Water is essential for life but availability is decreasing due to human and natural factors. It exists in different forms on Earth including oceans, ice/snow, groundwater, lakes, rivers and streams. The main uses of water are agricultural irrigation, domestic, industrial, thermoelectric and recreational activities. However, population growth, climate change, overuse and pollution have led to freshwater shortage in many regions. Effective management strategies are needed to conserve water resources and resolve conflicts over access to ensure sufficient water for all.

1. BY- Kiran Prasad

2. Contents
1. Water – The Definition
2. Water Forms and Distribution
3. Types of Water Uses
4. Water Availability
5. Fresh Water Shortage
6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts
7. Increase Water Supply
8. Watershed Management
9. Multipurpose Water Resource Management
10. Conclusion and Recommendation
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3. 1. Water – The Definition
 Water is a marvelous substance which can be
beautiful, powerful and destructive.
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4. 1.1. Water Physical Attributes
Water is found in three states
Liquid
Solid Gas
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5. 1.2. Hydrologic Cycle
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6. 2. Water Forms and Distribution
About 71% of the earth’s surface is covered
with water.
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7. 2. Water Forms and Distribution
Source: Environmental Science – A Global Concern,
Water Use and Management
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8. 2.1. Oceans
 Is the largest area and volume of water.
 Contain more than 97% of the earth’s water.
 Contain an average of 35g salt per liter.
 Can be used after being desalinated.
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9. 2.2. Ice and Snow
 Contain almost 90% of freshwater.
 Is as much as 2km thick.
 Situate mostly in Antarctica (85%), Greenland
(10%), and other snow mountain (5%).
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10. 2.3. Groundwater
 Groundwater is water in the rock and soil layer
beneath Earth’s surface.
 Absorb excess runoff rain and snow on ground.
 Return to lakes, streams, rivers and/or marshes.
 Is readily available for use and drinking.
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11. 2.4. Lakes
 Lakes are created from variety of geological
events:
 Tectonic-basin lake
 Volcanic lake
 Glacial lake
 Groundwater-discharge lake
 Lakes generate water from:
 Collection of water in low areas
 Natural or man-made dam(s)
 Rivers and streams
 Groundwater
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12. 2.4. Lakes (cont.)
 Freshwater lakes
 Contribute 91,000km3 (about
0.007% of total Earth’s water)
 Provide water for agricultural
irrigation, industrial
processes, municipal uses and
residential water supplies.
 Major freshwater lakes: Caspian
Sea (Central Asia), Baikal Lake
(Russia), Tanganyika Lake
(Eastern Africa), Lake Superior
(U.S), and Malawi Lake (Eastern
Africa)
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13. 2.4. Lakes (cont.)
 Saline lakes
 Possess 85,000km3 (about
0.006% of total Earth’s water)
 Saline lakes’ water cannot be
used due to high salinity.
The Great Salt Lake
 Major saline lakes: Caspian Sea
(Central Asia), The Great Salt
Lake (U.S.), The Dead Sea
(between Jordan & Israel), and
Aral Sea (between Kazakhstan
and Uzbekistan). The Dead Sea
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14. 2.5. Rivers and Streams
 Rivers and streams are bodies of flowing surface
water driven by gravity.
 Rivers and Streams contain only 2,120km3 (about
0.6% of liquid fresh water surface and around
0.0002% of the Earth’s water.)
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15. 2.5. Rivers and Streams (cont.)
World’s Major Rivers (based on average annual discharge)
Source: Environmental Science – A Global Concern,
Water Use and Management
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16. 2.6. Wetlands and Soil Moisture
 Wetland are areas of land where water covers the
surface for at least part of the year.
 They are not as important as lakes and rivers for
water storage.
 However, they play vital roles in:
 Erosion protection
 Flood reduction
 Groundwater replenishment
 Trapping nutrient and sediment
 Water purification
 Providing fish and wildlife habitat
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17. 5.7. Atmosphere
 Atmosphere contains about 0.001% of total Earth’s
water.
 It is around 4% of air volume in the atmosphere.
 Movement of water through atmosphere provide
mechanism for distributing freshwater to
terrestrial reservoir (in form of rain, snow, hail…).
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18. 3. Types of Water Uses
 Off-Stream Uses  In-Stream Uses
 Agriculture  Hydropower
 Thermoelectric  Navigation
 Industrial  Recreation
 Mining
 Ecosystem Support
 Domestic
 Commercial
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19. 3. Types of Water Uses
 Basic Assumption (by UN Water)
World Water Use
Irrigation Industry Domestic
8%
22%
70%
Source: World Water Assessment Source: Food and Agriculture
Program (WWAP) Organization (FAO)
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20. 3. Types of Water Uses
China 2008 Water Resource Report
Ecological
Residential 2%
12%
Source: China 2008 Water
Industry Resources Report
24% Agriculture
62%
Cambodia 2010 Water Use
Others
Industry 10%
4%
Domestic
Source: Cambodian Ministry
17% Agriculture of Environment
56%
Livestock
13%
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21. 3.1. Off-Stream Uses
 Agriculture
 Thermoelectric
 Industrial
 Mining
 Domestic
 Commercial
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22. a. Agriculture
 Irrigation
 Crop irrigation consume 2/3 of water withdrawal.
 Evaporation and seepage from unlined irrigation
systems are the principal water losses.
 There are three types of irrigation systems:
Flood Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation
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23. a. Agriculture
 Livestock
 Watering livestock
 Dairy operation
 Cooling livestock facilities
 Dairy sanitation and clean-up
 Animal waste disposal
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24. a. Agriculture (cont.)
 Aquaculture
 Raising fish.
 Raising shellfish.
 Raising shrimp and lobster.
 Raising other creatures living in water.
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25. b. Thermoelectric
 Water is used in production of
electrical power.
 Thermoelectric is one of the
largest uses of water in U.S.
 In 2005, it consumed about
201,000 million gallons of water
each day.
 Thermoelectric occupied 49% of
total water use in U.S.
 Both freshwater and saline water
are used in thermoelectric.
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26. c. Industrial
 Industries need water to cool down their
machinery to a temperature that allows the
manufacturing process to keep going.
 Water is also needed to clean
machinery, products, and buildings.
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27. c. Industrial
 In 2005, U.S. industrial uses were 83% (15,000
gallons/day) surface water and 17% (3,110
gallons/day) groundwater.
 In Cambodia, rough estimation by Water
Environment Partnership in Asia showed:
 Major industry consumed: 1,000-2,000 m3/day
 Large industry consumed: 100-500 m3/day
 Medium & small industry: 50 m3/day
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28. d. Mining
 Water is used for the extraction of minerals
that can be in forms of:
 Solid: coal, iron, gold, sand – etc.
 Liquid: crude oil.
 Gas: natural gases.
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29. e. Domestic
 Domestic water use is the consumption for
household purposes – both indoor and outdoor.
 In Cambodia, domestic water use was around 136
million m3 (17% of total consumption).
 Only people in Phnom Penh can access to piped
water. 85% of piped water was consumed.
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30. f. Commercial
 Water is used in businesses such as
hotels, restaurants, marketplaces, and so on.
 In Phnom Penh, commercial use was 14% of total
piped water consumption (about 11,480 m3 per
day).
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31. 3.2. In-Stream Uses
Hydropower Recreation
Navigation Ecosystem Support
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32. 4. Water Availability
Source: Environmental Science – A Global Concern,
Water Use and Management
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33. 4.1. Earth’s Water
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34. 4.2. Water Stress & Water Scarcity
 Water Stress:
 Annual water supplies is
less than 1,700m3 per
person.
 Water Scarcity:
 Annual water supplies is
less than 1,000m3 per
person.
 Absolute scarcity:
 Annual water supplies is
less than 500m3 per person.
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35. 35

