Hydrology is the study of water on Earth. It includes the water cycle, water resources, and watershed sustainability. A key aspect of hydrology is understanding floods and droughts, which can cause extensive damage and economic losses. As the global population grows, water scarcity is increasing in many regions. Integrated water resources management seeks to balance water usage with conservation and environmental needs through a holistic approach. Rainwater harvesting and watershed management are important techniques for augmenting water supplies in a sustainable manner. Dams such as gravity, earthfill, rockfill, and concrete face rockfill structures are commonly used for water storage and irrigation worldwide.

1. BRANCH :civil-2
TOPIC :WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

2. 2
water
Resources
engineering

3. •Contents
•Introduction
•Hydrology
•Water cycle
• Watershed Development
• Integrated Watershed Management
• Water Conservation & Harvesting
•Basic introduction of hydraulic structures.
• conclusion
•references

4. What is Water Resources
Engr./Manag.?

5. 5
What is Hydrology?
Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution,
and quality of water throughout the Earth, including the
hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental
watershed sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is
a hydrologist, working within the fields of either earth
or environmental science, physical geography, geology
or civil and environmental engineering.
Water covers 70% of
the Earth's surface

6. 10
12
14
16
18
20
Ancient Hydrologic History
WATER
SECURITYAbundance
Security
Happiness
Suffering
Hunger
Disaster
NILOMETERREADINGINELLS
1ELL=1.1m
But hydrology is a
young science….

7. Major Reservoirs of Water

8. Water
Cycle

10. Floods are the first cause of fatalities and economic losses among natural disasters worldwide
Temporal evolution of natural catastrophes from 1980 to 2012
Source: MunichRE, NatCatSERVICE

11. 11
Floods
Floods cause extensive damage: “during 1991-1995, flood related
damage totaled more than US$200 billion globally, representing close
to 40% of all economic damage attributed to natural disasters in the
period -- (Pielke Jr. and Downton, 2000, citing IFRCRCS, 1997). In the
United States, annual flood damage runs in the billions of dollars
(Pielke Jr. and Downton, 2000). Improved prediction of floods could
reduce these costs substantially, in addition to reducing flood-induced
loss of life.

12. 12
Droughts

13. Water Availability is Decreasing

14. The Future?
By the year 2025 nearly 2
billion people will live in
regions or countries with
absolute water scarcity, even
allowing for high levels of
irrigation efficiency.
Year
World
Population
(billions)
2010 6.8
2020 7.6
2030 8.2
2040 8.7

15. 15
Water Scarcity Index Rws
Rws
Total Water Withdrawal – Desalinated Water
Renewable Freshwater Resources
Rws =

16. Typical Domestic Water Use
• 100-600L/person/day (high-income countries)
• 50-100L/person/day (low-income)
• 10-40L/person/day (water scarce)

17. 17
Human Usage

18. Water Stress
• Based on human consumption and linked to
population growth
• Domestic requirement:
– 100L/person/day = 40m3/person/year
– 600L/person/day = 240m3/person/year
• Associated agricultural, industrial & energy need:
– 20 x 40m3/person/year = 800m3/person/year
• Total need:
– 840m3/person/year
– 1040m3/person/year

19. 19
Water Stress [m3/person/year]
• Water scarcity: <1000 m3 /person/year
– chronic and widespread freshwater problems
• Water stress: <1700 m3 /person/year
– intermittent, localised shortages of freshwater
• Relative sufficiency: >1700 m3 /person/year

20. The Lake Aral disaster

21. Integrated Water Resources
Integration of -
- River basin resources- surface and ground.
- Demands - consumptive and non-consumptive,
and supplies.
- Facilities - mega to micro.
- Human and eco-systems.
- engineering with social, economic, synergic
needs.

22. INDIA’S LAND RESOURCE, IRRIGATION
AND FOOD PRODUCTION
• India has 2% of world’s land, 4% of freshwater, 16% of
population, and 10% of its cattle.
• Geographical area = 329 Mha of which 47% (142 Mha) is
cultivated, 23% forested, 7% under non-agri use, 23%
waste.
• Per capita availability of land 50 years ago was 0.9 ha,
could be only 0. 14 ha in 2050.
• Out of cultivated area, 37% is irrigated which produces
55% food; 63% is rain-fed producing 45% of 200 M t of
food.
• In 50 years (ultimate), proportion could be 50:50
producing 75:25 of 500 M t of required food.

23. WITHDRAWAL OF WATER- 2050, AVAILABILITY
India’s Yearly Requirement in 2050 (Km3 = Billon cubic meter)
• For growing food and feed at 420 to 500 million tonnes = 628 to
807 BCM
• Drinking water plus domestic and municipal use for rural
population at 150 lpcd and for urban population at 220 lpcd = 90 to
110 BCM
•Hydropower and other energy generation = 63 to 70 BCM
•Industrial use = 81 to 103 BCM
•Navigational use = 15 BCM
•Loss of water by evaporation from reservoirs = 76 BCM
•Environment and ecology = 20 BCM
Total 970 to 1200 BCM
Availability 1100 to 1400 BCM

24. Where does the water come from?
•New dams -
•Groundwater - underdeveloped
•Demand Management
•Water savings - increase in efficiency,
reduce evaporation.
•Water productivity - increases in crop per
drop
•Trade (virtual water), import food.

