Mb2 unit checks questions
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Microbiology2 Pathogens: Notes on spread of infectious disease
Microbiology 2 provides an overview of pathogens and infectious diseases. It defines pathogens, infectious and non-infectious diseases, and discusses different types of microbes that cause disease including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. The document also covers topics like transmission of diseases, immunity, historical discoveries related to fighting diseases, current pandemics, and methods of preventing infectious diseases.
BTEC 4C: Infectious diseases and vaccines
The document discusses infectious diseases and how vaccination can prevent them. It defines a pathogen as a microorganism that causes disease and lists bacteria and viruses as examples. It describes how bacteria and viruses can enter the body and cause infectious diseases. It then explains how vaccinations work by exposing the body to inactive or dead forms of pathogens to allow the immune system to develop antibodies and memory cells to quickly fight off future infections without causing illness.
AN EPISODE FROM THE ANTIBIOTIC ERA A TIME TO ACT
Bacteria have evolved to become resistant to antibiotics through misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929, beginning the antibiotic era and revolutionizing medicine by saving many lives. However, antibiotic resistance has increased in recent years as bacteria are no longer vulnerable to many drugs. The overprescription and misuse of antibiotics by doctors and patients has contributed to this growing problem. If antibiotic resistance continues to increase and no new antibiotics are developed, medicine could return to the pre-antibiotic era with many bacterial diseases being difficult or impossible to treat.
Microbiology ch 1
The document provides an overview of microbiology, including:
- Microbes are microscopic life forms that require magnification to view and come in various forms.
- Key figures like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, and Jenner helped prove that microbes cause disease and establish germ theory through experiments.
- Diseases can be infectious, caused by microbes entering the body, or chronic illnesses like cancer. While antibiotics conquered many infections, new challenges have emerged like drug-resistant bacteria.
Microbiology ch 1(3)
The document provides an overview of microbiology, including:
- Microbes are microscopic life forms that require magnification to view and come in various forms.
- Key figures like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, and Jenner helped prove that microbes cause disease and establish germ theory through experiments.
- Diseases can be infectious, caused by microbes entering the body, or chronic illnesses like cancer. While antibiotics reduced infectious diseases, new drug-resistant strains continue to emerge.
Koch's postulates demostration
This article describes an inexpensive and safe experiment using citrus fruit to demonstrate Koch's Postulates. Citrus fruit purchased from grocery stores can be experimentally infected with Penicillium digitatum, a common mold found on citrus. Students isolate the mold from naturally infected fruit into a pure culture, then reintroduce it to uninfected fruit. The mold can then be recovered, completing all four steps of Koch's Postulates. This exercise allows students to associate a disease with its causal agent and practice sterile technique. It has been performed by hundreds of students without allergic reactions, making it a very safe demonstration for high school and college biology labs.
Microorganisms and deadly diseases.
I presented this project in school in 6th grade. It is an introduction on microorganisms, hope you like it !!!
Proof of causation of the disease by koch’s postulates
Proof of causation of the disease by Koch’s postulates- with slides from students seminar on some diseases
Recommended
Microbiology2 Pathogens: Notes on spread of infectious disease
Microbiology 2 provides an overview of pathogens and infectious diseases. It defines pathogens, infectious and non-infectious diseases, and discusses different types of microbes that cause disease including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. The document also covers topics like transmission of diseases, immunity, historical discoveries related to fighting diseases, current pandemics, and methods of preventing infectious diseases.
BTEC 4C: Infectious diseases and vaccines
The document discusses infectious diseases and how vaccination can prevent them. It defines a pathogen as a microorganism that causes disease and lists bacteria and viruses as examples. It describes how bacteria and viruses can enter the body and cause infectious diseases. It then explains how vaccinations work by exposing the body to inactive or dead forms of pathogens to allow the immune system to develop antibodies and memory cells to quickly fight off future infections without causing illness.
AN EPISODE FROM THE ANTIBIOTIC ERA A TIME TO ACT
Bacteria have evolved to become resistant to antibiotics through misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929, beginning the antibiotic era and revolutionizing medicine by saving many lives. However, antibiotic resistance has increased in recent years as bacteria are no longer vulnerable to many drugs. The overprescription and misuse of antibiotics by doctors and patients has contributed to this growing problem. If antibiotic resistance continues to increase and no new antibiotics are developed, medicine could return to the pre-antibiotic era with many bacterial diseases being difficult or impossible to treat.
