AS Level Biology - 10/11) Infectious Diseases and ImmunityArm Punyathorn
Finally, to end the AS level syllabus - learn about the diseases that pose threats not only to ourselves but to the community as a whole for being contagious. Also learn about how our body organizes a military section to protect us - discover how the army can be come turncoat and how espionage and information collection can be helpful in secondary responses.
AS Level Biology - 10/11) Infectious Diseases and ImmunityArm Punyathorn
Finally, to end the AS level syllabus - learn about the diseases that pose threats not only to ourselves but to the community as a whole for being contagious. Also learn about how our body organizes a military section to protect us - discover how the army can be come turncoat and how espionage and information collection can be helpful in secondary responses.
A simple description of a virus, how it works and affects our bodies, and how the body defends itself against the virus and what is a virus originally, and how it multiplies in our bodies.
Health is defined as the degree of physical, mental and
social well-being.
Being healthy is characterised by physical fitness of an
individual and their efficiency in work and social life.
Infections, disorders and physical injuries deteriorate
health. Unhealthy lifestyle is one which deteriorates
health through bad diet, bad sleeping habits and lack of
physical activity.
What Causes A Virus Pandemic and How to Prevent Future Ones.pdfAnshuman Jamdade
“The single biggest threat to man’s continued dominance on the planet is the virus”. Joshua Lederberg, Ph.D., Nobel laureate, Film introduction: Outbreak (1995).
What is Virus?
The human race was at its knees. You know how the Covid-19 virus pandemic impacted millions of lives worldwide. Viruses are the smallest and simplest infectious agents that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism. As viruses lack their own structure, they are unable to replicate on their own and must infect a host cell to reproduce. When a virus infects a host cell, it inserts its genetic material in the host cell’s genes in order to create copies of itself. As the virus multiplies, the infected host cell bursts to release new viruses into the surrounding environment. These new viruses can then go on to infect other cells and even infect other organisms, leading to the spread of the virus and infection. Viruses can infect all life forms, from humans, animals, and plants to micro-organisms including bacteria and fungi. Most viral infections if occur in healthy individuals are usually asymptomatic or with mild symptoms.
Why do viruses mutate so frequently?
Like all other living forms, viruses also go through mutations throughout their lifespan. However, their genetic structure especially of RNA viruses lacks proofreading skills, which makes them undergo random “copying errors” (i.e., genetic mutations) during replication. This also makes them prone to high mutation rates. That’s why most pandemic infections are usually viral in origin. The more it circulates, the more it can change. However, the more virulent virus may be less transmissible, because it reduces the chances of transmission by killing the host. Viruses usually mutate in immunocompromised individuals. If viruses don’t get host cells, their population in the environment may decrease or remain stable.
Viruses may swap genetic material with the host to make a new “mixed” virus with unique properties. This may lead to horizontal gene transfer from a host to a virus or from a virus to a host, which plays an important role in the mutation and evolution of all organisms. All living forms including humans, plants, and animals are evolved from/by micro-organisms; however, micro-organisms are evolved to keep control of macroorganisms.
Why viruses are more dangerous?
Viruses are more unstable like an ion because they lack their own structure to reproduce. They must need a host to grow and replicate. Viruses enter the host cell by camouflaging and tricking it. They first incorporate their genome with the host genome and then multiply by “commandeering” and “hijacking” the host cell to produce more viruses. The infected cell doesn’t know that the commandeering is by the virus, and thus unknowingly becomes a virus factory. New viruses then burst out of a host cell and enter into new cells to repeat the process. This makes a host helpless, functionless, and even defenseless. You felt sick because your body is
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
4. Vaccines
• a weakened,
diluted or dead
form of a virus that
is injected
(because saliva &
stomach enzymes
would destroy it)
into the body to
produce immunity.
5. Vaccines (cont’d)
– The body reacts to the shape of the virus and
produces antibodies – so immune system can fight
off the disease (produce immunity).
6.
7. Vaccines (cont’d)
– can prevent outbreaks, infection and death.
– Yet, can also weaken your immune system – you
cannot fight off other diseases because your
immune system is busy.
8. Effects of viruses on human health
Harmful Beneficial
•Causes disease, cancer •Vector for gene splicing (to
“replace” bad gene)
•Causes brain damage (ex.
Measles)
•Biological control (control or
eliminate other organisms)
•Destroys organs ex. Hepatitis –
liver, heart
•Make vaccines
•Can be fatal
9. Avoiding Viruses
• Vaccinations
• Good hygiene – wash hands, bedding,
clothing…
• Abstinence
• Boil water where cleanliness is in question
• Eat healthy
11. a) Dairy maids often had cowpox sores on their
hands. Suggest a possible source of the virus.
Source of the cowpox sores was probably the
cows milked by the dairy maids.
b) Assuming that the virus is contagious, would you
expect to find that cowpox would infect people
other and diary maids? Give your reasons.
The virus would likely infect anyone who
worked with the cows or with people with
cowpox
12. c) What dangers did Jenner’s untried procedure hold
for young James Phipps?
•After the injection of smallpox he could have
developed smallpox or even died
d) Why do you think using humans as a first test
subject is no longer accepted?
There are laws against using humans as
subjects for experimentation without their
permission. Usually tried on other animals
first. Is this acceptable?
13. e) What makes the cowpox virus less virulent
than smallpox? Cowpox is less virulent than
smallpox because smallpox reproduces faster
than cowpox and therefore the immune
system cant make antibodies quick enough.
f) Explain why cowpox antibodies stop the
spread of smallpox in the human body? The
cowpox antibodies are similar in shape to the
smallpox antibodies therefore they bind to
smallpox antigens and stop them from
invading cells (cowpox most likely led to
smallpox)
14. Part II:
g) Explain why the reproduction of the virus
(rabies) inside the host cell makes it especially
dangerous. Because the virus reproduces
inside the cell, the immune system of host
can’t “find” it and therefore, can’t produce the
antibodies against it.
h) Why do the symptoms of rabies not show up
immediately after the virus enters the first
cell? Symptoms of rabies don’t show up until
the virus has reproduce inside cells.
15. i) Why did Pasteur want to weaken the rabies
virus before injecting it into a person? Pasteur
wanted to weaken the virus so the immune
system could make antibodies before the virus
could reproduce enough to cause the disease in
host.
j) Draw a diagram showing how the virus is
defeated when it emerges from the body cells
after it incubation period. Diagram with the
correct shape antibodies should be available to
bind with the antigens when the virus emerges
from the cell.
16. Part III:
k) Propose an explanation for why an antibody
would work well against one type of polio but
not against another. Different types of viruses
means that they will have a different protein
coat and therefore different shaped antigens.
Antibodies shape is specific to antigen shape.