25. Water Conservation & Harvesting
Total water management for
sustainable development?.

26. Water Conservation
• Important step for solutions to issues of water and
environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes
and habits .
• Conserve water because it is right thing to do!.
• What you can do to conserve water?
• Use only as much water as you require. Close the taps well
after use. While brushing or other use, do not leave the tap
running, open it only when you require it. See that there are
no leaking taps.
• Use a washing machine that does not consume too much
water. Do not leave the taps running while washing dishes
and clothes.

27. Water Conservation…
• Install small shower heads to reduce the flow of
the water. Water in which the vegetables & fruits
have been washed - use to water the flowers &
plants.
• At the end of the day if you have water left in
your water bottle do not throw it away, pour it
over some plants.
• Re-use water as much as possible
• Change in attitude & habits for water
conservation
• Every drop counts!!!

28. Rain Water Harvesting?.
• Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting, conveying & storing
water from rainfall in an area – for beneficial use.
• Storage – in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage- groundwater
• Hydrological Cycle

29. Rain Water Harvesting?.
• RWH - yield copious amounts of water. For an
average rainfall of 1,000mm, approximately four
million litre of rainwater can be collected in a year
in an acre of land (4,047 m2), post-evaporation.
•As RWH - neither energy-intensive nor labour-
intensive.
•It can be a cost-effective alternative to other
water-accruing methods.
• With the water table falling rapidly, & concrete
surfaces and landfill dumps taking the place of
water bodies, RWH is the most reliable solution for
augmenting groundwater level to attain self-
sufficiency.

30. • Roof Rain Water Harvesting
• Land based Rain Water Harvesting
• Watershed based Rain Water harvesting
• For Urban & Industrial Environment –
• Roof & Land based RWH
• Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings
• Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open
spaces
RWH – Methodologies

31. Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages
1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply
2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water
3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals
4.Improves the quality of ground water through
dilution when recharged
5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas
6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive
& easy to construct, operate and maintain
7. In desert, RWH only relief
8. In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water provides good
quality water

32. Yearly rainfall departure from the mean for rainfall station guina
Seasonal
rainfall
departure
are
extremely
variable.

33. Resources mapping: Surface water storageReservoirinmainchannel
Total number of reservoirs = 144
Storage capacity = 81.3 x 106 m3

34. Appropriate Technology
Water conservation and
groundwater recharge
techniques
Water harvesting cum
supplementary irrigation

35. Water Conservation
Water conservation interventions includes contour trenches, gully
plugging, vegetative and field bunding, percolation tanks.
Overall land treatment against potential area is varying between 40-60%.
45%
30%
25%
Private land Fallow land Forest land
Type of land ownership for soil
and water conservation measures

36. A gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone masonry and
designed to hold back water by utilizing the weight of the material alone to
resist the horizontal pressure of water pushing against it. Gravity dams are
designed so that each section of the dam is stable, independent of any
other dam section.
DAMS
Gravity dam

37. What is earthen dam?
• Earth fill dam, also called Earth Dam, or
Embankment Dam.
• Dam built up by compacting successive layers
of earth, using the most impervious materials to
form a core and placing more permeable
substances on the upstream and downstream
sides.
• A dam built of soil materials (sand, loam, clay,
and so on), with a trapezoidal or nearly
trapezoidal cross section.

39. Rock fill dam
Rock-fill dams are embankments of
compacted free-draining granular earth with
an impervious zone.
The earth utilized often contains a high
percentage of large particles hence the
term rock-fill.
A concrete-face rock-fill dam (CFRD) is a rock-fill
dam with concrete slabs on its upstream face.

40. Rock fill dam

41. Concluding Remarks
The integrated watershed management approach
have the following major components:
• Promote sustainable economic development through optimum
utilisation of natural resources and local capacity building.
• Restore ecological balance through community participation
and cost affordable technologies for easy acceptance.
• Improving living conditions of the poorer through more equitable
resources distribution and greater access to income
generating activities.

42. Concluding Remarks
•Efficient utilisation of funds as only 10-15% of the total budget
spent on non-project costs.
• The benefits of water harvesting and water conservation not only for
drinking water security but also for agriculture definitely reached.
• About 2-4 meter water level increase is observed in selected wells.
• Watershed management can easily cope with climate change impacts

43. References
Google.com
Wikipedia.org
www.eoearth.org/wiki/Water_resources
iwrs.org.in/iwr.htm
www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources
https://www.youtube.com/?gl=IN