Microbiology ch 1
The document provides an overview of microbiology, including:
- Microbes are microscopic life forms that require magnification to view and come in various forms.
- Key figures like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, and Jenner helped prove that microbes cause disease and establish germ theory through experiments.
- Diseases can be infectious, caused by microbes entering the body, or chronic illnesses like cancer. While antibiotics conquered many infections, new challenges have emerged like drug-resistant bacteria.
Microbiology ch 1(3)
The document provides an overview of microbiology, including:
- Microbes are microscopic life forms that require magnification to view and come in various forms.
- Key figures like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, and Jenner helped prove that microbes cause disease and establish germ theory through experiments.
- Diseases can be infectious, caused by microbes entering the body, or chronic illnesses like cancer. While antibiotics reduced infectious diseases, new drug-resistant strains continue to emerge.
Koch's postulates demostration
This article describes an inexpensive and safe experiment using citrus fruit to demonstrate Koch's Postulates. Citrus fruit purchased from grocery stores can be experimentally infected with Penicillium digitatum, a common mold found on citrus. Students isolate the mold from naturally infected fruit into a pure culture, then reintroduce it to uninfected fruit. The mold can then be recovered, completing all four steps of Koch's Postulates. This exercise allows students to associate a disease with its causal agent and practice sterile technique. It has been performed by hundreds of students without allergic reactions, making it a very safe demonstration for high school and college biology labs.
Microorganisms and deadly diseases.
I presented this project in school in 6th grade. It is an introduction on microorganisms, hope you like it !!!
Proof of causation of the disease by koch’s postulates
Proof of causation of the disease by Koch’s postulates- with slides from students seminar on some diseases
1. Introduction to Microbiology & Parasitology lecture
This document discusses microbiology, parasitology, and immunology. It defines key terms, describes the historical development of microbiology including early pioneers like van Leeuwenhoek and Pasteur. It also covers ecological relationships between microorganisms like competition, predation, commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Furthermore, it outlines factors that promote microbial growth, importance of microbes, and classifications of microorganisms.
Vaccines and health
This document discusses viruses and their effects on human health. It provides information on viruses like Ebola, bubonic plague, and HIV. It then discusses vaccines, how they work to produce immunity, and how they can prevent disease outbreaks. The document also lists both harmful and beneficial effects of viruses. It gives tips for avoiding viruses and provides a case study on vaccines and Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine.
The immune system & viral specificity
The document discusses the immune system's response to pathogens like viruses. It explains that the immune system has both non-specific innate responses that provide immediate defense against infection, as well as specific acquired responses that develop over time and provide long-lasting immunity. The non-specific response involves barriers like skin and mucous membranes, while the specific response produces antibodies that target unique antigens on pathogens through B cells and T cells. Viruses are also able to specifically infect certain host species or cell types through receptor binding of viral antigens. Examples of several viral diseases and their characteristics are also outlined.
History of virology
Virology is the study of viruses, which were not well understood until the late 1800s. Early discoveries included Lady Montagu observing inoculation against smallpox in Turkey in the 18th century and Edward Jenner developing the smallpox vaccine using cowpox virus in 1798. In the late 19th century, the development of bacterial filters allowed viruses to be isolated and shown to be smaller than bacteria, causing diseases even when bacteria were removed. By the early 20th century, it was established that viruses could cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans and were distinct from bacteria.
Basic concept of microbiology
To know what is Microbiology.
How much important of microbiology knowledge in our life.
Why need to know about Microbiology .
What type of diseases can occur in our body.
What is the role of Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
How can we prevent from the diseases.
Mcb lecture 3
MCB lecture 3 topics: milestones on the history of MCB as a science, people significant in the development of MCB as a science, Koch's principles and exceptions
Vaccine`s history
The document discusses the history and future of vaccines. It begins by explaining how vaccines work by tricking the immune system to produce antibodies to fight a harmless form of the virus. Next, it discusses how while hypodermic injection is most common, scientists are searching for alternative delivery methods. The document then discusses how Edward Jenner conducted the first vaccination against smallpox in the late 1700s and how Louis Pasteur developed the first vaccine against rabies in 1885. Finally, it notes that as more vaccines were developed, large groups like soldiers began being vaccinated against diseases during World Wars I and II.
