.pptx
Okay, let's solve this step-by-step:
* Input voltage changed by 5V (ΔVin = 5V)
* Output voltage changed by 10 μV (ΔVout = 10×10^-6 V)
* Line regulation is given by:
Line Regulation = (ΔVout/ΔVin) × 100
* Substitute the values:
Line Regulation = (10×10^-6 V/5 V) × 100
= 2×10^-5 × 100
= 0.002%
Therefore, the line regulation for the given voltage regulator circuit is 0.002%.
Presentation1 intergrated
The document describes a voltage regulator circuit that maintains a constant output voltage even when the input voltage varies. It contains:
- A transistor (Q1) and zener diode (D1) that regulate the output voltage through a negative feedback loop. Additional transistors and resistors control the current.
- An input voltage range of 9V to 15V DC and nominal output of 10V DC at up to 500mA of current.
- Resistors (R1-R4) that control the current flow and transistors/diode that regulate and amplify signals to stabilize the output voltage through switching.
- Test data showing less than 0.03% change in output voltage over the full input range
EDS_REPORT_FINAL
The document proposes a new high step up interleaved DC-DC converter with a voltage multiplier module for a photovoltaic grid system. The system takes a low DC voltage input, typically from a solar panel, and boosts it to a high DC voltage using the converter. It then uses an inverter to convert the high DC voltage to AC. A filter is used to reduce distortion before connecting the output to a load. The proposed converter achieves a high step up ratio without an extreme duty cycle by integrating a conventional boost converter and voltage multiplier module. This design reduces current stress on components and improves efficiency compared to existing boost converter approaches. Simulation results show it can boost a 40V input to 331V output with up to
Multilevel Voltage Source Inverter for Grid Connected Photovoltaic System
Solar electric energy demand has grown consistently by 20% to 25% per annum over the past 20 years, which is mainly due to the decreasing costs and prices. In recent years, multilevel inverters have become more attractive for researchers and manufacturers due to their advantages over conventional three level PWM inverters. They offer improved output waveforms, smaller filter size and lower EMI, lower Total Harmonic Distortion.
REFERENCE
[1] Puneet Kumar Chaudhay, “A Critical Review on Photovoltaic Base Maximum Power Generation System” , International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) , Volume-1, Issue-6, January 2013
[2] Mr. R.Anand and Mr. G.Ashok Kumar, “Multilevel Inverter for Grid Connected Photovoltaic System by employing PID Controller”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) , Volume-2, Issue-1, October 2012.
[3] Mr. Amol Karpe and MrBindu R, “A Comparison of Conventional and Multilevel Inverter for 2.3 kV Induction Motor Drives”, International Journal of Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
[4] E. Beser, B. Arifoglu, S. Camur, E. K Beser, “A grid-connected photovoltaic power conversion system with single-phase multilevel inverter”. Solar Energy, vol. 84, No 12, pp. 2056-2067, 2010.
[5] Vikas Kulkarni, Rajesh Nehete, “Simulation and Analysis of Photo-Voltaic (PV) based Solar Inverter System”, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) , Volume-3, Issue-6, January 2014.
[6] Muhammad H. Rashid “Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications”, 3rd Edition, Pearson publication, pp.406-429.
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This document discusses various rectifier circuits including half wave, full wave, center tap, and bridge rectifiers. It provides details on their circuit diagrams, operation, waveforms, parameters like ripple factor, efficiency, peak inverse voltage, advantages and disadvantages. Half wave rectifiers are shown to have high ripple factor and low efficiency while bridge rectifiers have advantages of not requiring a center tap transformer and using lower voltage diodes.
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- 2. Transformers • Used in power supplies for isolation • Used to step up or step down the voltage Primary power ratings • 110 to 120 volts • 220 to 240 volts
- 3. Figure 27-1. Basic half-wave rectifier.
- 4. Figure 27-4. The diode determines the direction of current flow.
- 5. Figure 27-5. Basic full-wave rectifier circuit.
- 6. Figure 27-8. Bridge rectifier circuit.
- 7. Figure 27-11. Half-wave rectifier with capacitor filter.
- 8. Figure 27-12. Output of a half-wave rectifier without and with a filter capacitor.
- 9. Figure 27-13. Effects of different filter capacitors on output of half-wave rectifier.
- 10. Figure 27-17. Basic zener diode regulator circuit.
- 11. Figure 27-18. Shunt regulator using a transistor.
- 12. Figure 27-19. Series regulator using a variable resistor.
- 13. Figure 27-22. A series regulator.
- 14. Voltage multipliers • Provide higher DC voltage than the input without the aid of a transformer Voltage doubler Voltage tripler
- 15. Figure 27-37. Crowbar overprotection circuit.
- 16. Figure 27-38. Fuses used for protection of electronic circuits.
- 17. Figure 27-39. Circuit breakers used for protection of electronic circuits.
- 18. The primary purpose of a power supply is to convert AC to DC The basic rectifier circuits are half-wave, full-wave, and bridge To convert pulsating DC voltage to a smooth DC voltage, a filter must follow the rectifier in the circuit
- 19. The two basic types of regulator are the shunt regulator and the series regulator Voltage multipliers are circuits capable of providing higher DC voltages than the input without the aid of a transformer A crowbar is a circuit designed for over- voltage protection A fuse protects a circuit from a current