36. 5. Fresh Water Shortage
 Fresh Water Shortage is due to:
 Population growth
 Lack of access to clean water
 Groundwater is being depleted
 Climate change / global warming
 Rivers and lakes are shrinking
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37. 6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts
 Water Overuse
 Overuse in agriculture
 Overuse in residence
 Overuse in community
 Some interesting facts:
Water needed to produce our daily food:
 40 liters to produce 1 slice of white bread.
 70 liters to produce 1 apple.
 1,300 liters to produce 1kg of wheat.
 3,400 liters to produce 1kg of rice.
 3,900 liters to produce 1kg of chicken meat.
 15,500 liters to produce 1kg of beef.
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38. 6. Water Use Problems and Conflicts
Water Conflict
 Control of Water Resources: where water
supplies or access to water is at the root of
tensions.
 Military Tool: where water resources, or water
systems themselves, are used by a nation or state
as a weapon during a military action.
 Political Tool: where water resources, or water
systems themselves, are used by a nation, state, or
non-state actor for a political goal.
 Terrorism: where water resources, or water
systems, are either targets or tools of violence or
coercion by non-state actors.
 Military Target: where water resource systems
are targets of military actions by nations or states.
 Development Disputes: where water resources
or water systems are a major source of contention
and dispute in the context of economic and social
development
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39. 7. Increase Water Supply
 Water Conservation
 Development of groundwater
 Desalinization
 Developing salt-resistant crops
 Developing drought-resistant crops
 Rainmaking
 Long distance water transport
 Improve integration of water use
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40. 8. Watershed Management
 Watershed – the definition
 A watershed is a connected series of streams, rivers, and
lakes that collects water from a specific area of land.
 Watersheds are important habitats for animals and
plants, and offer a source of drinking and recreational
water for many communities.
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41. 8. Watershed Management
 Objectives:
 The rehabilitation of degraded lands.
 The protection of soil and water resources under land
use systems that produce multiple products of the land.
 The enhancement of water quantity and quality.
 Strategies:
 Managing Watershed Land-Use Practice
 Managing Riparian Areas
 Vegetation-Type Conversion
 Water Harvesting
 Water Spreading
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42. 9. Multipurpose Water Resource Management
 Integrated water resource management
 Flood-damage reduction
 Irrigation and water supply
 Navigation
 Recreation
 Environmental protection & improvement
 Water Management Engineering
 Reservoir construction
 Levee construction
 Dredging
 Stream drainage channelization
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43. 10. Conclusion & Recommendation
 Water resources is EVERYONE’s concern!
 The consumption has been increased
significantly due to population growth.
 Water availability is decreasing due to human
overuse and natural degradation.
 Many sources of water have become unusable.
 Allegedly control over water lead to
intraboundary and transboundary conflicts.
 Effective water resource management and
policy must be implemented on both local and
international levels.
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44. Tips on How to Save Water
 Increasing water resources start from all of us!
 Don’t flush every time you use the toilet.
 Take shorter showers
 Don’t wash your car so often.
 Don’t let the faucet run while washing
hands, dishes, food, or brushing your teeth.
 Don’t run the dishwasher when half full.
 Dispose of used motor oil, household hazardous
waste, batteries, etc., responsibly.
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45. Tips on How to Save Water
 Don’t dump anything down a storm sewer that you
wouldn’t want to drink.
 Avoid using toxic or hazardous chemicals for simple
cleaning or plumbing jobs.
 If you have a lawn, use water sparingly. Water your grass
and garden at night, not in the middle of the day.
 Use water-conserving appliances: low-flow showers, low-
flush toilets.
 Check your toilet for leaks.
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46.  THANK YOU ALL
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