Vaccines AND THEIR ROLE
This document discusses the history and types of vaccines. It notes that smallpox inoculation began in India over 2000 years ago, and that Edward Jenner is credited with developing the first vaccine for smallpox using cowpox in 1796. Vaccines work by stimulating adaptive immunity to diseases. There are several types of vaccines including whole-organism vaccines using attenuated or inactivated pathogens, purified macromolecule vaccines using polysaccharides, toxoids or recombinant antigens, and DNA vaccines where plasmid DNA encoding antigens is directly injected.
Microbiology ch 1(2)
The document provides an overview of microbiology, including:
- Microbes are microscopic life forms that require magnification to view and come in various forms.
- Key figures like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, and Jenner helped prove that microbes cause disease and establish germ theory through experiments.
- Diseases can be infectious, caused by microbes entering the body, or chronic illnesses like cancer. While antibiotics reduced infectious diseases, new drug-resistant strains continue to emerge.
Biowarfaredee 130320200503-phpapp01
This document discusses biological agents that could potentially be used for bioterrorism. It categorizes biological agents according to their mortality rates and ability to be transmitted. Category A agents like anthrax and plague are highly lethal, while Category C agents like tuberculosis may cause significant illness but are less lethal. The document outlines the historical use of biological agents as weapons and notes that bioterrorism poses challenges because biological agents can be difficult to detect and have long-term health consequences. Protection against bioterrorism requires physical barriers, immunization, public awareness programs, and improved legislation and infrastructure.
Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of microbiology. It discusses key topics in the field including the size and impact of microorganisms, the three domains of life, bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes including protists, fungi, helminthes, and viruses. The document also summarizes the major contributors and discoveries in the history of microbiology from the 17th century observations of van Leeuwenhoek to the Golden Age of the 19th century including Pasteur and Koch's germ theory of disease and postulates. It also briefly discusses antibiotics and advances from 1940 to the present including the human microbiome project.
Vaccines herd immunity anti vaccine movt
This document discusses the history and impact of vaccines. It begins by covering early methods of variolation and vaccination pioneered by Jenner. It then explains what vaccines are and how they work to trigger an immune response without causing illness. The document outlines the types of vaccines and provides many examples of vaccines used to prevent viral and bacterial diseases. It discusses how vaccines have reduced disease rates and transformed medicine. Herd immunity is explained through graphics. The document closes by addressing vaccines for adults and the anti-vaccine movement sparked by Wakefield's fraudulent 1998 study linking the MMR vaccine to autism.
Microbes in biological warfare
The document discusses microbes used in biological warfare. It introduces various microbes like bacteria, viruses, and toxins that have been used as biological weapons, including anthrax, tularemia, smallpox, botulinum toxin, plague, and viral hemorrhagic fevers. It describes the signs and symptoms, methods of infection, treatment, and effectiveness of these agents. It notes that while biological warfare is often seen as a modern technique, it has historically been used in more primitive forms, such as by early civilizations attempting to sicken enemies with contaminated water supplies.
Immunity & principles of vaccination
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
LIVE BACTERIA VACCINES actual
Live bacterial vaccines use live attenuated bacteria to induce immune responses against target pathogens. There are two types - those that combat the disease-causing organism directly, and those that assist in combating other organisms by inducing immune responses against heterologous antigens carried by the bacteria. Currently licensed live bacterial vaccines include typhoid, cholera, and tuberculosis vaccines. Virulence is attenuated through genetic modifications like gene deletions or making the bacteria auxotrophic. Recombinant bacterial vectors can also be used to deliver heterologous protein or DNA antigens from pathogens. Effective vectors exploit bacteria that invade mucosal tissues to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses.
Introduction & History of microbiology
The document provides an introduction and history of microbiology. It discusses the development of the microscope in the 1600s, which allowed early microbiologists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke to first observe microorganisms. Important figures that contributed to the field include Louis Pasteur, who developed germ theory and pasteurization; Robert Koch, who developed techniques to isolate and culture bacteria and established Koch's postulates; and Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin. The document traces the history from early microscopy observations through the 19th and 20th centuries and the major discoveries that established microbiology as a science.
Medical microbiology
Medical microbiology is the study of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that cause human illness and disease. A medical microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth. The field primarily focuses on the presence and growth of microbial infections in individuals, their effects on the human body, and treatment methods. Some key areas of study include microbial physiology, genetics, parasitology, virology, immunology and serology.
Vaccination
1) Vaccines are biological preparations that help improve immunity against specific diseases. They contain weakened or killed forms of pathogens that stimulate immune system memory without causing illness.
2) Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in 1796 using cowpox to provide immunity to smallpox. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and recombinant vector vaccines.
3) Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens. This triggers production of antibodies and memory cells that can fight the pathogen if exposed in the future, providing immunity. While vaccines have many benefits like disease prevention and eradication, some risks also exist.
Smallpox
Smallpox is a deadly infectious disease caused by the variola virus that was declared eradicated worldwide in 1980 through a global vaccination program. It is characterized by a high fever and distinctive skin rash. While two labs currently house samples of the virus, concerns remain that it could be used in a bioterrorism attack given some countries may still have undeclared stockpiles. The only known effective prevention is vaccination with the vaccinia vaccine within a few days of exposure, though supplies are currently insufficient for a large-scale outbreak.
Contagion 1 Define Fomite.A fomite is an inanimate object.docx
Contagion
1 Define Fomite.
A fomite is an inanimate object, substance or source of disease that can continue to transmit infectious organisms from one individual to another, thus leading to an outbreak of disease.
2 List the means of transmission.
An infectious disease can be transmitted by means of clothing, furniture, soap, a drinking glass and along with other tangible items. In the movie Contagion, the means of transmission was by various entities such as bedding sheets, a cough a martini glass.
3 Define contagious.
Contagious is a form of medical terminology associating with the likelihood of the transmission in terms of a specific disease or an adverse condition. The disease or illness becomes contagious when the infected individuals or organisms make contact or interacts with the non-affected individuals or organisms thus prolonging the continuation and spreading of the specified disease to another living being.
4 What human systems did the agent affect?
In the movie Contagion, the infectious virus was spread through the world’s population in less than a few weeks. This transferable virus latched onto the brain to destroyed the human’s immune system, unbalanced their thermoregulation and eventually kill the infected subjects. The virus spread so rapidly because it was attached onto the brain; the control center for the entire body. Due to the fact that the brain was so highly defeated, the virus continued to obliterate the rest of the human body’s functional systems.
5 Who was the index patient?
Beth Emhoff, the mother, wife and world traveler was determined to be the index patient of the specified infectious virus.
6 What was the mortality rate?
Through out the entire movie, the CDC (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention) officials were extremely hesitant in revealing the mortality rate caused by the infectious epidemic disease. The CDC stood to believe that if they were to inform the general public of the current death rate it would cause a detrimental outbreak of panic thus leading to uncontrollable chaos. The CDC did not want to inform the public that one out of every twelve individuals were susceptible to catching the deadly virus. When it finally came time to reveal the mortality rate to the entire world, 25-30% of the world’s population had already died. Approximately 2.5 million Americas contributed to the 25-30% mortality rate.
7 How did they “mitigate” the disease prior to the vaccine?
Prior to the discovery of the cure to the infectious disease and the availability of the vaccination, specific medical analysis and testing had to occur. When experimenting with this virus, the virus had to be alive in order for them to properly transfer it into another living creature. The scientists and epidemiologist working on this case had to implant the virus into over fifty monkeys to be able to see the potential outcome and cure rates.
In the mean time, forsythia a natural remedy was used by a fairly large po.
Small Pox
Smallpox is believed to have originated in Africa and first appeared in Egypt in 1350 BC. It was one of the most devastating diseases in history, killing around 30% of those infected. There are four main types that differ in symptoms and mortality rates. The disease was eliminated through a global vaccination program and the last known case was in Somalia in 1977. While the virus samples exist in two locations, there is concern it could be used as a biological weapon.
FinalPaper_SD
This document discusses the history and process of vaccine development. It begins with a brief history of the smallpox vaccine developed by Edward Jenner in 1796. It then explains that vaccines work by introducing a weakened version of a virus into the body to allow the immune system to develop antibodies. The document details the typical steps to make vaccines, including growing viruses in cell cultures or embryos to mass produce cells. Specifically, it notes that some vaccines are grown in human embryo cell lines, which are derived from cells harvested from aborted fetuses. The document provides an overview of the debate around using human embryos for vaccine research.
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This document discusses microbiology, parasitology, and immunology. It defines key terms, describes the historical development of microbiology including early pioneers like van Leeuwenhoek and Pasteur. It also covers ecological relationships between microorganisms like competition, predation, commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Furthermore, it outlines factors that promote microbial growth, importance of microbes, and classifications of microorganisms.
Vaccines and health
This document discusses viruses and their effects on human health. It provides information on viruses like Ebola, bubonic plague, and HIV. It then discusses vaccines, how they work to produce immunity, and how they can prevent disease outbreaks. The document also lists both harmful and beneficial effects of viruses. It gives tips for avoiding viruses and provides a case study on vaccines and Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine.
The immune system & viral specificity
The document discusses the immune system's response to pathogens like viruses. It explains that the immune system has both non-specific innate responses that provide immediate defense against infection, as well as specific acquired responses that develop over time and provide long-lasting immunity. The non-specific response involves barriers like skin and mucous membranes, while the specific response produces antibodies that target unique antigens on pathogens through B cells and T cells. Viruses are also able to specifically infect certain host species or cell types through receptor binding of viral antigens. Examples of several viral diseases and their characteristics are also outlined.
History of virology
Virology is the study of viruses, which were not well understood until the late 1800s. Early discoveries included Lady Montagu observing inoculation against smallpox in Turkey in the 18th century and Edward Jenner developing the smallpox vaccine using cowpox virus in 1798. In the late 19th century, the development of bacterial filters allowed viruses to be isolated and shown to be smaller than bacteria, causing diseases even when bacteria were removed. By the early 20th century, it was established that viruses could cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans and were distinct from bacteria.
Basic concept of microbiology
To know what is Microbiology.
How much important of microbiology knowledge in our life.
Why need to know about Microbiology .
What type of diseases can occur in our body.
What is the role of Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
How can we prevent from the diseases.
Mcb lecture 3
MCB lecture 3 topics: milestones on the history of MCB as a science, people significant in the development of MCB as a science, Koch's principles and exceptions
Vaccine`s history
The document discusses the history and future of vaccines. It begins by explaining how vaccines work by tricking the immune system to produce antibodies to fight a harmless form of the virus. Next, it discusses how while hypodermic injection is most common, scientists are searching for alternative delivery methods. The document then discusses how Edward Jenner conducted the first vaccination against smallpox in the late 1700s and how Louis Pasteur developed the first vaccine against rabies in 1885. Finally, it notes that as more vaccines were developed, large groups like soldiers began being vaccinated against diseases during World Wars I and II.
Vaccines AND THEIR ROLE
This document discusses the history and types of vaccines. It notes that smallpox inoculation began in India over 2000 years ago, and that Edward Jenner is credited with developing the first vaccine for smallpox using cowpox in 1796. Vaccines work by stimulating adaptive immunity to diseases. There are several types of vaccines including whole-organism vaccines using attenuated or inactivated pathogens, purified macromolecule vaccines using polysaccharides, toxoids or recombinant antigens, and DNA vaccines where plasmid DNA encoding antigens is directly injected.
Microbiology ch 1(2)
The document provides an overview of microbiology, including:
- Microbes are microscopic life forms that require magnification to view and come in various forms.
- Key figures like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, and Jenner helped prove that microbes cause disease and establish germ theory through experiments.
- Diseases can be infectious, caused by microbes entering the body, or chronic illnesses like cancer. While antibiotics reduced infectious diseases, new drug-resistant strains continue to emerge.
Biowarfaredee 130320200503-phpapp01
This document discusses biological agents that could potentially be used for bioterrorism. It categorizes biological agents according to their mortality rates and ability to be transmitted. Category A agents like anthrax and plague are highly lethal, while Category C agents like tuberculosis may cause significant illness but are less lethal. The document outlines the historical use of biological agents as weapons and notes that bioterrorism poses challenges because biological agents can be difficult to detect and have long-term health consequences. Protection against bioterrorism requires physical barriers, immunization, public awareness programs, and improved legislation and infrastructure.
Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of microbiology. It discusses key topics in the field including the size and impact of microorganisms, the three domains of life, bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes including protists, fungi, helminthes, and viruses. The document also summarizes the major contributors and discoveries in the history of microbiology from the 17th century observations of van Leeuwenhoek to the Golden Age of the 19th century including Pasteur and Koch's germ theory of disease and postulates. It also briefly discusses antibiotics and advances from 1940 to the present including the human microbiome project.
Vaccines herd immunity anti vaccine movt
This document discusses the history and impact of vaccines. It begins by covering early methods of variolation and vaccination pioneered by Jenner. It then explains what vaccines are and how they work to trigger an immune response without causing illness. The document outlines the types of vaccines and provides many examples of vaccines used to prevent viral and bacterial diseases. It discusses how vaccines have reduced disease rates and transformed medicine. Herd immunity is explained through graphics. The document closes by addressing vaccines for adults and the anti-vaccine movement sparked by Wakefield's fraudulent 1998 study linking the MMR vaccine to autism.
Microbes in biological warfare
The document discusses microbes used in biological warfare. It introduces various microbes like bacteria, viruses, and toxins that have been used as biological weapons, including anthrax, tularemia, smallpox, botulinum toxin, plague, and viral hemorrhagic fevers. It describes the signs and symptoms, methods of infection, treatment, and effectiveness of these agents. It notes that while biological warfare is often seen as a modern technique, it has historically been used in more primitive forms, such as by early civilizations attempting to sicken enemies with contaminated water supplies.
Immunity & principles of vaccination
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
LIVE BACTERIA VACCINES actual
Live bacterial vaccines use live attenuated bacteria to induce immune responses against target pathogens. There are two types - those that combat the disease-causing organism directly, and those that assist in combating other organisms by inducing immune responses against heterologous antigens carried by the bacteria. Currently licensed live bacterial vaccines include typhoid, cholera, and tuberculosis vaccines. Virulence is attenuated through genetic modifications like gene deletions or making the bacteria auxotrophic. Recombinant bacterial vectors can also be used to deliver heterologous protein or DNA antigens from pathogens. Effective vectors exploit bacteria that invade mucosal tissues to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses.
Introduction & History of microbiology
The document provides an introduction and history of microbiology. It discusses the development of the microscope in the 1600s, which allowed early microbiologists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke to first observe microorganisms. Important figures that contributed to the field include Louis Pasteur, who developed germ theory and pasteurization; Robert Koch, who developed techniques to isolate and culture bacteria and established Koch's postulates; and Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin. The document traces the history from early microscopy observations through the 19th and 20th centuries and the major discoveries that established microbiology as a science.
Medical microbiology
Medical microbiology is the study of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that cause human illness and disease. A medical microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth. The field primarily focuses on the presence and growth of microbial infections in individuals, their effects on the human body, and treatment methods. Some key areas of study include microbial physiology, genetics, parasitology, virology, immunology and serology.
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Similar to Mb2 unit checks questions
Vaccination
1) Vaccines are biological preparations that help improve immunity against specific diseases. They contain weakened or killed forms of pathogens that stimulate immune system memory without causing illness.
2) Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in 1796 using cowpox to provide immunity to smallpox. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and recombinant vector vaccines.
3) Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens. This triggers production of antibodies and memory cells that can fight the pathogen if exposed in the future, providing immunity. While vaccines have many benefits like disease prevention and eradication, some risks also exist.
Smallpox
Smallpox is a deadly infectious disease caused by the variola virus that was declared eradicated worldwide in 1980 through a global vaccination program. It is characterized by a high fever and distinctive skin rash. While two labs currently house samples of the virus, concerns remain that it could be used in a bioterrorism attack given some countries may still have undeclared stockpiles. The only known effective prevention is vaccination with the vaccinia vaccine within a few days of exposure, though supplies are currently insufficient for a large-scale outbreak.
Contagion 1 Define Fomite.A fomite is an inanimate object.docx
Contagion
1 Define Fomite.
A fomite is an inanimate object, substance or source of disease that can continue to transmit infectious organisms from one individual to another, thus leading to an outbreak of disease.
2 List the means of transmission.
An infectious disease can be transmitted by means of clothing, furniture, soap, a drinking glass and along with other tangible items. In the movie Contagion, the means of transmission was by various entities such as bedding sheets, a cough a martini glass.
3 Define contagious.
Contagious is a form of medical terminology associating with the likelihood of the transmission in terms of a specific disease or an adverse condition. The disease or illness becomes contagious when the infected individuals or organisms make contact or interacts with the non-affected individuals or organisms thus prolonging the continuation and spreading of the specified disease to another living being.
4 What human systems did the agent affect?
In the movie Contagion, the infectious virus was spread through the world’s population in less than a few weeks. This transferable virus latched onto the brain to destroyed the human’s immune system, unbalanced their thermoregulation and eventually kill the infected subjects. The virus spread so rapidly because it was attached onto the brain; the control center for the entire body. Due to the fact that the brain was so highly defeated, the virus continued to obliterate the rest of the human body’s functional systems.
5 Who was the index patient?
Beth Emhoff, the mother, wife and world traveler was determined to be the index patient of the specified infectious virus.
6 What was the mortality rate?
Through out the entire movie, the CDC (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention) officials were extremely hesitant in revealing the mortality rate caused by the infectious epidemic disease. The CDC stood to believe that if they were to inform the general public of the current death rate it would cause a detrimental outbreak of panic thus leading to uncontrollable chaos. The CDC did not want to inform the public that one out of every twelve individuals were susceptible to catching the deadly virus. When it finally came time to reveal the mortality rate to the entire world, 25-30% of the world’s population had already died. Approximately 2.5 million Americas contributed to the 25-30% mortality rate.
7 How did they “mitigate” the disease prior to the vaccine?
Prior to the discovery of the cure to the infectious disease and the availability of the vaccination, specific medical analysis and testing had to occur. When experimenting with this virus, the virus had to be alive in order for them to properly transfer it into another living creature. The scientists and epidemiologist working on this case had to implant the virus into over fifty monkeys to be able to see the potential outcome and cure rates.
In the mean time, forsythia a natural remedy was used by a fairly large po.
Small Pox
Smallpox is believed to have originated in Africa and first appeared in Egypt in 1350 BC. It was one of the most devastating diseases in history, killing around 30% of those infected. There are four main types that differ in symptoms and mortality rates. The disease was eliminated through a global vaccination program and the last known case was in Somalia in 1977. While the virus samples exist in two locations, there is concern it could be used as a biological weapon.
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This document discusses the history and process of vaccine development. It begins with a brief history of the smallpox vaccine developed by Edward Jenner in 1796. It then explains that vaccines work by introducing a weakened version of a virus into the body to allow the immune system to develop antibodies. The document details the typical steps to make vaccines, including growing viruses in cell cultures or embryos to mass produce cells. Specifically, it notes that some vaccines are grown in human embryo cell lines, which are derived from cells harvested from aborted fetuses. The document provides an overview of the debate around using human embryos for vaccine research.
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DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
ARE WE KILLING ANTIBIOTICS?
Antibiotics are facing their final stage of survival as common bacteria take over in violent opportunistic infections. Hospitals have become hotbeds for spreading antibiotic-resistant infections. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics, both in hospitals and at home, is contributing to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat. If antibiotic resistance continues to spread unchecked, it could lead to widespread healthcare issues and even the end of modern medicine as we know it.
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- 1. 8. How does it reproduce? 1 1. Transmits pathogens from a host to a new organism 2. Disease that can be transmitted from one organism to another 3. Any microbe that causes disease 4. poison that can kill or slow growth of an infection 5. disease that cannot be transmitted from one organism to another 6. injection of a dead pathogen that decreases your likelihood of getting sick from that live pathogen later a. pathogen b. vector c. antibiotic d. vaccine e. Infectious disease f. non-infectious disease 7.________ 9.________ 8. How does it reproduce? Microbiology 2 UNIT CHECK 1
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